Advances in Point Source Nitrogen Removal Technologies: Transitioning from Version 1.0 to 3.0

Transcription

1 Advances in Point Source Nitrogen Removal Technologies: Transitioning from Version 1.0 to 3.0 Charles B. Bott, PhD, PE, BCEE Chief of Research and Development Hampton Roads Sanitation District Denitrification N 2 N-fixation NO 3 - NO 2 - Anammox NH 4 + Nitrification

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3 Hampton Roads Sanitation District Created in 1940 Serves 1.6 million people Includes 17 jurisdictions 3,100 square miles 9 major plants, 4 small plants Capacity of 249 MGD

4 HRSD s Bubble Permit James River 6,000,000 lbs/yr TN 573,247 lbs/yr TP York River 288,315 lbs/yr TN 33,660 lbs/yr TP Rappahannock River (one plant) 1,218 lbs TN 91 lbs/yr TP

5 Chesapeake Bay TMDL & VA WIP Nitrogen James River million pounds/year Major upgrades ongoing at Nansemond, James River, Williamsburg, Army Base million pounds/year VIP - biological process upgrade for improved denitrification Small upgrade at Williamsburg possible million pounds/year (possible?) Upgrade Chesapeake-Elizabeth (full plant) Nitrogen York River Rapid upgrade to add denite filters for 2011 compliance Additional upgrade needed for cost-effective BNR and reliability

6 HRSD R&D Program Focus Resource utilization: Energy Chemicals Labor (operations, maintenance, instrumentation ) Concrete Resource recovery Water P N (maybe) CH 4 - biogas Heat Hydraulic energy Chemicals of interest (maybe) Biosolids (N, P, organics) Etc, etc, etc 6

7 Current HRSD R&D Efforts in BNR: Supplemental carbon for denitrification (chemicals) AOB conversion of methane to methanol Reduced S compounds Ethanol used for fuel blending Industrial waste materials SND/Nitrite Shunt/Mainstream Nitritation-Denitritation (chemicals, energy, concrete) Mainstream Deammonification (chemicals, energy, concrete) Centrate treatment deammonification (chemicals, energy) Ammonia-based DO control systems (energy, chemicals) Ultra-high efficiency fine pore diffusers and fouling (energy) Organic nitrogen sources and fate Cost-effective Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment (chemicals) Algae-based nutrient removal (chemicals, energy) Nitrite accum. and excessive chlorine demand (chemicals) IFAS process development and modeling (concrete, energy) Nitrification inhibition (concrete) BNR process reliability and stochastic methods (concrete) Struvite avoidance and recovery (chemicals, energy) Primary sludge, mixed liquor, and FOG fermentation (chemicals, labor) Improvement of BNR process models (chemicals, energy, concrete) Urine separation (source separation) 7

8 The VIP Process It was developed and patented by HRSD, VT, and CH2M Hill Biological N and P removal Its free for any one to use

9 Recycle Streams with High Ammonia - Sidestream Influent Primary Clarifier Aeration Tank Secondary Clarifier Effluent RAS Primary Sludge WAS Thickening Anaerobic Digestion 1% of Total Plant Influent Flow Rich in Nitrogen & Phosphorus 15 to 25% of the Total Plant TN load Ammonium Conc. 800 to 1,500 mg-n/l Temperature C Alkalinity insufficient for complete nitrification Insufficient carbon for denitrification For a Bio-P plant with no iron addition: Centrate TP = mg/l Centrate Dewatering Biosolids 9

10 Sidestream Treatment Options Biological - N Nitrification / Denitrification & Bioaugmentation With RAS & SRT Control With RAS Without RAS Nitritation / Denitritation Chemostat SBR Post Aerobic Digestion Deammonification Suspended Growth SBR Attached Growth MBBR Upflow Granular Process Physical-Chemical N&P Ammonia Stripping Steam Hot Air Vacuum Distillation Ion-Exchange ARP Struvite Precipitation Ostara Process PhosPaq Process Etc 10

11 Struvite Recovery Facility Sorting, product Storage and bagging Dewatering and Drying kg/day fluidized bed reactors

12 Conventional Nitrification-Denitrification Autotrophic Bacteria Aerobic Environment 75% O 2 (energy) ~100% Alkalinity 25% O 2 (energy) 1 mole Ammonia (NH 3 / NH 4 + ) 1 mole Nitrite (NO 2- ) Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) 1 mole Nitrate (NO 3- ) Nitrite Oxidizing. Bacteria (NOB) 1 mole Nitrite (NO 2- ) Heterotrophic Bacteria Anoxic Environment 40% Carbon (BOD) 60% Carbon (BOD) ½ mol Nitrogen Gas (N 2 ) 12

13 Sidestream Treatment with Nitrifier Bioaugmentation BABE, AT-3, BAR, CaRRB, Maureen, etc. Influent PC Activated Sludge Tank Sec. Effluent RAS WAS Nitrifiers NO 3 -N Bioaugmentation is the incentive for 1.0 Nitrification Reactor ~25 0 C Centrate (NH 3 -N) 13

14 Sidestream Treatment Options Biological - N Nitrification / Denitrification & Bioaugmentation With RAS & SRT Control With RAS Without RAS Nitritation / Denitritation Chemostat SBR Post Aerobic Digestion Deammonification Suspended Growth SBR Attached Growth MBBR Upflow Granular Process Physical-Chemical N&P Ammonia Stripping Steam Hot Air Vacuum Distillation Ion-Exchange ARP Struvite Precipitation Ostara Process PhosPaq Process 14

15 Nitritation-Denitritation = Nitrite Shunt (2.0) Autotrophic Bacteria Aerobic Environment Nitritation 75% O 2 (energy) ~100% Alkalinity 25% O 2 (energy) 1 mole Ammonia (NH 3 / NH 4 + ) 1 mole Nitrite (NO 2- ) Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) 1 mole Nitrate (NO 3- ) Nitrite Oxidizing. Bacteria (NOB) 1 mole Nitrite (NO 2- ) Heterotrophic Bacteria Anoxic Environment 40% Carbon (BOD) 60% Carbon (BOD) Denitritation ½ mol Nitrogen Gas (N 2 ) Advantages: 25% reduction in oxygen demand (energy) 40% reduction in carbon (e - donor) demand 40% reduction in biomass production 15

16 Sidestream Nitritation NOB Repression Control Elevated temperature (30-35 deg C) Low SRT (1-2 days) Low DO (~0.5 mg/l) NOB Repression Mechanisms (all the possibilities) AOB max growth rate > NOB max growth rate at high temp Free NH3 inhibition of NOB > AOB AOB DO affinity > NOB DO affinity (r-strategist Nitrobacter ) For mainstream: AOB DO affinity < NOB DO affinity (K-strategist Nitrospira ) Nitrous acid inhibition of NOB > AOB Processes: SHARON Continuous flow MLE with supplemental carbon Strass - SBR 16

17 Nitritation Denitritation - SHARON Methanol or other carbon source Alkalinity Centrate NH 4 NO 2 Denite AOB NH 4 + O 2 NO 2 - Centrate with low Effluent NH 4 and NO x Air 17

18 Sidestream Treatment Options Biological - N Nitrification / Denitrification & Bioaugmentation With RAS & SRT Control With RAS Without RAS Nitritation / Denitritation Chemostat SBR Post Aerobic Digestion Deammonification Suspended Growth SBR Attached Growth MBBR Upflow Granular Process Physical-Chemical N&P Ammonia Stripping Steam Hot Air Vacuum Distillation Ion-Exchange ARP Struvite Precipitation Ostara Process PhosPaq Process 18

19 The N-Cycle Denitrification N 2 N-fixation NO 3 - NO 2 - Anammox NH 4 + Nitrification 19

20 Partial Nitritation-Anammox = Autotrophic Bacteria Aerobic Environment Deammonification (3.0) ANAMMOX Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation - (New Planctomycete - Strous et al, 1999) NH NO HCO H mole Nitrite 37% O 2 (energy) (NO 2- ) ~50% Alkalinity Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) 1 mole Ammonia (NH 3 / NH + 4 ) Advantages: 63% reduction in oxygen demand (energy) Nearly 100% reduction in carbon demand 80% reduction in biomass production No additional alkalinity required 0.26 NO N CH 2 O 0.5 N H 2 O Autotrophic Anoxic Environment ½ mol Nitrogen Gas (N 2 ) + a little bit of nitrate (NO 3- ) 20

21 Partial Nitritation Anammox Two Step Anammox Process (Paques) Dokhaven, Rotterdam (NL) + ~5 others 21

22 One-Step Sidestream Deammonification SBR + Hydrocyclone Granular Sludge (DEMON) Strass, Austria + ~20 others Cyklar-Stulz World Water Works, Inc. Upflow Granular Sludge (CANON/ANAMMOX) Olburgen, Netherlands + ~7 others Paques (NL) Biofilm process (MBBR-style) ANITA Mox -- Malmo & Växjö, Sweden AnoxKaldnes Kruger - Veolia Deammon -- Hattingen, Germany & Stockholm Purac Centrate NH 4 + Partial Nitritation and Anammox - combined in a single reactor 22

23 Sidestream Deammonification: What s the benefit? Remove ~20% of the N load to the plant by treating the centrate separately Do it with: No chemicals (caustic & methanol) < 40% of the energy cost (as compared to traditional nitrification-denitrification) Business case is very good, particularly if existing tanks can be used Risks: Requires robust process control, particularly during startup Process has been adequately demonstrated Seeding required for fast startup 23

24 Sidestream Deammonification Status in North America DEMON HRSD York River; Started October 2012; operating ANITA Mox HRSD James River; Started November 2013; operating DEMON Industrial Project Orlando, FL; started January 2014; operating DEMON Alexandria, VA; in construction ANITA Mox South Durham, NC; in construction DEMON Philadelphia, PA; 90% design DEMON- Guelph, Ontario; 90% design DEMON Pierce County, WA; pilot complete; 90% design DEMON DCWater Blue Plains; 60% design ANITA Mox Chicago Egan MWRDGC; in construction DEMON Greeley, CO, in design DEMON New York DEP; pilot completion recent ANITA Mox LA County San District; pilot completion recent DEMON Chicago Egan MWRDGC; pilot completion Feb 2013 ANITA Mox - Denver MWRD; pilot completion Feb 2013 MBBR-style process New York DEP; pilot ongoing CLEARGREEN (SBR) Henrico County, VA; pilot during 2012 DEMON - Alexandria, VA + DCWater pilot (no cyclone) DEMON New York DEP + DCWater pilot (no cyclone)

25 ANAEROBIC DEWATERING DIGESTION THICKENING DEMON AERATION BASINS HEADWORKS DENITE FILTERS DEMON at HRSD York River (15 MGD)

26 Implementation of DEMON at York River

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28 HRSD James River Treatment Plant

29 ANITA Mox Sidestream Deammonification MBBR Seeding strategy to help speed up startup 10% pre-colonized media 3 plants in Europe, this is the first in the US DO control based off of NH4 and NO3 sensors Maintain low DO to limit NOB and diffusion into anoxic zone

30 Mixers keep media suspended when air isn t on Intermittent air during startup Heaters maintain temp at 30⁰C for startup Instrumentation Anitamox tank NH 4+, NO - 3 and K + DO ph, conductivity, and temperature EQ Tank NH 4+, NO - 3 and K + Temperature

31 Biofilm Growth Original seed media 12/3/13 New media 2/26/14 New media 4/10/14 Seed media 12/12/13 Sheared seed media 2/4/14 Seed media 4/10/14

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34 Ammonia Load and Removal Rates Intermittent aeration Continuous aeration g/m2/day mg/l NH4 Load (g/m2/day) NH4 Removed (g/m2/day) NO2 out (mg/l) /3/13 1/22/14 3/13/14 5/2/14 6/21/14 0

35 Removal and Production Ratios %, mg/l, C TIN Removal % NH4 Removal % NO2 out (mg/l) Temperature NO3 Production Ratio /3/13 1/22/14 3/13/14 5/2/14 6/21/14

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38 S-curve for Sidestream Deammonification 100 Full-scale Installations Industrial 25% 75% Municipal Susanne Lackner, Eva M. Gilbert, Siegfried E. Vlaeminck, Adriano Joss, Harald Horn, Mark C.M. van Loosdrecht (2014), Full-scale Partial Nitritation/Anammox Experiences - an Application Survey, Water Research

39 In the US 10 8 Publications Installations Full-scale Installations Scientific Publications Year 0

40 Short-Cut Nitrogen Removal Processes: Transitioning to Mainstream 2.0 & 3.0

41 COLLABORATORS

42 Mainstream Deammonification Project 3 different sites and scales DC Water WWTP Strass HRSD

43 Conventional Nitrification-Denitrification (1.0) Autotrophic Bacteria Aerobic Environment 75% O 2 (energy) ~100% Alkalinity 25% O 2 (energy) 1 mole Ammonia (NH 3 / NH 4 + ) 1 mole Nitrite (NO 2- ) Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) 1 mole Nitrate (NO 3- ) Nitrite Oxidizing. Bacteria (NOB) 1 mole Nitrite (NO 2- ) Heterotrophic Bacteria Anoxic Environment 40% Carbon (BOD) 60% Carbon (BOD) ½ mol Nitrogen Gas (N 2 ) 43

44 4-Stage Bardenpho (Better N Removal) Nitrate Recycle (NRCY) Primary Effluent BOD + NH 4 Anoxic Aerobic Methanol Anoxic Aerobic SC TN ~ 3-5 mg/l air air RAS WAS 44

45 Adsorption/Bio-oxidation (A-B) Process B-stage BNR IMLR IMLR NH 4 + Probe A-stage HRAS Denitrification Nitrification/SND TN TN mg/l SRT 6-12 hours DO ~0 mg/l Anoxic Anoxic Aerobic Aerobic Advantages Low overall volume Good nitrogen removal Redirect carbon to anaerobic digestion Low aeration energy requirement Disadvantages Requires ammonia-based aeration control Not operated to achieve complete nitrification

46 CONVENTIONAL A-STAGE

47 Simulated COD Balance of the AIZ Strass WWTP 80-90% Waste Sludge 10-20% Waste Sludge 35.4% Wett, B.; Buchauer, K.; Fimml, C. (2007) Energy self-sufficiency as a feasible concept for wastewater treatment systems. Proceeding of the IWA Leading Edge Technology Conference, Singapore, Asian Water,

48 Nitritation-Denitritation = Nitrite Shunt (2.0) Autotrophic Bacteria Aerobic Environment Nitritation 75% O 2 (energy) ~100% Alkalinity 25% O 2 (energy) 1 mole Ammonia (NH 3 / NH 4 + ) 1 mole Nitrite (NO 2- ) Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) 1 mole Nitrate (NO 3- ) Nitrite Oxidizing. Bacteria (NOB) 1 mole Nitrite (NO 2- ) Heterotrophic Bacteria Anoxic Environment 40% Carbon (BOD) 60% Carbon (BOD) Denitritation ½ mol Nitrogen Gas (N 2 ) Advantages: 25% reduction in oxygen demand (energy) 40% reduction in carbon (e - donor) demand 40% reduction in biomass production 48

49 Partial Nitritation-Anammox = Autotrophic Bacteria Aerobic Environment Deammonification (3.0) ANAMMOX Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation - (New Planctomycete - Strous et al, 1999) NH NO HCO H mole Nitrite 37% O 2 (energy) (NO 2- ) ~50% Alkalinity Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) 1 mole Ammonia (NH 3 / NH + 4 ) Advantages: 63% reduction in oxygen demand (energy) Nearly 100% reduction in carbon demand 80% reduction in biomass production No additional alkalinity required 0.26 NO N CH 2 O 0.5 N H 2 O Autotrophic Anoxic Environment ½ mol Nitrogen Gas (N 2 ) + a little bit of nitrate (NO 3- ) 49

50 Challenges 1. Mainstream NOB suppression (out-selection) 2. Selective anammox retention 3. Wastewater carbon (COD) diversion & control 50