1/22/2013. Low Energy Process Control

Transcription

1 Low Energy Process Control January 23 rd, 213 1

2 WEF Webcast Low Energy Process Control Ammonia based aeration control Leiv RIEGER, inctrl Solutions Inc., Canada Acknowledgement Peter L. Dold, EnviroSim Richard M. Jones, EnviroSim Charles B. Bott, HRSD William J. Balzer, HRSD 4 2

3 Overview Context Aeration control Nitrification fundamentals Aeration control strategies Control fundamentals Case studies Conclusions 5 Context Aeration costs 6 3

4 Context Benefits Ammonia-based aeration control WWTP Morgental 35, PE 3.5 mgd WWTP Thunersee 13, PE 1 mgd WWTP Werdhoelzli 6, PE 5 mgd simulation full-scale simulation full-scale simulation Energy -3% -2% -3% -16.5% -25% TN removal +48% +4% +6% +4% +32% Annual net savings $ 53 $ 36 $ 1 2 Rieger et al., WER Context Benefits Case study HRSD s Nansemond WWTP 5-stage Bardenpho, 6, m 3 /d (16 mgd), 25, PE Simulation study 8 4

5 Context Influent variability WWTPs are highly dynamic systems... Olsson, 28 9 Context High variability of incoming load Fixed reactor volumes WWTP design based on peak load Unused capacities Nitrification is the rate limiting step and therefore the primary target of BNR aeration control strategies 1 5

6 Nitrification fundamentals Nitrification requirements Sufficient provision of dissolved oxygen Ammonia as substrate (+ essential nutrients) Sufficiently long aerobic sludge retention time Sufficient mass of nitrifiers Autotroph 11 Nitrification fundamentals DO constraints nitrification kinetics At 2 mg DO/L: ca. 8% of max. rate 12 6

7 Nitrification fundamentals Ammonia as substrate Typical ammonia profile from fully aerated plant 13 Nitrification fundamentals Ammonia effluent variations Typical effluent ammonia variation from fully aerated plant SRT aerob = 8 days Average.5 mgn/l Reasons for peaks? 14 7

8 Nitrification fundamentals Nitrifier mass The mass of nitrifiers changes slowly The total mass depends on average ammonia load and SRT The influent ammonia load may vary substantially over a day Ammonia break-through often: due to limited mass of nitrifiers not a problem of insufficient oxygen (or other limiting components) 15 Aeration control strategies DO versus ammonia control BOD removal PST Denitrification Nitrification FST Control handle: Aeration DO control aims for optimal DO for aerobic processes NH 4 control optimizes nitrification process 16 8

9 Aeration control strategies Ammonia-based aeration control 1) Limiting aeration: Reduce energy consumption, increase denitrification, improve bio-p performance 2) Reducing effluent ammonia peaks: Reduce the extent of effluent ammonia peaks 17 Aeration control strategies 1) Limiting aeration Nitrifiers grow slowly Rate limiting step Pure DO control Aeration even after ammonia is gone NH 4 control Intermittent aeration/varying intensity to limit nitrification O 2 NH 4 Tailored nitrification/denitrification 18 9

10 Aeration control strategies 1) Limiting aeration: Cascaded NH 4 /DO control Aeration intensity control (or intermittent aeration) Measured variable (Actual value) Pressurized air DO Controller Manipulated variable Reference variable (setpoint) NH 4 controller DO f(nh 4 ) O 2 M NH 4 19 Aeration control strategies 1) Limiting aeration: Direct NH 4 control Measured variable (Actual value) Pressurized air Reference variable NH (setpoint) 4 Controller Manipulated variable NH 4 M High NH 4 leads to over-aeration Additional DO probe More difficult to tune 2 1

11 Aeration control strategies 2) Reducing ammonia effluent peaks Intensity control: Manipulate aeration intensity early to create buffer for incoming peak Volume control: Change aerated volume by switching on/off swing zones 21 Control fundamentals Feedback versus Feedforward control Feedback control Setpoint Disturbances z Target variable Reference variable / Setpoint u ε Controller y Final Control Element Process Controlled variable x Measured variable r Measuring Device Measure process answer 22 11

12 Control fundamentals Feedback versus Feedforward control Feedforward control Disturbances z Measure process disturbance System model r Measuring Device Reference variable / Setpoint u ε Controller y Final Control Element Process Controlled variable x Fast reaction before disturbance hits the plant Process model required Must be complemented by feedback signal More sensors required 23 Control fundamentals Feedback+Feedforward control NH 4 Q Feedforward Controller Measured variable Press. air O 2 Maximumcriteria Ref. variable DO Controller Manipulated variable M NH 4 controller DO f(nh 4 ) NH

13 Control fundamentals Variable DO setpoint control NH 4 setpoint DO setpoint Airflow setpoint Valve opening Air flow NH 4 controller DO controller Airflow controller Air flow system Aerator DO NH 4 Gustaf Olsson, Case study HRSD s Nansemond WWTP 26 13

14 Case study Nansemond Influent / temperature scenarios Input 1) Dry weather conditions at average temp. of 12 C Input 2) Dry weather conditions at average temp. of 2 C Input 3) Dry weather conditions at average temp. of 3 C Input 4) Ammonia peak at average temperature of 12 C 27 Case study Nansemond Control scenarios Base case: Existing strategy: DO control CS 1: DO probes moved CS 2a: Ammonia feedback: continuous change of DO setpoint PID with DO setpoint.5-2 mgdo/l CS 2b: 2a but DO setpoint -2 mgdo/l CS 3a: Ammonia feedback: high-low / intermittent aeration On-Off with DO setpoint.5/2 mgdo/l CS 3b: 3a but DO setpoint /2 mgdo/l CS 4: Feedforward+Feedback ammonia control 28 14

15 Case study Nansemond Current DO control strategy DO setpoint 2.5 mg/l DO setpoint 2. mg/l DO setpoint 1. mg/l 29 Case study Nansemond Base control strategy Aeration zone 1 Aeration zone 2 Aeration zone 3 Low DO conc. in downstream section of second aeration zone Sensor information vs. DO profile 3 15

16 Case study Nansemond Optimal DO probe location Base control strategy 4 3 Conc. [mg/l] CONC. (mg/l) 2 1 DO Base NH4 Aer4 7_fg Dissolved Baseoxygen NH4 concentrations effluent Base 1/8/25 2/8/25 3/8/25 4/8/25 5/8/25 6/8/25 1 Aug 2 Aug 3 Aug 4 Aug 5 Aug 6 Aug 7 Aug 8 Aug DATE Control strategy 1 (DO probes AZ1&2 moved downstream) 4 3 Conc. [mg/l] CONC. (mg/l) DO C1 NH4 Aer4 7_fg DO C1 concentrations NH4 effluent C1 1/8/25 2/8/25 3/8/25 4/8/25 5/8/25 6/8/25 1 Aug 2 Aug 3 Aug 4 Aug 5 Aug 6 Aug DATE 7 Aug 8 Aug 7/8/25 7/8/25 8/8/2 8/8/2 31 Case study Nansemond Control strategy (FF+FB) Feedforward DO Controller AAA E/F Methanol AAA Q NH 4 O 2 M airflow Influent Inf channel AAA_A AAA_B AAA_C AAA_D AAA_E AAA_F AER Inf channel Aer4-7_a Aer4-7_bc Aer4-7_de Aer4-7_fg Aer4-7_h Aer4-7_i Aer4-7_j Reaer. Ch. Effluent Methanol Aer4-7 O 2 airflow M airflow M O 2 NH 4 WAS Feed-forward NH 4 high/low Controller DO Controller Aer4-7 a-e DO Controller AAA E/F Feed-back NH 4 PID Controller Feedback Selector 32 16

17 Case study Nansemond Feedforward control DO [mg/l] Dry weather 12 C Control strategy 2b (FB) Control strategy 4 (FF+FB) DO [mg/l] Dry weather 2 C Control strategy 2b (FB) Control strategy 4 (FF+FB) Feedforward control only activ at 12 C DO [mg/l] Dry weather 3 C Control strategy 2b (FB) Control strategy 4 (FF+FB) 33 1 Aug 2 Aug 3 Aug 4 Aug 5 Aug 6 Aug 7 Aug Case study Nansemond Feedforward control NH 4 N [mg/l] Feedforward vs. Feedback: 12 C Strategy 2b (FB) Strategy 4 (FF+FB) 1 Aug 2 Aug 3 Aug 4 Aug 5 Aug 6 Aug 7 Aug Feedforward control has no significant impact on effluent ammonia 34 17

18 Case study Nansemond Feedforward control NH 4 N / DO [mg/l] Feedforward vs. Feedback: 12 C + NH 4 peak Strategy 2b (FB): DO Strategy 2b (FB): NH4 Strategy 4 (FF+FB): DO Strategy 4 (FF+FB): NH4 1 Aug 2 Aug 3 Aug 4 Aug 5 Aug 6 Aug 7 Aug Even at extreme peak events limited impact of feedforward control 35 Case study Nansemond Feedforward control for Limiting aeration FB control more robust, FF requires safety factors against model failures Simple model may not be accurate enough, complex model needs several inputs Increased risk More complex/more expensive Effluent ammonia concentration changes slowly Often not required Very limited control authority at higher ammonia conc. Not functional 36 18

19 Case study Nansemond Feedforward control for Volume control Aer4 7_fg NH 4 N [mg/l] Intensity vs. Volume Control: 12 C + NH 4 peak Strategy 2b (FB) Strategy 4 (FF_DO+FB_DO) Strategy 5 (FF_volume+FB_DO) 5 1 Aug 2 Aug 3 Aug 4 Aug 5 Aug 6 Aug 7 Aug Effluent NH 4 N [mg/l] Intensity vs. Volume Control: 12 C + NH 4 peak Strategy 2b (FB) Strategy 4 (FF_DO+FB_DO) Strategy 5 (FF_volume+FB_DO) 1 Aug 2 Aug 3 Aug 4 Aug 5 Aug 6 Aug 7 Aug 37 Airflow [scfm] Case study Nansemond Min/Max blower capacity 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, Total air flow Base scenario Total airflow Control 1 Total airflow Control 2a Total airflow Control 2b Total airflow Control 3a Total airflow Control 3b Total airflow Control 4 Min blower capacity Max blower capacity 2, 7, 1, 6, Total air flow Base scenario Total airflow Control 1 Total airflow Control 2a Total airflow Control 2b 1 Aug 2 Aug 3 Aug 4 Aug 5, 5 Aug 6 Aug Total 7 airflow Aug Control 8 Aug3a Total airflow Control 3b 4, Total airflow Control 4 Min blower capacity Max blower capacity 3, 38 Airflow [scfm] 2, 1, 12 C 7, 6, Total air flow Base scenario Total airflow Control 1 1 Aug 2 Aug 3 Aug 4 Aug 5 Aug 6 Aug Total 7 airflow Aug Control 8 Aug2a Total airflow Control 2b 5, Total airflow Control 3a Total airflow Control 3b 4, Total airflow Control 4 Min blower capacity Max blower capacity 3, Airflow [scfm] 2, 1, 2 C 3 C 1 Aug 2 Aug 3 Aug 4 Aug 5 Aug 6 Aug 7 Aug 8 Aug 19

20 Airflow [scfm] Case study Nansemond Minimum mixing requirements Aeration zone 3, 2 C 5, 4,5 Air flow Aer_fg Base Air flow Aer_fg Control 1 4, Air flow Aer_fg Control 2a Air flow Aer_fg Control 2b Air flow Aer_fg Control 3a Air flow Aer_fg Control 3b 3,5 Air flow Aer_fg Control 4 Min mixing Aer_fg 3, 2,5 2, 1,5 1, 5 1 Aug 2 Aug 3 Aug 4 Aug 5 Aug 6 Aug 7 Aug 8 Aug Airflow [scfm] Min. mixing requirement based on.12 scfm/ft 2 (re-suspension) Aeration zone 2, 2 C 5, 4,5 Air flow Aer_de Base Air flow Aer_de Control 1 4, Air flow Aer_de Control 2a Air flow Aer_de Control 2b Air flow Aer_de Control 3a Air flow Aer_de Control 3b 3,5 Air flow Aer_de Control 4 Min mixing Aer_de 3, 2,5 2, 1,5 1, 5 1 Aug 2 Aug 3 Aug 4 Aug 5 Aug 6 Aug 7 Aug 8 Aug 39 Case study Nansemond Air flow per diffuser Control scenario 1, 2 C Airflow/difuser [scfm] deg C: Control strategy 1 Aeration zone 1 Aeration zone 2 Aeration zone 3 Max airflow/diffuser Min airflow/diffuser 1 Aug 2 Aug 3 Aug 4 Aug 5 Aug 6 Aug 7 Aug 8 Aug Airflow/difuser [scfm] Control scenario 2a, 2 C 2 deg C: Control strategy 2a Aeration zone 1 Aeration zone 2 Aeration zone 3 Max airflow/diffuser Min airflow/diffuser 1 Aug 2 Aug 3 Aug 4 Aug 5 Aug 6 Aug 7 Aug 8 Aug 2

21 Conclusions I/II Ammonia-based aeration control has two objectives: Limiting aeration to prevent complete nitrification Reduce ammonia effluent peaks Limiting aeration: o energy savings, improved denitrification / bio-p, less carbon addition High control authority to limit nitrification Does NOT increase nitrification capacity when DO > 1.5 mg/l Reducing ammonia effluent peaks: o Ammonia effluent peaks often due to limited mass of nitrifiers Kinetic constraint and cannot be solved by more air Very low control authority of aeration intensity control Swing zones to control ammonia peaks 41 Conclusions II/II Ammonia-based aeration control: What is the control objective? Is FF really necessary? (home-made peaks) Feedforward aeration control often o involves higher risks o is more complex / more expensive o has limited control authority (intensity control) To reduce effluent ammonia peaks, use volume control (swing zones) Use dynamic simulation as a tool to design your process control system! 42 21

22 Presenter contact information Leiv Rieger Ph.D., P.Eng. inctrl Solutions Inc. Canada 43 WEF Webcast Low Energy Process Control Efficient Nutrient Removal under Low Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations Jose Jimenez, Ph.D., P.E. Brown and Caldwell 22

23 Overview Nitrogen removal What do we know about SND? Factors affecting SND for N removal a. Available carbon b. Dissolved oxygen c. Sludge bulking Applicability and Implications Conclusions 45 Conventional Biological Nutrient Removal N and P removal generally are carried out with physically separated anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic zones N removal relies primarily on autotrophic nitrification and heterotrophic denitrification 23

24 Simultaneous Nitrification-Denitrification Biological process where nitrification and denitrification occur concurrently in the same aerobic reactor (or in the same floc). Sludge settling characteristics are a real concern Carbon SND relies on achieving a dynamic balance between nitrification and denitrification SND depends on: Micro environment Macro environment Anoxic Zone Bulk DO concentration Carbon availability Aerobic Zone Diffusion Layer Presence of novel microorganisms NH3 N DO NO3 N 47 Simultaneous Nitrification-Denitrification Potential Advantages Elimination of separate tanks and internal recycle systems for denitrification Simpler process design Reduction of carbon, oxygen, energy and alkalinity consumption Potential Disadvantages Limited controlled aspects of the process such as: floc sizes internal storage of COD DO profile within the flocs Sludge bulking; primarily because of the excessive growth of filamentous bacteria Complex instrumentation 48 24

25 Complete Nitrification-Denitrification 49 Complete Nitrification-Denitrification 4.57 mg O 2 / mg ammonia-n nitrified (-) 2.86 mg O 2 /mg N denitrified 1.71 mg O 2 /mg-n removed 5 25

26 Nitritation-Denitritation Advantages; 25% Reduction in Oxygen Demand 4% Reduction in Carbon Reduced Biomass Production Nitritation-Denitritation 3.43 mg O 2 / mg ammonia-n nitrified (-) 1.72 mg O 2 /mg N denitrified 1.71 mg O 2 /mg-n removed Advantages; 25% Reduction in Oxygen Demand 4% Reduction in Carbon Reduced Biomass Production 26

27 Factors affecting SND for N removal Effect of Influent Carbon on SND To accomplish denitrification in any process, the availability of readily biodegradable organic carbon is essential Effluent NO3-N (mg/l) Influent BOD:TKN Ratio (mg BOD5/mg TKN as N) Jimenez et al. (21) Jimenez et al. (211) 54 27

28 Effect of DO on SND Control of bulk DO concentration in the system is essential for achieving a high degree of SND Jimenez et al. (21) 55 Nitrification fundamentals DO constraints nitrification kinetics 56 28

29 7 Effect of DO on Nitrification Nitrification Rate (mg NH3/g VSS hr) DO was reduced from 3. to.5 ppm and nitri. rate was measured Biomass adaptation at lower DO after 15 days of operation Bulk DO (mg/l) Nitrification rate at low DO remains at 85% of the maximum value after adaptation Giraldo et al. (211) 57 New Tools for SND Control Ammonia-based Aeration Control Allows stringent control over DO provided Control aerobic SRT to be as long as needed NOB Repression Rapid transient anoxia seems to be the key Mechanisms? AOB always at maximum growth rate (aerobic SRT control with excess NH4 available) NOB enzyme expression delay Aerobic SRT controlled Nitrite availability delay Oxygen affinity Free ammonia (NH3) inhibition of NOB 29

30 Low DO Bulking and SND Plant SVI (ml/g) Iron Bridge 115/165 Eastern Reg. 12/16 Snapfinger 2/3 Central 14/18 Winter Haven 13/19 Mandarin 15/18 Marlay Taylor 17/28 Stuart 212/35 Smith Creek 2/245 Lu-Kwang et al. (26) 59 SND Constant Aeration (Continues Flow) Bulk DO Controlled to.5 mg/l 6 3

31 SND Constant Aeration (Batch Reactor) 4 2 COD Concentration (mg/l) Ammonia and Nitrate-Nitrite Concentrations (mg/l) Time (hours) scod NH3-N NOx-N SND Cyclical Aeration (Continues Flow) 5 4 N Concentrations (mg/l) Time NH3 NO2 NO3 NOx 62 31

32 SND Cyclical Aeration (Batch Reactor) COD Concentration (mg/l) Time (hours) scod NH3-N NO2-N NO3-N Nitrogen Concentrations (mg/l) 63 Batch Tests Results Seem to Indicate: AOB rates are not significantly affected during SND NOB seems not to be inhibited by low DO conditions during SND NOB rate slow down during cyclical aeration Possible Nitrite Shunt NO 2 from nitritation can be used for denitritationby Heterotrophs and convert to N 2 Less carbon might be required to convert N to N 2 during SND 64 32

33 SND - Nitrate vs. Nitrite High C:N Ratio SND (via Nitrate) NH4-based aeration control Lower energy generation potential (WAS-only anaerobic digestion) SND - Nitrate vs. Nitrite PST reduces C:N Ratio; hence, possible C limitations for denitrification SND or Nitrite-Shunt selection based on C:N Ratio NH4-based aeration control Good energy generation potential 33

34 SND - Nitrate vs. Nitrite Raw Wastewater Screening Grit Removal FeCl3 High-Rate Aeration Tank (Aerobic) SRT=.5d A-Stage RAS WAS B-Stage (MLE) IMLR Within Existing Tanks Aerobic RAS FeCl3 WAS Low C:N Ratio for denitrification Nitrite-Shunt required for N removal NH4-based aeration control Nitrite-Shunt compatible with mainstream Anammox High energy generation potential Conclusions (I/III) The application of SND processes may be based and limited by: Influent C:N ratio Sludge bulking issues due to the excessive growth of filamentous bacteria Instrumentation and control requirements The operator has limited control over important parameters impacting SND 68 34

35 Conclusions (II/III) COD:N ratios of at ~ 8 and ~ 5 are required for SND and Nitrite-Shunt. Optimum bulk DO from.2 mg/l to.7 mg/l SND is more susceptible to nitrification limitations (DO) and denitrification limitations (carbon). Advantage of cyclical aeration resulted from the more ready availability of NO 2 and NO 3 (generated during nitrification) for denitrification Under constant low DO, denitrification would rely on the slow diffusion of NO 2 and NO 3 from the outer nitrification zone of the flocs into the inner denitrification zone 69 Conclusions (III/III) Nitrite shunt might be possible during SND systems with transient anoxia. The results suggested that the nitrite shunt might take place mainly because of the disrupted nitrification at low DO conditions and pressure to the NOB Cyclical aeration seems to be more effective than constant aeration in avoiding low DO bulking 7 35

36 Presenter contact information Jose Jimenez Ph.D., P.E WEF Webcast Low Energy Process Control High Rate Activated Sludge System for Carbon Removal Jose Jimenez, Ph.D., P.E. Brown and Caldwell 36

37 Overview Evolution of high-rate activated sludge (HRAS) systems Fundamentals and design considerations Solids Retention Time (SRT) Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Case study Strass WWTP, AT 73 Acknowledgement Dr. Charles Bott, HRSD Mark Miller, VT Dr. Sudhir Murthy, DC Water Dr. Bernhard Wett, ARA Consult 7 37

38 Evolution of HRAS Systems HRAS process uses high F/M ratios and low SRT with short HRT to remove organics from wastewater. Current application of this process recognizes: Particulate and colloidal organics are removed by bio-flocculation (adsorption into the biological floc) and subsequent solids-liquid separation Soluble organics can be removed by intracellular storage, biosynthesis or biological oxidation Chase, ES and Eddy, HP (1944), Sewage Works Journal, Vol. 16, No. 5, pp Evolution of HRAS Systems The issue with aerobic treatment is that electrical energy needed for aeration is used to remove chemical energy. This practice is needed by current technology limits for carbon removal in secondary plants. Aerobic treatment is currently the only reliable means to remove carbon to meet secondary limits. 7 38

39 Evolution of HRAS Systems HRAS systems can be designed and operated as: Carbon oxidation (energy intensive) systems to meet secondary effluent standards. Carbon adsorption processes (less energy intensive) when use as the first step in a two-stage process. Common design parameters: SRT < 3.5 days F:M:.5-1. g BOD per g VSS Detention Time:.3 3 hours MLSS: 1, to 3, mg/l DO: > 2. mg/l SRT <.5 day F:M: 2.-1 g BOD per g VSS Detention Time: ~.5 hours MLSS: 1, to 3, mg/l DO: < 1. mg/l (intermittent aeration) 7 A/B Process Alternative HRAS process is operated to minimize the aeration energy needed and to maximize the carbon sorption onto biomass, which is subsequently sent to anaerobic digestion for energy recovery. Raw Wastewater Screening Grit Removal FeCl3 High-Rate Aeration Tank (Aerobic) SRT=.5d A-Stage RAS B-Stage (MLE) IMLR Within Existing Tanks Aerobic RAS FeCl3 WAS WAS Figure provided by Dr. Charles Bott, HRSD 7 39

40 Evolution of HRAS Systems When a HRAS system is the first step in a two-stage process, the picture is substantially different. By operating at low SRT and low DO, carbon oxidation should be minimized and biological flocculation and intracellular storage of soluble substrate (carbon sorption) should be maximized. The transfer of organics from the liquid train to the anaerobic digesters is maximized; hence, energy generation potential can be maximized. 7 Process Control Variables Affecting COD Removal in the HRAS Process 8 4

41 Impact of the System SRT on WAS VS Content 81 Impact of SRT on the C Removal Efficiency 82 41

42 Impact of DO on the COD Removal Efficiency COD Removal (%) Bulk Liquid DO (mg/l) Readily biodegradable COD Colloidal COD Particulate COD 83 Impact of SRT on the Specific Aeration Requirement 6 Specific Aeration Requirement (scfm/lb scod Removed) At Lower SRT, the SAR decreases indicating possible C adsorption and storage SRT (days) 84 42

43 Process Control Variables Affecting COD Removal in the HRAS Process 85 HRSD s A-Stage Pilot Plant High CO 2 PR = High OHO activity which may indicate C oxidation (energy intensive process) Low CO 2 PR = Lower OHO activity which may indicate C adsorption and storage (less energy intensive process) Figure provided by Mark Miller, VT/ HRSD 86 43

44 Case Study - Strass WWTP, AT Two-stage BNR plant (A/B plant) Load variations from 9, to 23, PE weekly average Data provided by Dr. Wett 87 Case Study - Strass WWTP, AT Figure provided by Dr. Wett 88 44

45 A-Stage:.5 days SRT 55-65% COD removal B-Stage: 1 days SRT Pre-denitrification, on-line NH4-N controlled intermittent aeration Brown Data provided and Caldwell by Dr. Wett 89 Strass WWTP - High Gas Potential in A-Stage Sludge Compared to B- Stage Sludge no feeding continuous feeding no feeding biogas [l/d] HLSS1 HLSS2_macerator LLSS1 LLSS2_macerator simulation LLSS simulation HLSS time [days] Data provided by Dr. Wett 9 45

46 Strass WWTP - Maximize Transfer of Organics from Liquid Train to the Digesters Means Operation at Low SRT or High F/M Ratio [kg COD/kg VSS], [m3/kg VSS] /1/4 F/M ratio specif.gas-yield specif.energie B 31/1/4 1/3/4 31/3/4 3/4/4 3/5/4 29/6/4 29/7/4 28/8/4 27/9/4 27/1/4 26/11/4 26/12/ [Wh/PE] Data provided by Dr. Wett 91 Strass WWTP - Multi-Step Optimization Process both in Energy Consumption and Production [kwh/d] 1, 9, 8, 7, 6, pumping station mechanical treatment A-stage SBR-reject water B-stage sludge treatment off-gas treatment buildings total consumption electricity production 8,848 8,241 8,377 8,461 8,422 8,6 7,65 7,869 7,359 7, ,1 1,15 1,1 1, 95 1,25 1,5 8 5, 4, 3, 3,632 3,424 3,432 3,38 3,684 4,221 4,45 3,862 3,951 3,53 2, , Data provided by Dr. Wett 92 46

47 Conclusions Carbon oxidation = energy intensive system. Carbon adsorption processes = less energy intensive system. The proper selection of SRT (F:M), HRT and DO, bioflocculation and intracellular storage of carbon should be maximized. The transfer of organics from the liquid train to the anaerobic digesters is maximized; hence, energy generation potential can be maximized. Presenter contact information Jose Jimenez Ph.D., P.E. jjimenez@brwncald.com 94 47

48 Questions? 48