"Marine scientific research"

Transcription

1 Korea Maritime Institute Center for Oceans Law and Policy Netherlands Institute for the Law of the Sea "Globalization and the Law of the Sea" "Marine scientific research" Lic. Javier A. Valladares September 2010

2 Sciences in UNCLOS Developing of new instruments Characteristics of operational/observation oceanography Comparative between MSR and OO IOC Prevention and reduction of the impacts of natural hazards Mitigation of the impacts of and adaptation to climate change and variability Safeguarding the health of ocean ecosystems Management procedures and policies leading to the sustainability of coastal and ocean environment and resources Toward Better Future for Society In what way sciences can help One Planet, One Ocean.

3 I UN Conference about The Law of the Sea (1956 a 1958) It came to 4 conventions that got in force but they have scarcely been applied. II UN Conference about The Law of the Sea (1960) III UN Conference about The Law of the Sea (1973 a 1982) UN Convention about The Law of the Sea Approved by 130 votes against 4 with 17 abstentions (119 in the first day ) Ratified by 160 states (Chad, Dominican Rep. and Switzerland in 2009)

4 UN Convention about The Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) In force since November 16th 1994 Part XIII: Marine Scientific Research Parte XIV: Development and Transference of Marine Technology

5 In 1982, UNCLOS only regulate MSR but Operational Oceanography was already on the deck

6 Instruments went on developing

7 No sensor required All MK III options available Low frequency measurements with 1 cm precision No magnetic restrictions No handling restrictions Revive your old Waverider Disadvantages: When GPS satellite contact is lost, measurements fail Suitable up to 6m Increased power consumption A Lot!! New Oceanographers Expendable and inexpensive instruments that allow global and remote coverage Satellite observations and telecommunications Open data and services with speedy interaction with users.

8 What are the characteristics of operational oceanography/ observation oceanography? Temporal Scale (real or almost real time) similar meteorology Raw or fast processed data, with open distribution Systematic data collection. Last generation technology Applied in broadcasting in the short term, in safety, life, goods and property protection, the environment, etc.

9 Marine Scientific Research Operational Oceanography Oceanic Observation Prediction Models based on sciences, and then applied for sustainable development. New global research programs allow going throw enclosed exploration to the observation and systematic modeling (real or almost real time)

10 Marine Scientific Research Operational Oceanography Oceanic observation Transition form a single responsible researcher to interdisciplinary, interagency programs with coordinated management. Transition from an exploration for the purpose to discover, to a sustainable observation of global scale to supply ocean services in order to contribute to the sustainable development, the right use of the ocean resources, ocean hazard protection and deliver greater number of community benefits. GOOS is a program that provides data and information to both objectives (global research and ocean services)

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12 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) Specialized mechanism of the UN system dealing with ocean science, services and capacity-building at global and regional levels Collective body of 138 Member States speaking for the ocean and coastal zones Promote international cooperation and coordinate programmes in research, services and capacity building, in order to learn more about the nature and resources of the ocean and coastal areas and apply that knowledge for the improvement of management, sustainable development, the protection of the marine environment, and the decision-making processes of its Member States

13 Thus, IOC has a key role to play as a global knowledge broker involving gathering, transfer, dissemination and sharing of information, data, knowledge and best practices related to Oceanography.

14 IOC High Level Objectives (HLOs) (MEDIUM TERM STRATEGY ) 1. Prevention and reduction of the impacts of natural hazards Promote integrated & sustained monitoring/warning systems for coastal and oceanic natural hazards Educate communities at risk - impact prevention, preparedness and mitigation measures 2. Mitigation of the impacts of and adaptation to climate change and variability Increase the understanding of the ocean s role in climate variability and climate change Contribute to the better prediction of climate global/regional ocean observations and process studies Increase the understanding of the impacts of climate change and variability on marine ecosystems and their living resources

15 IOC High Level Objectives (HLOs) 3. Safeguarding the health of ocean ecosystems contribute to the UN Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment (GRAME). develop the research and monitoring - marine environment degradation, biodiversity, marine habitats capacity-building focusing on the regional needs 4. Management procedures and policies leading to the sustainability of coastal and ocean environment and resources Enhance Member States involvement through capacity-building and transfer of technology Facilitate science related to ocean and coastal resource management Enhance development and implementation of decision-support tools for integrated ocean and coastal management

16 Observation & Research related to climate observations research

17 Oceans and Climate Understanding the ocean s role in climate variability and climate change

18 Oceans and Climate Understanding and anticipating the impacts of climate change & variability on marine ecosystems and their living resources Study on Ocean Acidification Earth System Engineering Measures, including Ocean Fertilization Research on Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics

19 Bridge the research-operational divide A comprehensive ocean observing system needs better engage among researchers, governments and the private sector, with willingness to commit multilaterally Where are the challenges in GOOS? Polar regions and deep ocean (technology) Developing countries (Capacity building) Non-physical variables (Biology, Chemistry, ) Integrated data products (GODAE, CODAE ) Real time operations (Hazard Warnings) Sustainability - e.g. ARGO network, Satellite altimeters Intersection with other systems (Coastal, Carbon, Geohazards, Cryosphere )

20 Ocean Health and Marine Ecosystem Assessment of Assessments (AoA): Keeping the world s oceans and seas under continuing review Established and endorsed by the UN General Assembly Preparatory step toward the Global Reporting on the State of the Marine Environment (GRAME), for a global routine marine environment assessment Science-based legal framework toward societal benefits, assisting decision making process for marine and environmental policy AoA regions used for gathering information

21 Ocean Health and Marine Ecosystem Preserving Biodiversity and Ecosystem Health in High Seas and MPA beyond national jurisdiction Marine Protected Area (MPA) mechanism to combine long term conservation of marine resources with economic development and food security Global Ocean Biodiversity Initiative (GOBI) international partnership advancing the scientific basis for conserving biological diversity in the deep seas and open oceans. Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2007.

22 Ocean Health and Marine Ecosystem Preserving Biodiversity and Ecosystem Health in High Seas and MPA beyond national jurisdiction Invasive species: Due to ballast water and hull-fouling from increasing maritime traffic, aquaculture, aquarium fish trade, marine debris, species migrate caused by climate change ICES-IOC-IMO Working Group on Ballast of Ships and other Vectors Major pathways and origins of invasive species infestations in the marine environment. UNEP/GRID-Arendal 2008

23 Marine Management and Policy Integrated Coastal Area Management (ICAM): Marine Spatial Planning Environmental Benefit Economic Benefit Identifies areas of biological or ecological importance and reduces risk of conflict with development Provides greater access and certainty to private sector when it plans new investments Enables biodiversity objectives to be at heart of marine spatial planning and management Identifies areas of compatible uses for development Ensures space for biodiversity and nature conservation Reduces conflicts among incompatible uses and between uses and nature Streamlines permitting Provides context for network of Marine Protected Areas Promotes efficient use of resources and space and reduces cumulative impact on marine environment

24 Marine Management and Policy Integrated Coastal Area Management (ICAM): Marine Spatial Planning Public process of analyzing and allocating the spatial and temporal distribution of human activities in marine areas to achieve ecological, economic, and social objectives that have been specified through a political process. Marine Policy special issue (September 2008, Volume 32: )

25 Toward Better Future for Society Integrated and sustained systems designed by Societal Needs Continuous interaction with users (through Member States) from identifying user requirements to application/assessment A multi-user / multi-purpose system, while keeping focus on societal needs Better assessment of policies, management, and operation Strong link between the public sector, research community and the private sector Stimulating co-operation between researchers and operators to explore new directions Communication and Capacity Building Better engagement of Nations (implementation by governments) Enhance public awareness on the critical importance of the ocean in our future Transferring and sharing knowledge among all Nations

26 Community Tests Yes To confirm proposals and proceedings Adoption and proceeding tests in IOC No Debate in the UNCLOS System Proposals into the IIOO, to incorporate changes and encourage MSR and MTT Agreement and Agreement and implementation Agreement and implementation of the Agreement changes in and implementation of the changes in the implementation of the UNCLOS changes in the of the UNCLOS changes in the UNCLOS the UNCLOS

27 Pruebas por la comunidad Confirmar propuesta con Procedimientos Adopción y prueba de Procedimientos en la COI Propuestas, en el marco de OOII, para asimilar los cambios y dinamizar la ICM y la TTM States (NGO) Debate en el sistema de la CONVEMAR Aceptación e implementación Aceptación e de implementación Aceptación e los cambios en de el marco los implementación Aceptación e cambios de la en CONVEMAR el de marco los implementación cambios de la en CONVEMAR el de marco los cambios de la en CONVEMAR el marco de la CONVEMAR

28 But, MSR can give us a good tool for other purposes in regions

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30 Southern Ocean/South Atlantic World Heritage Scientific Diplomacy New way of governance Coordination and management of the Sea To apply in a combined way the Marine Spatial Planning over a zone with sharing management, as an international model, for the biodiversity protection, monitoring of the global change, evaluation of health of the ocean, the adoption of the best practices to get a sustainable fisheries, to exploit resources with a social and environmental responsibility, stimulating the sustainable development of the region,

31 One Ocean. One Planet, Together understanding, using and protecting the oceans