SmAHTR the Small Modular Advanced High Temperature Reactor
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1 SmAHTR the Small Modular Advanced High Temperature Reactor Presented to DOE FHR Workshop Oak Ridge National Laboratory September 20-21, 2010 By Sherrell Greene Director, Nuclear Technology Programs Oak Ridge National Laboratory
2 Presentation overview SmAHTR design objectives Preliminary SmAHTR concept SmAHTR concept optimization and design trades Principal SmAHTR development challenges SmAHTR development is a team effort: S. R. Greene J. C. Gehin D. E. Holcomb J. J. Carbajo D. Ilas V. K. Varma A. T. Cisneros* W. R. Corwin D. F. Wilson A. L. Qualls G. L. Yoder E. C. Bradley D. A. Clayton G. F. Flanagan M. S. Cetiner 2 Managed by UT-Battelle * UC Berkeley
3 SmAHTR is the product of ORNL s ongoing investigation of the FHR design space 3 Managed by UT-Battelle Reactor power level Physical size System complexity Operating temperatures Fuel forms Material classes Economics Safety
4 SmAHTR design objectives target both electricity and process heat production Initial concept operating temperature of 700 ºC with future evolution path to 850 ºC and 1000 ºC Thermal size matched to early process heat markets Integral system architectures compatible with remote operations Passive decay heat removal Truck transportable 4 Managed by UT-Battelle
5 SmAHTR is an entry-level veryhigh-temperature reactor (VHTR) Overall System Parameters Parameter Value Power (MWt / MWe) 125 / 50+ Primary Coolant LiF- BeF 2 Primary Pressure (atm) ~1 Core Inlet Temperature (ºC) 650 Core Outlet Temperature (ºC) 700 Core coolant flow rate (kg/s) 1020 OperaJonal Heat Removal Passive Decay Heat Removal Power Conversion Reactor Vessel PenetraJons 3 50% loops 3 50% loops Brayton None 5 Managed by UT-Battelle
6 SmAHTR is small AHTR SmAHTR Small Large 6 Managed by UT-Battelle
7 SmAHTR is a cartridge-core, integral-primary-system FHR (1 of 3) (1 of 3) Downcomer Skirt 7 Managed by UT-Battelle
8 SmAHTR primary system mechanical design enables rapid component servicing IHX removal 8 Managed by UT-Battelle DRACS removal Core Removal Note: downcomer skirt not shown Reflector Removal
9 Three fuel assembly concepts are under consideration (control rods not shown) 2.2 cm dia. Solid cylindrical compact stringers 6 cm dia. Annular cylindrical compact stringers 23 cm wide Hex-plate fuel assemblies Cylindrical fuel assembly O.D. = 34 cm Plate fuel assembly O.D. = 43 cm 9 Managed by UT-Battelle
10 Cylindrical annular compacts are current SmAHTR reference fuel concept SmAHTR Fuel / Core Parameter Op6on 1 Fuel Assembly Design 10 Managed by UT-Battelle Solid Cylindrical Compact Stringers in Hex Graphite Blocks Op6on 2 (Reference) Op6on 3 Annular Cylindrical Compact Stringers In Hex Graphite Blocks Flat Fuel Plates in Hex ConfiguraJon UCO fuel kernal diameter (microns) Number fuel columns or assemblies Number fuel pins / plates per column or fuel element Number graphite pins or plates per column or fuel element IniJal Fissile Mass (kg) Total Heavy Metal (kg) Enrichment 19.75% 19.75% 19.75% Avg. Power Density (MW/m 3 ) Refueling Interval (yr)
11 SmAHTR employs two-out-of-three heat transport design philosophy Intermediate Heat Transport Loop Parameters Parameter Value Number of Primary Heat Exchangers (PHX) 3 Number PHX needed for full power opera6on 2 PHX Design Concept Single- pass, tube- in- shell Primary Coolant LiF- BeF 2 Primary Inlet Temperature (ºC) 700 Primary Outlet Temperature (ºC) 650 Primary flow rate (kg/s) Secondary Coolant 350 (each) LiF- NaF- KF Secondary Inlet Temperature (ºC) 582 Primary Outlet Temperature (ºC) 610 Secondary flow rate (kg/s) 800 (each) 11 Managed by UT-Battelle
12 SmAHTR employs two-out-of-three passive decay heat removal In-vessel Passive Decay Heat Removal System Parameters In- vessel DRACS HX Parameter Value Number DRACS in- vessel heat exchangers 3 Number DRACS loops needed for full power opera6on DRACS Salt- to- Salt Design Concept 2 Single- pass, tube- in- shell Primary Coolant LiF- BeF 2 Secondary Coolant LiF- NaF- KF 12 Managed by UT-Battelle
13 SmAHTR DRACS utilizes salt-to-air, natural convection heat rejection Ex-vessel Passive Decay Heat Removal System Parameters FLiNaK Salt-to- Air Radiator Ex- vessel DRACS HX Parameter Value Number DRACS 3 Number DRACS needed for full power opera6ons DRACS Salt- to- Air Design Concept 2 Ver6cal finned tube radiator Invessel DRACS HX FLiBe Air Primary Coolant LiF- NaF- KF Air Flow Area (m 2 ) 4 In- vessel HX to air HX riser height (m) 8 Total chimney height (m) 12 ~ 13 Managed by UT-Battelle
14 SmAHTR is good match with Brayton power conversion technologies Options Standard closed Supercritical closed Open air (similar to ANP & HTRE) Issues to consider Physical size & weight Multi-unit clustering Heat exchanger pressure differentials Efficiency and scalability to higher temperatures Tritium leakage Compatibility with dry heat rejection Trade study underway 14 Managed by UT-Battelle
15 SmAHTR thermal energy storage system employs salt vault thermal storage concept Liquid salt vault acts as thermal battery Salt vault enables clustering of reactors Salt selection and salt vault size can be optimized for differing applications 125 MWt-hr 600ºC requires ~ 13 meter cubic salt tank 15 Managed by UT-Battelle
16 Peak center-line fuel temperatures during normal operations are acceptable 1178 C 650 C 700 C 16 Managed by UT-Battelle
17 Peak fuel temperatures for Alpha Transient (20 s pump coast-down with 10 s scram delay) only increase ~50 ºC 17 Managed by UT-Battelle
18 Two DRACS loops limit coolant temperature rise to less than 30ºC 727 C 712 C 18 Managed by UT-Battelle
19 A SmAHTR materials technology evolution strategy is in development System ºC Graphite Internals Toyo Tanso IG110 or 430 Toyo Tanso IG110 or 430 Toyo Tanso IG110 or 430 Reactor Vessel Hastelloy-N Ni-weld overlay on 800H Insulated low-alloy steel New Ni-based alloy Core barrel & other internals Control rods and internal drives 19 Managed by UT-Battelle Hastelloy-N C-C composites Hastelloy-N Nb-1Zr C-C composite New Ni-based alloy C-C composites Nb-1Zr PHX & DRACS Hastelloy-N New Ni-based alloy Double-sided Ni cladding on 617 or 230 Secondary (saltto-gas) HX Coaxial extruded 800H tubes with Ni-based layer New Ni-based alloy Coaxial extruded 800H tubes with Ni-based layer Interior-insulated lowalloy steel C-C composite SiC-SiC composite New refractory metal C-C composites Nb-1Zr C-C composite SiC-SiC composite Monolithic SiC?
20 Summary SmAHTR is an entry-level VHTR concept SmAHTR concept explores the small FHR design space SmAHTR concept is not optimized Many design trades still to be evaluated SmAHTR design objectives: address near-term process heat and electricity applications enable long-term evolution to higher efficiency electric generation and higher temperature process heat applications SmAHTR integrates architectures and technologies of MSR, GCR, LMR, and integral LWR systems 20 Managed by UT-Battelle
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