Mitigation and Prevention of Groundwater Pollution from Industry in Thailand

Transcription

1 Mitigation and Prevention of Groundwater Pollution from Industry in Thailand Chayawee Wangcharoenrung Ph.D. Director of Industrial Wastewater Division, Pollution Control Department, Thailand 12th International Symposium on Southeast Asian Water Environment (SEAWE12) November, 28-30, Hanoi, Vietnam

2 Presentation Points Overview of Groundwater Problem Measures Applied Future Measures

3 9 River Basin Group of Thailand 25 basins to 9 groups 2 1. Khong River Basin Salawin River Basin 3. Chao Phraya Thachin River Basin 4. Mae Klong River Basin 5. Bang Prakong River Basin 6. East-Coast Gulf River Basin 7. West-Coast Gulf River Basin Peninsula East-Coast Gulf River Basin 9. Peninsula West-Coast Gulf River Basin

4 Need for Water of Thailand (DGR 2007) Basin Group Household 3% Water Needs (million m 3 /year) Industrial 1% Agricultural 95% Non Irr Zone Irr Zone 1. Khong River Basin 1, , , Salawin River Basin Chao Phraya Thachin River Basin 1, , , , Mae Klong River Basin , , Bang Prakong River Basin , , East-Coast Gulf River Basin West-Coast Gulf River Basin , Peninsula East-Coast Gulf River Basin , , Peninsula West-Coast Gulf River Basin Total 3, , , ,219.68

5 GroundWater Usage (DGR 2007) Region Groundwater Usage (million m 3 /year) Household Industrial Agricultural 1. Northern Region Central and Eastern Region North- Southeastern Region South- Southeastern Region Western and Southern Region Total (2.8%) 1, (33.61%) (31.55%) 1, (1.2%) Percentage of GW used comparing with total need by sector

6 Overview of Groundwater Problem

7 General Groundwater Problem Currently Department of Groundwater Resource is the one responsible for groundwater monitoring, no requirement for local government to monitor. Region Northern Region Central Region Northeastern Region Eastern Region Southern Region Problem Found Iron, Fluoride TDS at deep level, Iron, Manganese, Arsenic Iron, Manganese, Sulfate, Chloride, Hardness, TDS Chloride, TDS, Iron Chloride, Hardness due to limestone

8 1 Contaminated SITES in Thailand In 2014 Health Impact Assessment Coordinating Unit of National Health Commission Office of Thailand have published a book called Contaminated Thailand which summarized most of wellknown contaminated site majority of which are brownfield. It can be classified as, Former and active mining sites Former and active industrial sites Illegal dumping site

9 It was discovered in 1998 that the lead smelter plant, began operation since 1967, discharged its tailing water to the creek and cause local people sickness. Lead level in the creek s sediment is up to 1,000 times of the standard. The company dissolved away hence the site become brownfield. Court order PCD to do remediation. Full remediation begins this year. Famous Mining Sites 1. Klithy Creek Klithy Creek is one of the most famous contaminated site in Thailand located on the western part of the country just on the border between Thailand and Myanmar.

10 The site is still under investigation and remediation is proposed from Department of Primary Industry. Famous Mining Sites 2. Tongkah Harbour Minng Tongkah Harbour is leading gold mining company in Thailand located in Leui province on border of Laos and Thailand. Began its operation in It was found in 2004 that creek surrounding the site and groundwater has elevated level of manganese, iron, and arsenic up to 80 times of the standard. This lead to local people protested and blocked traffic to the mine until the license is expired.

11 Famous Industrial Sites 3. Makkasan Factory Makkasan factory belongs to State Railway of Thailand as train repair workshop located in the center of Bangkok since During the period of world war in 1943, most operation of the factory was moved due to safety concern on bombing. It is still under light use until 1982 when there is a proposal to move the factory completely. A study was conducted 4 years ago on redeveloping the site. However; since all options require a large sum of money. Stat Railway of Thailand has not make any decision.

12 Famous Illegal Dumping Sites 4. Klang Dong Site 8,700 barrels of chemicals were found to be illegally dumped at Klang Dong, Nakaronratchasima province, middle region of Thailand, in Sept 2004 Ministry of Industry ordered an immediate move of barrels and clean up of soil. It is later found that groundwater is contaminated with trichloroethylene up to 600 times of the standard. Pollution Control Department and Department of Ground Water Resource still keep track on of contamination plume until now. Although the remediation method was studied but no funding to do so.

13 Famous Illegal Dumping Sites 4. Klang Dong Site February 2007 June 2009 Credit: Department of Groundwater Resource June 2007 February 2010

14 Famous Illegal Dumping Sites 5. Nong Nae Site Local people in Nong Nae area, Chachengsao province, central Thailand, noticed unusual transportation of waste in the area since It later found that many waste processing company illegally dump liquid waste in many ponds in the area and resulting in wide spade soil and groundwater contamination Department of Groundwater Resource and Pollution Control Department has investigate and found high level of Phenols and Phthalate contamination up to 14 times of the standard. Local people sued Department of Industrial Works to responsible for remediation.

15 Famous Industrial Site 6. Map Ta Phut Located at Rayong province in the eastern part of Thailand Fifth largest petrochemical complex in the world Found contamination of VOCs such as Trichloroethylene and 1,2- Dichloroethane up to 15 times of the standard

16 HEMARAJEASTERN (43 ) MAP TA PHUT (65 ) RIL (8 ) ASIA (8 ) PADAENG (4 ) MAP TA PHUT PORT (10 )

17 Famous Industrial Site 6. Map Ta Phut 1,2 Dichloroethane (ppb) Trichloroethane (ppb)

18 Measures Applied

19 Measures Applied For Thailand, measures applied for contaminated sites can be categorized as, Risk management Regulation Remediation

20 Risk management Issue a warning on groundwater quality problem Clean up groundwater well Provide alternative sources of water i.e. move to tap water, provide clean water

21 Risk management There are many programs on raising awareness on soil and groundwater contamination problem during inspection.

22 Regulation Soon after first soil and groundwater incident was found Groundwater and Soil Standard were set. A study on what kind of policy is suitable for Thailand is performed by PCD. Damage Assessment Manual Remediation Manual Risk Assessment Manual

23 Regulation Using case of Map Ta Phut soil and groundwater contamination and other locations as example National Environmental Committee entrusted Ministry of Industry to propose a preventive measure such is routine monitoring. A monitoring and remediation requirement for factory is proposed since 2012.

24 Remediation Many site identified was actively remediated by many teams and using many technique under cooperation among governmental agencies. Phytoremediation of VCM near landfill site using vetiver grass

25 Remediation Bioremediation of VCM near landfill site

26 Remediation SVE System experiment on 1,2 Dichloroethane Contamination on petrochemical factory

27 Future Measures

28 Soil and Groundwater Monitoring Requirement Ministry of Industry Decree on Soil and Groundwater Contamination Control B.E (2016) (Effective : October 2016) Principle Business Owner must 1) collect soil and groundwater sample 2) manage that contamination found is not exceeding specified level contaminants covered 1) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) 2) Heavy Metals 3) Pesticide and insecticide Factory 1) must collect sample for the first time within 180 days after this regulation effective and must compile a monitoring report within 180 days after monitoring. 2) must collect sample on second time within 180 days after the first inspection and must submit a report within 120 days. Factory must propose contamination control measure and contamination reduction measure and make a within 180 days after problem has been found.

29 Economic Instrument Many of the regulation will be updated to incorporate economic instrument Future Environmental Act Future Factory Act Future Mineral Act change environmental fund rule such that it can be used for contaminated area remediation. include environmental damage insurance concept where the insurance money can be collected after the factory has proved that they are not causing environmental contamination allow environmental impact fund to be used for preventive measures.

30 Capacity Building Cooperation program on contaminated area between Thailand s government agencies and international organization Current ReSAGPAC WG Taiwan IGES Japan Shell

31 Information Disclosure Development and Implementation of Pollution Release and Transfer Registered System (PRTR) with cooperation with Japanese Government (JICA) PRTR is Public Database on type and amount of pollutants that release from various pollution sources to the environment such as air, water and soil including pollution such as wastewater and waste that transfer from factories or business for treatment. PRTR Data will be open for public access at some level Release and transfer report will be in the form of loading (for example kg pollution/ year) NOT in form of concentration. Stimulate public engagement and serve as voluntary pollution reduction mechanism

32 Concluding Remarks For Thailand case contaminated area & groundwater pollution problem has received a lot of attention recently. Most of environmental related regulations have not been updated for years and they are not made to deal with such issue. Revision to many regulations to deal with the problem is proposed, some just begin to effective but some will take longer time. Hope that we can have Soil, Groundwater and Sediment Contamination Countermeasure Act in the future

33 Thank You for Your Kind Attention