Environment, Energy & Sustainment Symposium May 6, 2009

Transcription

1 Small Wind as an Essential Component of DoD Installation Operating Costs and Reducing Reliance on Fossil Fuel Energy Sources Environment, Energy & Sustainment Symposium May 6, 2009 Joseph T. Hazeltine, PE, NCE 1

2 Agenda Alternative energy approaches What is small wind? Why small wind? Why look at DoD? Wind Surveys/ Efficiency Return on Investment Different Types of small wind turbines Local ordinances Tax benefits Wildlife (bird and bat) impacts Climate effects on hardware Data capture and analysis Multiple system installation effects DoD policy changes 2

3 Alternative approaches Solar Energy Real estate limitations but viable alternative Geothermal/ocean energy/hydroelectric Infrastructure issues & location of facility Cogeneration Viable option when generation is on-site Small Wind Viable option. Installed cost is 40% of solar Biofuels /Biomass Necessary part of the equation to reduce foreign oil dependency 3

4 What is small wind? Size Anywhere from 500 W to 100 kw Blade diameter from 3 feet to 21 feet Pole mounted, roof mounted or tower mounted Efficiencies Run from 25% to 45% with maximum at 59% Ground wind speeds 10 to 20 MPH Designs Helix Vertical blade Horizontal blade Cage design Giromill 4

5 Why small wind? The 55 to 60 MW of cumulative small-wind installed in the U.S. translates to: Total Cars Offset: 10,000 Number of Homes Powered (Equivalent): 7,000 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) displaced per year: 60,000 tons 5

6 Why look at DoD? DoD is the nations single largest user of energy 1% of US total and 78% of government use in FY06 Cost in FY06 was $13.6B. ($12B in fuel) Consumes 300,000 barrels per day 12% is electricity Energy Acts of 2005 and 2009 have incentives and goals 1% decrease in fuel usage requires 6,444 fewer soldiers in convoys per April 2009 US News and World Reports Article, pg 40 6

7 Other Environmental Facts A single residential-scale wind turbine displaces the carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by 1.5 average cars A well-sited 10kW turbine generates about 1,090 kwh/month in 12 mph average winds. In the turbine s expected lifetime of 20 years, it can displace approximately 340,000 lbs of (CO2) The Environmental Protection Agency estimated in 2000 that the average passenger car emits 11,450 lbs. of (CO2) per year There are no emissions or pollution produced by a small wind turbine s operation As many as 50 to 100 million birds are killed by cars and trucks on US highways each year 7

8 Where is their sufficient wind? R1 8

9 Wind Survey Data R2 Location YRS JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANN Cold Bay, AK Colorado Springs, CO Honolulu, HI Sioux City, IA Wichita, KS Boston, MA Great Falls, MT Omaha, NE Mt. Washington, NH Clayton, NM Oklahoma City, OK Kwajalein, Marshall Islands Wichita Falls, TX Norfolk, VA Cheyenne, WY

10 Overall Design of a Wind Turbine R3 10

11 Different types of small wind turbines Vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) Horizontal axis, 5 blade Horizontal cage 11

12 Different types of small wind turbines Horizontal blade, roof mounted Vertical cage, pole mounted Helix, pole mounted 12

13 So How Much Power? Power (KW) =1/2 x K (constant= ) x p (air density in lbm/ft 3 ) x Cp (efficiency factor; 0.25 to 0.45) x A 2 (Blade area in ft 2 ) x V 3 (air velocity in mph) For 15 mph wind, on a 10 ft diameter blade at a 50 foot height and 70 0 F Power = 1.47 KW or 1058 KW-h over a month 13

14 Return on investment Installed cost is $1,000 to $5,000 per kw Average home uses ~830 kw-h per month Would require ~3.0 kw small wind system Installed cost is $9,000 neglecting any tax credits Monthly electric is 12 cents/kw-h Payback time is 10 years at 6% cost of money Over 30 year life would save ~$33,000 But, what if we had 1000 systems on each of our 200 US DoD military installations!!! 14

15 Ordinances Distributed wind power is attracting attention all over the United States. Wind power becoming more popular due to emerging state incentive programs for small, distributed renewable energy systems. More grid-connected wind systems are being installed in less remote locations where zoning becomes a factor. Zoning regulations vary from state to state and from one local jurisdiction to the next. Further, existing zoning laws seldom address distributed wind turbines. Summary of State Delegation of Zoning Authority States with Zoning Enabling Laws 50 Typical Zoning Issues: Tower Height Set-Back Noise Wind Turbine Certification Compliance with FAA Regulations Compliance with National Electric Code Utility Notification Building Permits R4 States with State-Level Zoning Authority 2 States with County Zoning Authority 39 States with Town/Township Zoning Authority 13 States with Municipal Zoning Authority 49 Estimated # of Local Zoning Jurisdictions 20,000 Zoning laws dictate whether a wind turbine can be installed and how it is installed Federal government plays a minimal role in approving wind power facilities, only regulating facilities that are on federal lands or have some form of federal involvement, such as receiving federal funds, in which case the wind power project must comply with federal laws, such as National Environmental Policy Act 15

16 Tax Benefits R5 The economic bailout package extended the tax credits for solar, wind, and geothermal as well as tax credits for green building and energy efficiency. Another part of the package was a new federal-level investment tax credit for qualified small wind turbines valued at $500/.5kw capacity for up to $4,000 and available for small and micro-wind turbines (up to 100kw), including vertical-axis wind turbines, installed through Advantages of Tax Incentives Tax incentives encourage the use of energy efficiency and renewable energy equipment, systems and facilities, which helps develop markets and promotes industry to greater production, which results in jobs and economic development. Markets do not encourage private investment for public benefits tax incentives can correct that issue. Providing tax incentives for energy efficiency is one of the most cost effective ways to reduce pollution and lower health care costs for the general public. Tax incentive programs diversify states' energy and economic tax structure. Tax incentive programs are proven to stimulate consumer demand. Other Tax Benefits Sales tax incentives typically exempt state and local sales taxes from the cost or installation of energy efficiency equipment (usually given by the equipment manufacturers partnering with Energy Star). The American Recovery and Reinvestment Tax Act of 2009 established that on-site renewables (solar photovoltaic and hot water systems, small wind systems, and geothermal heat pumps) are now eligible for a tax incentive worth 30% of the total cost, without a cap. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 established a new deduction for expenses incurred for energy-efficient commercial building property. The deduction is equal to energy-efficient commercial building property expenditures made by the taxpayer, subject to a cap. An extension was granted in Oct for the commercial buildings tax deduction to the end of Many States also offer tax credits, financing assistance, grants and buy-back programs as incentives for renewable energy systems 16

17 Effective Starting 2009 Tax Year for Individual Tax Payers Tax Benefits R6 Product Category Product Type Tax Credit Specification Tax Credit Geo-Thermal Heat Pump Geo-Thermal Heat Pump Same criteria as ENERGY STAR: Closed Loop: EER >= 14.1; COP >= 3.3 Open Loop: EER >= 16.2, COP >= 3.6 Direct Expansion: EER >= 15, COP >= % of the cost Solar Energy Systems Solar Water Heating At least ½ of energy generated by qualifying property must come from the sun. Homeowners may only claim spending on the solar water heating system property, not the entire water heating system of the household. The system must be certified by the Solar Rating and Certification Corporation (SRCC). 30% of cost Photovoltaic Systems Photovoltaic systems must provide electricity for the residence, and must meet applicable fire and electrical code requirement. 30% of cost Small Wind Energy Systems Residential Small Wind Energy Systems 30% of cost Fuel Cells Residential Fuel Cell and microturbine system Efficiency of at least 30% and must have a capacity of at least 0.5 kw. 30% of the cost, up to $500 per.5 kw of power capacity Cars Hybrid gasoline-electric, diesel, battery-electric, alternative fuel, and fuel cell vehicles Based on a formula determined by vehicle weight, technology, and fuel economy compared to base year models Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles $2,500 $7,500 17

18 Environmental Factors R7 Problem Noise emissions from wind turbines Hazards to bird and bat population Land Use ability to use land for something other than turbines Total Life Cycle Costs/Quality Safety Ability to handle tough climates Solution Modern turbines are much quieter (52 to 55 db) Modern wind turbines rotate slowly minimizing hazards to birds or look like a solid form they will avoid Small wind turbines can be affixed to buildings, not requiring land use Modern turbines are becoming more robust and designed for 30 year lives New safety standards are being developed and need to be implemented (i.e. UL for Safety, FCC for EMI and Mil-Std for climatic environment) Many turbines operate in harsh environments in California (desert) to Colorado (mountains) 18

19 Multiple system installations Small wind systems are great for residences Military bases need larger capability Will not replace all needs and not the overall goal either. Just want to cut fossil fuel usage. Many small wind designs can be paralleled Power generated in DC and then rectified to AC With net metering, excess is sold back to utility 19

20 R8 DoD Policy changes & goals DoD uses 78% of all energy consumed by federal government Federal Renewable goals are 3% in FY07-09, 5% in FY10-12, and >7.5% in FY13 Priority shifting to renewable energy supplies. In 2005, 11% of all USAF energy procured was from renewable sources. USAF goals are 5% by 2010, 7.5% by 2013 and 25% by USAF Academy to be off the grid by 2015 US Army uses 36% of DoD energy. Multipronged approach to eliminate waste, increase efficiency, reduce fossil fuels, conserve water and improve security of energy resources. US Navy cut energy use by 12% in Focus on wind energy, solar, geothermal and ocean thermal Defense Technical Information Center Plans new alternate energy Information Analysis Center 20

21 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 Impact Released March 20, 2009 (Public Law 111-5) $7.4B in Defense-related appropriations $4.2B to improve, modernize, repair and add energy improvements $300M for RDT&E on energy efficient technologies $120M directly for alternative energy technologies Includes 6 projects in small wind systems 21

22 Wyle IR&D Project Company funded Intended to add to engineering knowledge base in small wind for power generation, attaching to grid, & animal friendly systems Wyle provide a small wind system to a university for research Currently looking at Colorado area Currently looking a helix design 22

23 Wrap-up/review Many alternatives exist but small wind is an option to reduce fossil fuel consumption Wind density is good at many base locations There is a reasonable ROI in small wind Ordinances exist and need to be understood Robust systems are being built Can parallel and grow system size incrementally DoD and Federal rules encouraging this technology 23

24 Questions? Thank You! Joseph Hazeltine, PE, NCE

25 Referenced Material 1. Wind Energy Resource Atlas of the United States, National Climatic Data Center/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (US Dept. of Commerce); 3. Schematic diagram of a modern horizontal-axis, three-bladed wind turbine; Source Date 30 November 2006 ( ); Author Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy; Permission (Reusing this image) EERE copyright policy says its works are public domain: 4. Zoning for Distributed Wind Power Breaking Down Barriers, J. Green, M. Sagrillo, Conference Paper Prepared for WindPower 2005; NREL/CP August 2005; and AWEA Model Zoning Ordinance, ASES Small Wind Division Webinar, January 17, 2008, National Renewable Energy Laboratory 5. Return of Federal Small-Wind Tax Credit a Big Boost for Small Wind, and NRDC Legislative Facts, Energy Bill Summary, 6. Federal Tax Credits for Energy Efficiency, AWEA Small Wind Turbine Global Market Study 2008, and US Fish and Wildlife Service The Nature of Volunteering Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 23, Spring 2005, 8. The Gazette, Colorado Springs (gazette.com), AFA wants to be off the grid by 2015 March 19, 2009; USAF Model Energy Base Initiative, Carnley, Paul F., PE, Capital Program Manager HQ AFCESA August 2008; Energy Policy Act (EPAct) 2005; American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 Department of Defense Expenditure Plans, March 20, 2009; and American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of