Smart Control strategies for heat pump systems. Hatef Madani May 2016

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1 Smart Control strategies for heat pump systems Hatef Madani May 2016

2 Meeting Agenda Background and motivation Project s goal Implementation List of relevant papers

3 Capacity control in Heat Pump system Why?! Climate Heating distribution system Building system HP unit Cond. Comp. XPV Evap. Control unit Inhabitants behavior Heat source Hatef Madani November 2012

4 Capacity control at different boundary levels 3 4 PV cell DHW system Storage Tank Heat Distribution System 2 1 Heat Pump Unit Power plant Heat Source

5 The motivation thousands HP sold in Europe every year (since 2008) Very competetive market (Asian AC and traditional boiler manufacturers Huge potential for improvement without additional cost Moore s law and our computing power nowadays!

6 Source: Intel

7 Type of Heat Pump The Most common faults The costliest faults Air/Air HP Air/Water HP Brine/Water HP Exhaust air HP Fan (26%) Pressure switch (44%) Control and Electronics (31%) Control and Electronics (32%) Control and Electronics (25%) Control and Electronics (25%) Shuttle valve (19%) Shunt valve/motor (19%) Temperature sensors (16%) Temperature sensors (10%) Liquid pumps (17%) Temperature sensors (11%) Control and Pressure switch Control and Control and Electronics (23%) (25%) Electronics (28%) Electronics (24%) Refrigerant leakage Control and Liquid pumps Refrigerant leakage (17%) Electronics (21%) (18%) (17%) Fan (15%) Compressor (19%) Shuttle valve (12%) Domestic Hot Water tank (13%) Type of Heat Pump The Most common faults The costliest faults Air/Air HP Air/Water HP Brine/Water HP Exhaust air HP Compressor (30%) Compressor (24%) Shuttle valve Compressor (40%) (22%) Fan (19%) Control and Electronics (8%) Compressor (19%) Control and Electronics (15%) Control and Electronics (13%) Fan (8%) Control and Electronics (14%) Evaporator (11%) Compressor (46%) Compressor (52%) Compressor (49%) Compressor (56%) Control and Evaporator (6%) Shuttle valve (9%) Evaporator (15%) Electronics (12%) Fan (8%) Refrigerant leakage Control and Control and (5%) Electronics (9%) Electronics (9%)

8 Capacity control at first boundary level The controller tries to keep the actual supply or return temperature as close as possible to the heating curve Methods Method A Constant hysteresis to control the return temperature Method B Degree-minute method to control supply temperature. Method C Floating hysteresis to control the return temperature Hatef Madani

9 Temperature ( C) Comparative analysis of three on/off control strategies commonly used in GSHP systems 60 Required Temp. Supply Temp_Float_Hyst Supply Temp_Const_Hyst Supply Temp_Deg-Min Compressor Electrical aux. heater Circulation pumps floating hysteresis 50 Degree-Minute 40 Constant hysteresis Ambient temperature ( C) Annual Energy use (MWh) Hatef Madani Results summary

10 Inverter-Loss ( % of total power) Loss behavior in the components when UA_condensation (kw/k) UA_desuperheat and subcooling (kw/k) the compressor speed changes switching frequency=3.6khz switching frequency=10khz 10.0 switching frequency=6khz 3 UA_condensation UA_desuperheating UA_subcooling Compressor frequency (Hz) Refrigerant mass flow rate (kg/s) Inverter losses as the percentage of total power Overall heat transfer coefficient in condenser

11 Total efficiency of compresosr (%) Heat pump COP Variable speed Compressor and HP unit behavior 5 C/25 C as the source/load side temp 5 C/30 C as the source/load side temp 5 C/35 C as the source/load side temp C & 25 C as the source/load side temps 5 C & 30 C as the source/load side temps 5 C & 35 C as the source/load side temps Compressor speed (Hz) Compressor speed (Hz) Compressor total efficiency vs. Compressor speed Heat Pump COP vs. Compressor speed

12 SPF Comparative analysis of on/off controlled and variable capacity heat pump systems Vari D Single A Single B Single C Nominal Heat capacity of heat pump to Building heat demand (%) Hatef Madani

13 Capacity control at different boundary levels 3 4 PV cell DHW system Storage Tank Heat Distribution System 2 1 Heat Pump Unit Power plant Heat Source

14 Heat pump heat capacity (kw) Controlling the speed of the liquid pumps-i f=30hz f=40hz f=50hz f=60hz f=75hz Brine mass flow rate (kg/s) The effect of mass flow rate of the secondary fluid on the heat capacity of variable capacity GSHP

15 Overal COP Overal COP Controlling the speed of the liquid pumps-ii f=30hz f=40hz f=50hz f=60hz f=75hz Brine mass flow rate (kg/s) f=30hz f=40hz f=50hz f=60hz f=75hz pumping power (kw)/cooling capacity (kw)

16 Capacity control at different boundary levels 3 4 PV cell DHW system Storage Tank Heat Distribution System 2 1 Heat Pump Unit Power plant Heat Source

17 Solar Thermal and GreenHP system 4 solar Fraction - July Storage Volume Collector Area

18 Prosumer or utility s interest: Challenge : maximizing self-consumption or feeding into the grid?

$Selfconsumption fraction baseline_2m 3 Controlled_2m 3 Controlled_3m 3 Controlled_ 4m 3 27.$

19 Storage capabilities: sensible, latent, seasonal,? Selfconsumption fraction baseline_2m 3 Controlled_2m 3 Controlled_3m 3 Controlled_ 4m % 46.1% 48.1% 49.9% SPF

20 Capacity control at different boundary levels 3 4 PV cell DHW system Storage Tank Heat Distribution System 2 1 Heat Pump Unit Power plant Heat Source

21 sorting by descending prices

22 applying load shifting procedure

26 n load shifting activations [1 12] x load shifting factor [10%; 20%; 30%; 40%; 50%] x x not postponable devices responsive loads

27 Saving annual operating cost (%) GSHP

28 Shifted Energy [kwh] Economic saving potential most representative day 1.5 Shifted energy profile GSHP DR: 12 applications, x=50% 2 December E shifted = 11.5 kwh Saving= 14 Cent Hour E_shift [kwh]

Shifted Energy [kwh] Economic saving potential highest price spread day GSHP DR: 12 applications, x=50% 1.0 0.8 0.

29 Shifted Energy [kwh] Economic saving potential highest price spread day GSHP DR: 12 applications, x=50% Shifted energy profile 2 April 2013 E shifted = 6.3 kwh S = 11 Cent Hour E_shift [kwh]

30 Meeting Agenda Background and motivation Project s goal Implementation List of relevant papers

31 The project s goal To turn a heat pump system to a smart and user-friendly heating solution and a necessary part of smart buildings in the future.

32 The project s sub-goals (How?) Evaluating and testing how the heat pump controller can use the weather forecast, people s behavior, and electricity spot price to maximize the comfort, minimize the operating cost, or maximize the system efficiency. Different control strategies will be evaluated via modeling and field measurement.

33 Meeting Agenda Background information Motivation and Project s goals Implementation List of relevant papers

34 Implementation: Project s team HP manufacturers (Thermia, NIBE, IVT, ITM) KTH Control companies (Hesch and Elektotest) Consultants (Bengt Dahlgren and Nowab)

35 WP1: Model Predictive control: state of art and system modeling A comprehensive literature survey to describe the state of art in MPC. System modeling to capture the dynamic and complex behavior of the heating system and the interactions among all the system components, Climate Heating distribution system Building system HP unit Cond. Comp. XPV Evap. Control unit Inhabitants behavior Heat source

WP1: Model Predictive control: state of art and system modeling The system model includes all the important sub-models such as: Climate, Building, Building inhabitants behavior, Heat source,

36 WP1: Model Predictive control: state of art and system modeling The system model includes all the important sub-models such as: Climate, Building, Building inhabitants behavior, Heat source, liquid pumps, Electricity spot price, central control unit, etc. Climate Heating distribution system Building system HP unit Cond. Comp. XPV Evap. Control unit Inhabitants behavior Heat source

37 WP2: Evaluating different control strategies via system simulation Use the system model to test several smart control strategies such as continuous adaptation of control parameters based on heat demand prediction and electricity spot price. The system control can have different goals (sometimes contradictory): Maximizing system efficiency, Reducing operating cost, Maximizing comfort The new control strategies will be benchmarked against the conventional rulebased approach.

38 WP3: Method development and in-situ field measurements Applying the most promising methods and strategies in the field and validating the modeling results, ElektroTest Sweden AB and HESCH Industrie-Elektronik GmbH will implement the method in their controller The controller will be tested on at least two heat pumps installed and measurement data will be collected for further analysis.

39 WP3: Method development and in-situ field measurements Virtual lab development in parallel with the field measurments A virtual lab to test any control strategy in the future!

40 The project team Project manager: Hatef Madani Researchers: Davide Rolando, Post-doc David Fischer, PhD student MSc. Students (so far): Giacomo Braida: main focus on weather forecast Zahra Mohammadi: main focus on building thermal inertia Roberto Tomasetig: main focus on inhabitants behavior

41 Latest publication

42 Meeting Agenda Background information Motivation and Project s goals Implementation List of relevant papers

43 List of Publications in control-related projects Articles published in Scientific peer-reviewed journals 1. Madani H., Roccatello E A comprehensive study on the important faults in heat pump system during the warranty period International Journal of Refrigeration, Volume 48, Pages Mader G., Madani H. Capacity control in air water heat pumps: Total cost of ownership analysis, Journal of Energy and Buildings, Volume 81, Pages Madani H., Claesson J., Lundqvist P A descriptive and comparative analysis of three common control techniques for an on/off controlled Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) system, Journal of Energy and Buildings, Volume 65, Pages 1 9.

44 List of Publications in control-related projects Articles published in Scientific peer-reviewed journals 4. Madani H., Claesson J., Lundqvist P Capacity control in ground source heat pump systems, Part I: modeling and simulation, International Journal of Refrigeration, Volume 34 (6), Issue 6, pp Madani H., Claesson J., Lundqvist P Capacity control in ground source heat pump systems, Part II: Comparative analysis between on/off controlled and variable capacity systems, International Journal of Refrigeration, Volume 34 (8), pp Wallin J., Madani H., Claesson J Run-around coil ventilation heat recovery system: A comparative study between different system configurations, International Journal of Applied Energy, Volume 90, Issue 1, pp

45 List of Publications in control-related projects Articles published in Scientific peer-reviewed journals 7. Madani H. (2009) Variable capacity heat pump system in a single family house: dynamic modeling and simulation Journal of federation of European HVAC association (REHVA), issue Zampollo M. Madani H. Lundqvist P The role of Heat pumps in smart grid, International Congress of Refrigeration ICR 2015, ID: 0944, Yokohama, Japan. 9. Madani H Smart Fault Detection and Diagnosis for Heat Pump systems, International Congress of Refrigeration ICR 2015, ID: 0108, Yokohama, Japan.

46 List of Publications in control-related projects Articles published in International peer-reviewed conferences 10. Madani H A comprehensive study on the common faults in heat pump systems, International Conference on Applied Energy, ICAE 2014, Taipei, Taiwan, ID: ICAE Madani H., Lundqvist P Evaluation of the annual performance of Ground Source Heat Pump systems: A comparison between single speed and variable speed systems, 23rd IIR International Congress of Refrigeration, Prague, Czech Republic, ID Madani H., J. Acuna, B. Palm, J. Claesson, P. Lundqvist 2010 The ground source heat pump: a system analysis with a particular focus on the U-pipe borehole heat exchanger 14th ASME International Heat Transfer conference, Washington, US, ID IHTC

47 List of Publications in control-related projects Articles published in International peer-reviewed conferences 13. Madani H., Wallin J., Claesson J., Lundqvist P Retrofitting a variable capacity heat pump to a ventilation heat recovery system: modeling and performance analysis, International Conference of Applied Energy, Singapore, ID Madani H., N. Ahmadi, J. Claesson, P. Lundqvist (2010) Experimental Analysis Of A Variable Capacity Heat Pump System International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference, Purdue, US, ID Madani H., P. Lundqvist, J. Claesson (2008) Variable capacity heat pump systems, modeling and simulation, 9th International Energy Agency Heat pump conference, Zurich, Switzerland, ID 4.31.

48 List of Publications in control-related projects Articles published in Swedish Magazines 16. Madani H Fel i värmepumpssystem: betydelsen av en systemlösning, Kyla+ (Nordens största tidsskrift för kyl- och värmepumpmarknaden), No Madani H. Claesson J., Nowacki J.E Ett system för feldetektering och diagnosis for värmepumpar, Kyla+ (Nordens största tidsskrift för kyl- och värmepumpmarknaden), No Madani H. Claesson J., Lundqvist P värmepump system med kapacitetsstyrning med berg eller mark som värmekälla, Kyla+ (Nordens största tidsskrift för kyl- och värmepumpmarknaden), No

49 Questions for further info, to 50

Heat pump system control: the potential improvement based on perfect prediction of weather forecast and user occupancy

Heat pump system control: the potential improvement based on perfect prediction of weather forecast and user occupancy D. Rolando, H. Madani, G. Braida, R. Tomasetig, Z. Mohammadi Project Smart control