Overall summary of WP5: Hydrogen production. Joonas Koponen, Vesa Ruuskanen, Antti Kosonen, Kimmo Huoman, Markku Niemelä, Jero Ahola

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1 Overall summary of WP5: Hydrogen production Joonas Koponen, Vesa Ruuskanen, Antti Kosonen, Kimmo Huoman, Markku Niemelä, Jero Ahola

2 / Outline of the presentation 1) Introduction 2) Review of water electrolysis technologies 3) Visits & Conferences 4) LUT Hydrogen Lab 5) Research highlights 6) List of publications

3 / Starting point Test facility for research and demonstration Power electronics, control, and dynamics System energy efficiency in conversion Operation with renewable energy systems (solar and wind) Hydrogen production, storage, and distribution

4 / Finish line Three laboratory setups: 1) PEM 2) Alkaline 3) Electrolysis emulator (PHIL) Fig. Electrolysis emulator. Test setups enable the experimental work!

5 1. REVIEW OF WATER ELECTROLYSIS TECHNOLOGIES

6 / Literature survey Thermodynamics of water electrolysis Electrochemistry of water electrolysis Efficiency and specific energy consumption of water electrolysis E HHV,H2 = 3.54 kwh/nm 3 = 39.4 kwh/kg E LHV,H2 = 3.00 kwh/nm 3 = 33.3 kwh/kg State-of-the-art technologies More on water electrolysis: J. Koponen, Review of water electrolysis technologies and design of renewable hydrogen production systems, Master s Thesis, Electrical Engineering, LUT School of Energy Systems, Lappeenranta University of Technology, 2015, 87 p.

7 / Comparison of water electrolyzer technologies Table. Main characteristics of main electrolysis technologies. [1], [2] Characteristics Alkaline PEM SOE System efficiency (% HHV ) Size (kw) <15 Current density (A/cm 2 ) <0.5 >1.0 <0.3 Operating temp. ( C) Min. load (%) Ramp up (%/s) Stack lifetime (years) Hydrogen purity (%) [1] L. Bertuccioli, A. Chan, D. Hart, F. Lehner, B. Madden, and E. Standen, Study on development of water electrolysis in the EU, Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking, [2] M. Lehner, R. Tichler, H. Steinmüller, and M. Koppe, Power-to-gas: technology and business models, New York: Springer International Publishing, 2014.

8 2. VISITS & CONFERENCES

9 / Technology visits Audi industrial Power-to-Gas plant, Werlte, Germany Sunfire Power-to-Liquids (SOEC technology), Dresden, Germany EWII Fuel Cells (PEM technology), Odense, Denmark Electrochaea BioCat Project (Power-to-Gas), Copenhagen, Denmark Carbon ReUse (carbon capture), Savonlinna, Finland Woikoski industrial alkaline electrolysis, Kokkola, Finland Kemira industrial sodium chlorate production, Lappeenranta, Finland Hydrocell (carbon capture), Järvenpää, Finland STR Tecoil (oil refining), Hamina, Finland + Antti s research visit trip to KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany

10 / Conferences ACI Energy Storage Conference Hamburg, Germany, Feb th Conf.on Carbon Dioxide as Feedstock for Fuels, Chemistry and Polymers Essen, Germany, Sep th European Conf. on Power Electronics and Applications (one publication) Geneva, Switzerland, Sep th European Conf. on Power Electronics and Applications (two publications) Karlsruhe, Germany, Sep th European Conf. on Power Electronics and Applications (one publication) Warsaw, Poland, September nd Annu. Conf. IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (one publication) Firenze, Italy, Oct st Int. Conf. Electrolysis, Copenhagen (four publications) Denmark, June NCE meets Energy Lab Seminar

11 3. LUT HYDROGEN LAB

12 / Hydrogen container Fig. Laboratory system for hydrogen production with solar energy.

13 U x / Test setup for alkaline electrolyzer Programmable DC+AC power supply unit Industrial 45 kw frequency converter hardware with 90 A phase current Tailored PWM modulator with 20kHz switching frequency at converter FPGA Voltage reference for the modulator generated by a Simulink-model in the TwinCAT environment running on an industrial PC Current controlled with a PI-controller using the built in current measurements of the converter Electrolyzer stack with an inductive filter connected between two inverter legs t

14 / PHIL simulator PHIL A new, innovative laboratory built to research electric technologies needed for 100% renewable energy system World s largest (250 kw) hydrogen production emulator which can mimic direct current loads, such as electrolyzers, batteries, and capacitors for power electronics research and development purposes.

15 3. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS

16 / PEM water electrolysis The studied PEM electrolyzer enables the pressurization of hydrogen gas without additional energy consumption. The power control area of the electrolyzer is dependent on the H 2 outlet pressure. Increase in the outlet pressure will limit the electrolyzer control range. The H 2 gas compression by the PEM stack enables a H 2 system without hydrogen compressors or just a single compression stage. Without software limitations, the stack can follow instantaneous solar PV power production.

17 / Alkaline water electrolysis According to preliminary results, the improved quality of the direct current power supplied to the electrolyzer may improve the electrolyzer energy efficiency by up to 25%. Modern power electronics should be used to improve the power quality. Thyristor based DC rectifiers have to be replaced by modern power electronics, such as IGBT-based, to improve the power quality.

18 / Electrolysis emulator (PHIL setup) Enables the emulation of water electrolyzers and their power supplies and electricity grid effects without an actual electrolyzer. Size and functionality of the virtual plant are programmable. PEM electrolyzer model was implemented and operation of the model was verified by laboratory measurements. PEM water electrolysis was emulated as integrated into a solar PV power plant. Current harmonics can be detected by the emulator. Models are able estimate the effect of power quality on the electrolyzer efficiency.

19 / SOLETAIR NCE spinoff project Proof-of-concept of the Power-to-X technology using renewable electricity and carbon from air

20 / Main electrolyzer research group in LUT Jero Ahola Professor Vesa Ruuskanen Post doctoral researcher Antti Kosonen Associate professor Joonas Koponen Junior researcher

21 / Publications Journals V. Ruuskanen, J. Koponen, T. Sillanpää, K. Huoman, A. Kosonen, M. Niemelä, and J. Ahola, Design and implementation of a power-hardware-in-loop simulator for water electrolysis emulation, Int. J. Renew. Energy, vol. 119, no. 4, pp , Apr J. Koponen, A. Kosonen, V. Ruuskanen, K. Huoman, M. Niemelä, and J. Ahola, Control and energy efficiency of PEM water electrolyzers in renewable energy systems, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 42, no. 50, pp , Dec V. Ruuskanen, J. Koponen, K. Huoman, A. Kosonen, M. Niemelä, and J. Ahola, PEM water electrolyzer model for a powerhardware-in-loop simulator, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 42, no. 16, pp , Apr Conferences V. Ruuskanen, J. Koponen, T. Sillanpää, A. Kosonen, M. Niemelä, and J. Ahola, Considering the power quality in the powerhardware-in-loop simulation of the water electrolyzers, to be published in Proc. 19th European Conf. on Power Electronics and Applications, Warsaw, Poland, September A. Kosonen, J. Koponen, V. Ruuskanen, J. Ahola, C. Bajamundi, P. Simell, F. Vidal, and C. Frilund, Hydrogen production as a part of P-to-X system, in Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Electrolysis, Copenhagen, Denmark, June J. Koponen, V. Ruuskanen, A. Kosonen, M. Niemelä, and J. Ahola, Control and energy efficiency of alkaline and PEM water electrolyzers in renewable energy systems, in Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Electrolysis, Copenhagen, Denmark, June V. Ruuskanen, J. Koponen, A. Kosonen, M. Niemelä and J. Ahola, The effect of line frequency and forced commutation on the losses of the electrolyzer stack and the power supply unit, in Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Electrolysis, Copenhagen, Denmark, June V. Ruuskanen, J. Koponen, A. Kosonen, M. Niemelä, J. Ahola, and R. Tiainen, Hardware-in-loop emulator for water electrolysers, in Proc. 42nd Annu. Conf. IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Firenze, Italy, October 2016, pp A. Kosonen, J. Koponen, K. Huoman, J. Ahola, V. Ruuskanen, T. Ahonen, and T. Graf, Optimization strategies of PEM electrolyser as part of solar PV system, in Proc. 18th European Conf. on Power Electronics and Applications, Karlsruhe, Germany, September 2016, pp J. Koponen, A. Kosonen, K. Huoman, J. Ahola, T. Ahonen, and V. Ruuskanen Specific energy consumption of PEM water electrolysers in atmospheric and pressurised conditions, in Proc. 18th European Conf. on Power Electronics and Applications, Karlsruhe, Germany, September 2016, pp A. Kosonen, J. Koponen, J. Ahola, and P. Peltoniemi, On- and off-grid laboratory test setup for hydrogen production with solar energy in Nordic conditions, in Proc. 17th European Conf. on Power Electronics and Applications, Geneva, Switzerland, September 2015, pp

22 Thank you! Questions? Comments?