Building Energy Efficiency R&D in Australia Australia Korea Green growth Workshop, 18 March 2011 Adjunct Prof Alan Pears AM, RMIT Centre for Design,

Transcription

1 Building Energy Efficiency R&D in Australia Australia Korea Green growth Workshop, 18 March 2011 Adjunct Prof Alan Pears AM, RMIT Centre for Design, Sustainable Solutions P/L

2 Smart demand and supply management Services: Shelter Nutrition Access Entertainment Goods & services Energy production and supply End-use technologies: types, efficiencies, usage Demand for energy: type, amount and timing Demand for services and demand-side technologies drive need for energy supply infrastructure and energy

3 Why focus on building energy? Australians invest over $60b annuallyin new buildings, renovations and appliances, equipment Annual energy bills over $15b: 18.5% of Australian energy and 52% of all electricity Drive peak energy demand and need for $billions energy infrastructure investment Social: amenity, productivity, health, equity Long-lasting assets (or liabilities), expensive to upgrade Energy/CO 2 cost of materials is large 23% of Australian greenhouse gas emissions and need to adapt to climate change Demand for higher comfort and lower energy bills Lots of potential for cost-effective savings

4 Other Drivers of Building Energy Efficiency R&D Market advantage, industry image Regulatory requirements: Residential: Victoria 1991, 2004 Aust Capital Territory 1994 National 2003, 2006, 2011 Non-residential: National 2006, 2010 Financial incentives recent and proposed: Rebates for insulation. PV, solar hot water Energy efficiency obligations for energy retailers Government grants, tax rebates and loans Broad RD&D incentive schemes Recognition of poor coordination and coverage

5 Some Australian Building R&D History Examples Experimental Building Station (Drysdale, Phillips, etc) 1950s natural house materials movement mud brick, recycled materials 1970s CSIRO (Spencer, Ballantyne, Czarnecki, Walsh, Delsante) s on Universities: RMIT, UMelbourne, UQueensland, UNSW, UNISA, UAdelaide, Deakin, Newcastle, etc 1970s on National Capital Development Corp 1970s Government agencies (support development of rating schemes and regulations) 1980s on Industry groups (eg BOMA, GMI Council, ASBEC, BPIC, Green Building Council, individual companies etc) 1980s on

6 Aust residential sector greenhouse gas emissions from energy use (from Holt 2008 and DECC GH Workbook 2008) 70 Million tonnes CO2e pa Business As Usual Projection Appliances Cooking Lighting Water heating Space cooling Space heating Key services: comfort; light; cleaning (people, clothes, dishes,surfaces); food storage and preparation; entertainment/recreation

7 Australian commercial sector greenhouse gas emissions trends (energy data ABARE, gh coefficients Aust Greenhouse Office, subsectoral projections based on trends) 120 Million tonnes of CO2e/year Actual Projection Div. H,P,Q Accomodation, cultural and personal Div. N,O Education, health and community services Div. M Government administration and defence Div. K,L Finance, insurance, property and busines Div. J Communication Div.F,G Wholesale and Retail Trade 37 Water, sewerage and drainage

8 Commercial sector ghgs. (from Wilkenfeld (2002) Table 8.8 for 1999 ghgs, EMET & Solarch (1999) for 1990 breakdown adjusted to 1999 total) Cooking Kilotonnes of CO2e pa % Other Refrigeration Office equipment Water heating Lighting Heating Pumping 5000 Cooling 0 Wilkenfeld EMET & Solarch (1999) Air handling

9 SOURCE: Energy Research and Development in Australia 2008: a statistical profile of expenditure (Dept of Resources Energy and Tourism, 2008) Total energy R&D over $1,000 million, EE R&D only 3.5%

10 This model does not reflect the complexity and interactive nature of building energy efficiency innovation From Wilkins Review (2008 p.121)

11 Types of Building Energy RD&D Technical materials, building fabric, equipment, appliances, onsite generation, energy storage, monitoring and diagnosis, smart controls.. Behavioural/social management, structures of design and construction teams, user behaviour, skill development (design, construction, maintenance, management), barriers to change, organisational and individual engagement strategies. Financial and legal models overcoming barriers (eg split incentives), recognising all benefits, life cycle costing Applied R&D lessons from building projects, application of new materials, technologies Policy development support regulation, incentives, information, motivating decision-makers

12 Bluescope Steel Colorbond roofing with Thermatech nanotechnology coating reflects more heat, saving cooling energy woodland grey colour. Temperatures in degrees Celsius n/selecting-colours/thermal-benefits/thermatech

13 Private Applied R&D Building projects eg Grocon Pixel (photo), excellent performance on international green rating schemes New products and equipment eg Braemar Climate Wizard, Microheat, Air Change, etc

14 Afternoon cooling requirements for a house on a very hot afternoon energy efficiency combined with on-site renewables and energy storage can be beyond zero carbon and avoid peak load on electricity grid Cooling load (watts) Uninsulated Insulated +shade+seals Best practice Air leaks (ac/h) W windows E windows N windows S windows walls ceiling 1.2 kw PV + 6 star a/c provides this

15 Socio-technical research: Impact of features on commercial building energy performance (NABERS Rating) (from Warren Centre Low Energy High Rise Project) Technology +0.6* economy cycle +1.4* good facade and services technologies +0.6* incremental investment in efficiency Efficiency is about a lot more than technology or freezing in the dark Management, skills +1.3* management at least partially in-sourced +0.9* all managers (portfolio, asset, bldg) feel able to influence efficiency +0.5* disclosenabers rating to tenants +0.4* incentives/penalties for maintenance contractors +0.5* efficiency training program +1.3* bldg manager skilledin energy efficiency

16 Existing Building: the chains of influence Taxation and finance Energy services industry Fit-out designers and contractors Equipment suppliers Community attitudes Real Estate agent Regulators Owner/landlord Tenant Staff Property Manager Developer Builder Designers Installers Equipment suppliers Cleaning contractor Maintenance contractor Clients & customers

17 Australian Energy Efficiency R&D Future Building rating and regulation development Increasing regulatory stringency Mandatory disclosure of energy use at time of resale or lease Green building rating tool development Benchmarking, auditing, feedback, accountability Existing buildings and infrastructure Understand extent, rate of building adaptation required How to adapt existing buildings, behaviour to climate change High efficiency buildings, products, materials, services Lifetime perspective, precinct scale Peak demand management, integrated smart systems Integration with broader sustainability and social factors Exploration of zero carbon buildings Funding and governance frameworks Build green innovation culture (not green kills economy )

18 Examples of potential for co-operation Low climate impact, high performance materials: Steel, cement/concrete, timber Nanotechnology Very high efficiency appliances and equipment Design of buildings to operate efficiently in extreme climate conditions Advanced daylighting integrated with high efficiency, effective lighting smart building and equipment management systems (including energy storage) Social and behavioural research Skill development and training (professional, trade, community) Development of effective policies, programs, governance models and cultures