ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK. The Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program (CAREC)

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1 The views expressed in this paper are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms. ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK The Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program (CAREC) REPORT Assessment of regional cooperation opportunities in renewable energy sources use in the Central Asian countries (The case of the Kyrgyz Republic) Performed by Obozov A.D., Doctor of Technical Science Bishkek,

2 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ANALYSIS OF THE RES USE SITUATION AND OUTLOOK IN THE CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES Status of the fuel and energy complex of the Kyrgyz Republic Prospective use of the RES Research, design, industrial organizations engaged in the RES use Peculiarities of the RES use with account of mountainous and climatic conditions of the Republic CAPACITY EVALUATION AND PRIORITIES IN USE OF RES On certain RES capacity evaluation techniques Quantitative and qualitative assessment of the RES potential Data on technical and economic potential Peculiarities of wind energy distribution Analysis of power potential of small mountain water-currents, wind, biomass and their use perspectives Priority in the RES use in Kyrgyzstan-specific environment EXPERIENCE OF PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF RES TECHNOLOGIES AT DESIGN AND OPERATION STAGES Experience of practical implementation of the RES use projects Equipment made by domestic enterprises а. Estimates of Economic and Financial Viability of Various RES Technologies with Micro- HPPs and Biogas Plants Technologies for Utilization of micro hydro power plants with capacity of 50 kw Calculation for the Price of Electric Energy in the Sary-Chelek Nature Preserve A. Calculations for the Cost of Construction Operations Technology for Application of Biogas Plants Institutional, Legal and Organizational Dimensions of RES Commercialization Project Implementation Experience within the Framework of International Cooperation Barriers to Active Use of RES EVALUATION, MONITORING OF THE POTENTIAL CONSUMER MARKET Analysis of the Meetings with Potential Consumers Results of the consumer market evaluation Difficulties faced by consumers Prospective ways of the market development MAPPING OF POTENTIAL RENEWABLE ENERGY CONSUMERS IN MOUNTAINOUS AND RURAL AREAS OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC Small energy-intensive independent customers Energy characteristics of potential consumers and distribution by administrative areas of the republic Joint Development of Technologies Exchange of Experience among Countries Two Projects of the UNDP in Kyrgyzstan CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY

3 INTRODUCTION The present report was written up within the Research Grant Agreement framework funded by the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) on assessment of regional cooperation opportunities of use of renewable energy sources in the countries of the Central Asian region (the case of the Kyrgyz Republic) The report consists of five sections. The first Section contains the analysis of the fuel and energy complex of the Kyrgyz Republic. The assessment of perspectives of renewable energy sources (RES) use was made along with data provided on a number of enterprises, agencies and manufacturing plants involved in processes of the equipment development, manufacturing and practical use. Some country-specific features are presented relating to the RES use in mountainous and climatic conditions. The second Section deals with the RES capacity evaluation. Methodological approaches to the capacity evaluation are described, and qualitative and quantitative characteristics of solar, wind, biomass energy capacity as well as of small mountain water-currents are provided. Based on findings of the research the priorities have been identified with respect to the RES use. The third Section of the report covers issues of the RES practical use pertinent to the Kyrgyz environment. It also contains the information on the equipment manufactured by the industrial enterprises. Materials concerning institutional, legal and organizational aspects in solution of the issues relating to the RES commercial use are presented in sufficient detail. Also, the available knowhow and expertise of the international cooperation in the RES use area were analyzed. There are shown major barriers constraining the active use of the RES and integration process in the Central Asian countries hampering the process of joint cooperation and promotion of these new technologies in the markets of these countries. The fourth Section examines monitoring issues of the RES use domestic consumer market. Results of on-site meetings and discussions with people of issues concerning practical use of the RES equipment are presented therein. Major difficulties faced by the people at practical use of the new equipment are described. Options of such barriers overcoming and the need for local self-government bodies and the government to make certain decisions are discussed below. The fifth Section contains the power consumption classification based on the analysis of the RES potential autonomous consumers, particularly, people living in decentralized foothills and mountainous areas in rural areas. The analysis shows that, in principle, they may be subdivided into two main groups by power consumption up to 3 kw as the first one, and the second one - by power consumption of 20 kw and higher. Results of the completed work have allowed mapping of the potential consumers of renewable energies at showing their distribution by administrative areas of the republic. It should be noted that the work is aimed at studying experience of the RES use in the Kyrgyz Republic through a lens of integration opportunities of the Central Asian countries in joint actions for translation of these technologies in practice. In this case the Kyrgyz Republic is taken as one of the countries in the Central Asia which reflects many integration processes taking place in the entire region, and this experience can be adapted to any Central Asian country including opportunities for concerted efforts in this area. 3

4 1. ANALYSIS OF THE RES USE SITUATION AND OUTLOOK IN THE CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES 1.1 Status of the fuel and energy complex of the Kyrgyz Republic Climate of Kyrgyzstan is sharply continental, arid and is characterized by a big variety of natural zones. Practically one may find there all zones extended in the northern hemisphere, except for tropical climate. The climate variety and contrast range are particularly visible due to temperature differences in seasons of the year. Thus, for example, if to compare annual variations in temperature in Bishkek (766 m above sea level) and at high-mountainous station Tien Shan (3601 m above sea level) (Figure 1.1) it may be seen that nature of their change is identical, but at a higher altitude the average annual temperatures dropping may be observed, and the difference reaches 20 С. /21/ Figure 1.1 Diagrams of fluctuations of average annual atmospheric temperatures The Kyrgyz Republic possesses significant reserves of power resources and is capable to satisfy completely both the present and future requirements. However, potential opportunities of the fuel and energy complex (FEC) have been utilized to an insignificant degree, and efficiency of many energy companies performance has considerably decreased. Therefore, the industry faces substantial difficulties and fails to meet consumers energy requirements in full. Reliance of the republic on energy carriers is heavy which results in an adverse impact on the national economy s efficiency. Structurally, the electric power sector (EPS) within the fuel and energy complex consists of seven joint-stock power companies with the state controlling interests including: One power generating plant (OJSC "Elektricheskiye Stantsii" Electric stations); One electric network transmission company (OJSC Natsionalnaya Elektricheskaya Set Kyrgyzstana» - Kyrgyz National Power Grid ); Four electric network distribution companies (OJSC "Severoelektro", OJSC "Vostokelektro", OJSC "Oshelektro" and OJSC "Jalalabatelektro"); One thermal power station (OJSC "Bishkekteploset"); Joint-stock companies with private capital : OJSC "Chakan GES" and Keminskaya GES (HPP). The industrial base of the electric power sector includes 17 power plants with total installed capacity 3,680 million kw, among them 15 facilities are HPP with installed capacity 2,950 million kw and two 4

5 facilities are heat and power plants with installed capacity 0,730 million kw and extent of 0,4 500 kw voltage transmission lines exceeding 70 thousand km, from them 546 km making 500 kw lines; 17,147 thousand km of 220 kw lines, and 4,380 thousand km of 110 kw lines. Also the sector runs about kw 490 step-down transformer substations with total capacity exceeding 8 thousand MW. In Kyrgyzstan there exist about 70 prospected coal deposits with probable reserves estimated to exceed 2,2 billion tons, and the coal balance making 1317 million tons as of January 1, At present time the coal industry comprises 18 coal companies (incorporated in the state-owned enterprise "Komur"), founded as open joint-stock companies and private companies, and also small enterprises which carry out coal mining seasonal works during the autumn and winter periods. Their production activities are under the oversight of the National Statistical Committee, and the State Agency for Geology which acts as the body issuing coal mining and production licenses within the range of permitted areas. During the whole history of mining operations in the coal industry the highest production level was achieved in 1979 reaching 4508 thousand tons. Since 1980 there was a gradual decrease in output volumes dropping down to 3148 thousand tons in Since 1991 the production of coal dropped drastically from 1942 thousand tons in 1992 down to 331 thousand tons in The coal import has decreased. Presently the coal production has stabilized at the output level of 500 thousand tons per year. By projected estimates, undiscovered oil and gas reserves in the Kyrgyz Republic make about 289 million tons of fuel oil equivalent. In Djalal-Abad, Osh and Batken oblasts 15 oil fields are currently under development at producing 11,6 million tons of commercial oil reserves and 4,9 billion cubic meters of natural gas. The oil and natural gas recovery is of insignificant volumes which has decreased during the period by 2,2 times in oil and by 3,8 times in gas. The oil-and-gas industry of the Kyrgyz Republic is represented by the joint-stock company "Kyrgyznefetgaz". At present the oil-and-gas industry fell in deep stagnation and has been left practically without any governmental subsidies and funding. Annually in the Republic there over 2,5 million Gcal of thermal energy is generated for purposes of heating and hot water supply; the system of the OJSC Elektricheskiye Stantsii" (thermal plants in. cities of Osh and Bishkek, and also boiler plants in towns of Karakol and Kyzyl - Kiya) would generate more than 60% of total energy yield. Presently as compared to 1990 the thermal energy production has decreased by more than 3 times that was caused by shutdown practically of all industrial and departmental boiler-houses. Annually they spent about 600 thousand tons of fuel for production of thermal energy by all heatgenerating facilities (conditional calculation) with the following breakdown: natural gas - 53%, coal - 29%, and residual oil - 18%. Such fuel consumption structure where the imported fuel share makes approximately 80% costing close to world prices is rather expensive and economically unsound for the Republic. The imported fuel expenses are estimated in the amount exceeding 1 billion Som. 5

6 At present time the centralized heat supply exists only in four cities of the Republic, supplying 85% of the existing housing stock in Bishkek, in Osh %, in Kyzyl-Kiya 60%, and in Karakol - 26%. If to examine the entire Central Asian region from the given aspect it may be found that the region as a whole possesses a significant power resource base, although traditional hydrocarbonic stocks are not distributed evenly. Table 1.1 presents data on the explored reserves of resources of the Central Asian countries. Type of power resources Table 1.1 Explored reserves of power resources (2006) Coal, billion tons Oil, million tons Gas, billion м 3 Uranium, thous. tons Water power, billion kw/hr/pa Kazakhstan 34, Kyrgyzstan 1,34 11,5 6,54 * 52 Tajikistan 0,67 5,4 16,8 * 527 Turkmenistan * * 2 Uzbekistan 1, ,7 15 CAR 38, ,9 6773,34 684, ,5% of cost-beneficial world hydropower potential is concentrated in the region. Over 20% of the proven world uranium reserves is the share of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Kazakhstan ranks among the top ten by volume of the explored coal reserves. Uzbekistan is in the top ten gas producing countries in the world. The most part of the actual coal and oil reserves of the region is concentrated in Kazakhstan, while the bulk hydropower is accumulated in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, gas reserves in a more smoothed proportion shared between Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. The structure of production and consumption of original power resources across the Central Asian republics (CAR) is shown in Table Table 1.2 Production and consumption of fuel and energy resources of the CAR countries (2006) Type of power resources Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan CAR Coal, production 88 0,4 0,1 0 3,2 91,7 million tons Consumption 65 0,4 0,1 0 3,2 68,7 Oil, recovery, 64,5 0,1 0,02 9,8 5,5 79,92 million tons Consumption 11 0,2 0,5 5,2 5,9 22,8 Gas, recovery, 25,7 0,03 0, ,7 156,47 billion м 3 Consumption 12 0,6 1,2 9,0 49,4 72,2 Electric power, total output 69 14,5 17,7 9,8 49,3 159,3 GW/hrч Including hydropower 8 13,8 17,34 0,47 5,2 44,87 production 6

7 Consumption 65 11,8 17,3 9, ,4 More than half of total volume of original power resources consumed in the CAR makes natural gas, 3/4 of which is used in Uzbekistan. Coal ranks second in the structure of the initial energy carriers consumed by the CAR countries, and Kazakhstan consumes about 93% of its total volume. As to the hydroelectric power generated in the region about 2/3 of its volume consumption falls on Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Based on 2006 statistical data, total capacity of power plants in the region amounts to 42,9 million kw. The share of thermal power plants (TPP) made 72% of this volume, and the share of hydropower plants (HPP) - 28%. Lack of resources of organic fuels and certain problems related to their purchase abroad in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan causes abrupt load increment in water-storage reservoirs as their water is used for the electric power generation. This causes serious troubles in the Syr-Darya, Naryn and other rivers, both in winter and summer seasons. In the mid-nineties leaders of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan signed the Agreement on parallel operations of national grids. The united power grid of the CAR countries will allow: To provide balanced operations of energy sources and sharing of heat- also hydropower plants; To strengthen reliability of power supply both in normal situations and emergencies; To improve the foreign trade balance between the states; To provide enforcement of intergovernmental water-energy nexus agreements; To increase throughput performance of electric networks; To provide standard frequency, voltage levels, to minimize electric power technical losses, to optimize the electric networks construction circuit, to maintain static and dynamic stability and other technical parameters at parallel operations of electric networks. 1.2 Prospective use of the RES Central Asia is ranked among regions rich in renewable energy capacity. First of all, this includes solar and wind energy, energy of water-currents and biofuel. Including of renewable energies in the energy balance of sources is an effective response to strengthening contribution to nature conservation due to imminent expansion of mining and use of hydrocarbon resources. Development of renewable energies will allow to solve critical problems of today: Reliability improvement of power supply and organic fuel saving; Solution of problems of local power and water supply; Improvement of living standards and employment status of local population; Ensuring of sustainable development of remote areas in fells and mountainous zones; Fulfillment of the countries commitments relating to implementation of agreements on nature conservation. Uzbekistan has considerable renewable energy resources making 51 billion tons of oil equivalent. Modern technologies development level of allows to use 179 million tons of oil equivalent. It exceeds by more than 3 times the current annual power production output. Currently, hydropower of natural and artificial water-currents accounts for a significant share in renewable energies in the power balance of Uzbekistan. The hydraulic power microgeneration development program provides for 7

8 construction of 15 small HPP with the total installed capacity 420 MW and average annual power generation 1,3 billion kw/hr. In Kyrgyzstan it is planned to use extensively non pollution-free RES, first of all, in resort zones and reserves, and also in places where traditional power construction will lead to degradation of farmlands, pastures and forests. Implementation of the Resolution of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic as of March 20, 2006 «On phased transfer of cultural and recreational establishments of the Issyk-Kul oblast to solar energy» is currently underway. In Kazakhstan the project is under consideration relating to use of renewable resources of mountain rivers and wind corridors in the East Kazakhstan and Almaty oblasts. A complex of wind and HPP with total capacity up to 10,000 thousand MW could generate minimum 35 billion KWt/hr. Based on the investigation results, to date there exist, at least, 453 potential power sites with total capacity 1380 MW. As a whole on the country an annual yield of animal and poultry waste products dry weight makes 22,1 million tons which is equivalent to 8,6 billion m 3 of gas. Annual volume of plant waste products makes 17,7 million tons which is equivalent to million tons of fuel oil equivalent or 12,4 million tons of residual oil. In Tajikistan they placed among priorities the power supply of the population living in remote areas far away from the centralized power supply systems, and they plan to solve the problem by installing power facilities on the basis of non-traditional renewable energy sources. The Government has developed and approved the Target Comprehensive Renewable Energy Use Program in Tajikistan for With assistance of the Supreme Science and Technology Council under the President of Turkmenistan the research organization has developed the Renewable Energies Development Strategy which provides for wide use of helio-wind power facilities for solution of the country development major ecological, economic and social goals. Experts of the Gyun NGO have developed projects of the so-called «solar villages» in which all life - support systems and waste utilization are carried out with the help of solar power systems. Application of renewable energy sources allows to solve many economic, social and ecological problems in the region. Drop of own production of raw hydrocarbons, import restrictions and energy carrier price inflation create favorable conditions for development of non-traditional renewable energy sources (RES) and small hydroelectric power plants (HPP). In the Kyrgyz Republic the non-traditional renewable energy sources include energy of the sun, wind, geothermal waters, small water-currents, biomass and so on. As Kyrgyzstan-specific most perspective areas of the RES use are considered to be the facilities located in remote mountainous and rural areas lacking centralized power supply (farms, cattle-breeding complexes, mining enterprises, road servicing entities, tourist and recreational objects, pump stations, forestry and hunting facilities, etc.), and also apartment houses, social amenities and mercantile business, medical and health-improving establishments, etc. By estimates, the RES potential power resources which are really available given the present technological development level make annually 840,2 million tons of fuel oil equivalent, or 20,3% from total consumption. 8

9 At present time practical use of the RES is insignificant and in the national power balance they make only 0,17%../23/ Most technically acceptable for wide practical use are engineering of heat supply at using solar radiation, biogas technology and power supply based on use of energy of wind, small water-currents and solar photovoltaic plants. Industrial enterprises of Kyrgyzstan can produce (with 10-15%annual increase): Solar collectors thousand m 2 per year; Micro-HPP- 2-2,5 MW per year; Wind plants kw per year; Photovoltaic converters on the available base - up to 2-3 MW per year; Biogas plants million m3 per year for the total sum in the order of 520,3-775 million Som. As one of hydropower engineering development factors should become rehabilitation and construction of small hydroelectric power plants (HPP). Total energy capacity surveyed in the republic of 172 rivers and water-currents with water discharge from 1,5 up to 5 m 3 /sec exceeds 80 billion kw/hr annually, while technologically feasible power potential ready for development makes 5-8 billion kw/hr per year. Based on the experts proposals, to date there exists an opportunity of building of 92 new small HPP with total capacity 178 MW and average annual electric power production up to 1,0 billion kw/hr. Besides proposals were developed to construct 7 HPP on irrigation water-storage reservoirs, with installed capacity 75 MW and average annual electric power production about 220 million kw/hr. All these plants can be particularly important at being used for power supply of the dispersed facilities in mountainous and rural areas with well-developed hydrographic network where construction of large transmission lines appears to be economically unfeasible. Unit cost for construction of new small HPP depends to a considerable degree on the plant location and manufacturers of the equipment totaling US dollars. Power production cost at the small HPP under rehabilitation make 2-8,0 cents/kw/hr, at newly built small HPP- 3,5-3,6 cents/kw/hr, and at small irrigation reservoir HPP - 0,6-1.1 cents/kw/hr. By estimates, cost recovery time of small HPP having effective performance criteria at tariff rates set within the 0,01-0,015 US dollars/kw/hr will take 7-10 years thus making such projects not much appealing for potential investors. Long-term outlooks for use of solar radiation is determined by sunshine duration and intensity level. The analysis of these parameters conducted based on meteorological stations measurements allowed to obtain the following data. In Kyrgyzstan there are 15 meteorological stations measuring sunshine duration (Figure 1.2), and 4 stations where observations are carried out of intensity, and direct, diffused and reflecting radiation. These stations are as follows: Bishkek (766 m above sea level), Cholpon-Ata (1616 m above sea level), Suusamyr (2500 m above sea level) and Tien Shan (3601 m above sea level). The analysis of the obtained data shows that sunshine duration is influenced essentially by cloudiness and status of horizon invisibility. For example, in the Chon Kyzyl Suu narrow valley the sunshine duration reaches 1698 hours, at the Dolon station located practically at the same height, but on the mountain pass it makes 2655 hours. As is seen in Table 1.3 the height of the location above sea level 9

10 is insignificant for the sunshine duration values. Calculation of average annual sunshine duration according to Table 1.3 for Kyrgyzstan makes 2630 hours. Comparison of these data with records of other republics show that average annual sunshine duration is insignificantly lower compared to Uzbekistan (2870 hours), Turkmenistan (2900 hours), equal to the sunshine duration data in Armenia (2670 hours) and is higher than in other republics and regions of the CIS member-countries. Figure 1.2 The sunshine duration map Table 1.3 Average annual sunshine duration in accordance with weather stations data in Kyrgyzstan over the long-term period Weather stations Altitude above sea level, meters 1 Bishkek Djalal-Abad Osh Talas Cholpon-Ata Rybachye Przhevalsk Przhevalsk (argo) Chatkan Naryn Suusamyr Darout-Kurgan Chon-Kyzyl -Suu Dolon Karakol Sary-Tash Ala-Bel Tuya-Ashuu Tien Shan 3600 Sunshine duration, hours It is needed to have the data on solar radiation intensity to carry out a quantitative assessment of the power generation capability by solar plants. Values of solar radiation levels on horizontal surface and 10

11 types of annual cycle variations for four actinometric stations in Bishkek, Cholpon-Ata, Suusamyr, and Tien Shan are shown in Table Data are shown on Figure 1.3 in the form of comparative diagrams. Figure 1.3 Diagrams of solar radiation levels variations by four stations The comparative analysis of the total solar radiation levels shows that in Kyrgyzstan which is characterized by mountainous areas and high difference of altitudes, the solar radiation level grows with increase in height above sea level. This feature is characteristic for the Kyrgyz environment. Table 1.4 Values of average monthly long-term data of the solar radiation level on a horizontal surface, Мj/m2 Month Weather stations Bishkek Cholpon-Ata Suusamyr Tien Shan January 284,5 201,1 259,8 335,2 February 284,9 289,1 343,6 423,3 March 381,3 477,7 542,7 515,6 April 523,7 590,8 515,6 754,2 May 670,4 720,7 645,3 842,2 June 158,4 729,1 699,1 808,7 July 154,2 762,6 716,4 741,6 August 674,6 641,1 691,3 678,8 September 523,7 515,4 540,5 578,2 October 360,3 372,9 372,9 481,8 November 213,7 222,3 255,6 347,8 December 180,2 159,2 226,3 293,3 Over the year 5610,0 5682,0 5809,1 6800,7 Altitude above sea level, meters Observations period, years Generalization and processing of long-term statistical data of the solar radiation intensity measurement in relation to four stations allowed to diagram the typical year radiation distribution and to calculate on its basis the total monthly average annual solar radiation levels on sloping surfaces (Table 1.5). Figure. 1.4 contains the solar radiation intensity change pattern on inclined surfaces for the Bishkek station. Comparison of total annual radiation values of the surface constantly inverted perpendicularly to solar beams shows that for canting angle 30 and 45 it makes 83 and 81,5%, 11

12 respectively. The annual minimal level of solar radiation falls on the surface oriented angularly at 90 at making 33,6% against the perpendicular surface. Calculations show that solar plants with automatic tracking system allow gain no more than 20% in comparison with stationary facilities, oriented angularly at 30 and 45. It is true for the year-round operating systems. For facilities with seasonal operations such estimation may differ, therefore, it is necessary to analyze each case separately. Figure 1.4 Diagrams of change of total average monthly levels of solar radiation on sloping surfaces (Bishkek station) Table 1.5 Total volume of solar energy on sloping surfaces In the Kyrgyz Republic per 1 square m (Мj/m2) Canting angle January February March April May June July August September October November December ,4 190,2 170, ,4 210,17 195, ,45 229,23 218, ,37 247,22 241, ,99 264,02 263, ,18 279,48 284, ,79 293,51 303, ,7 305,98 320, ,84 316,8 335, ,14 325,9 349, ,54 333,2 361, ,02 338,64 371, ,58 342,19 378, ,22 342,82 383, ,01 343,51 386, ,99 341,27 387, ,25 337,11 386, ,9 331,08 382, ,06 323,2 376,76 12

13 Assessment of the wind power potential use was carried out based on data of 54 meteorological watch posts located in the Republic. According to nature distribution and intensity of wind speed the meteorological stations are integrated by rayons and zones. First zone includes the Fergana plains, Chui and Talas valleys which are characterized by rather equal speed actions. The greatest amplitude of wind speed average annual values does not exceed 0,8 m/sec. The second potential zone includes: Issyk-Kul, Kochkor, and other valleys where the wind speed average value varies in within the range of 1,6-3,5 m/sec. The third zone includes far spreading intermountain and other valleys of lobes and valleys of inner Tien Shan, its peripheries and the Fergana valley neighboring areas. The average wind speed range lies within 1,8-4,2 m/sec. The fourth and fifth groups of stations are located on slopes, valley pendence, crown zones and passes where the maximal wind speed exceeds 6 m/sec. Special place in the power consumption belongs to peripheral Fergana, Chui and Talas valleys. Their peculiar features include a high population density and the lowest wind flow speed reaching 1,8-3,6 m/sec. With account of the above state the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic is divided into five geographical zones. Valleys with the high population density and average annual wind speed are summarized and presented in Table 1.6. Table 1.6 Average annual wind speed zones Zone Relief type and Number of Altitude above sea Avergae wind areas stations level, km speed, m/s 1 Plains and valleys: 1 Fergana 2 Chui 3 Talas ,51,2 0,61,1 0,81,2 0,51,2 2,0-3,2 2,3-3,1 2,4-3,2 2,0-2,4 2 Intermountain valleys: 1 Valleys of wide spreading 2 Other valleys ,93,6 2,03,5 1,93,6 2,3-3,7 3,0-3,7 2,3-3,0 3 Hollows: 1 Issyk-Kul 2 Other hollows ,03,1 1,72,0 1,03,1 1,8-5,1 2,0-5,1 1,8-2,4 4 Slopes and valleys 18 1,93,2 1,9-6,2 5 Mountain ridge zones 5 2,23,2 3,0-9,0 As the basis of division into districts by types of valleys there were laid 5 wind speed values. 1) Foothill valleys where the population density is the greatest in the republic and average annual speed of wind does not exceed 1,5-3 km/sec. 2) Intermountain valleys and zones not covered with meteorological stations are surveyed to identify the wind potential by correlation method. 3) In slope valleys average speeds, with few exceptions, are practically same as in adjoining territories. 4) Top parts of slope and intermountain valleys should be referred to the areas with a higher wind speed than average as compared to middle and bottom parts of valleys. 5) Ridge zones are characterized by greatest speeds of wind flows, but use of this potential is limited. Demarcation of the territory of the republic in orographic boundaries with indication of the wind cascade is shown on Figure below. The wind-driven energy assessment is made on the basis of the meteorological stations generalized statistical data and a design procedure of wind resources reserves with account of known average annual wind speeds. It was found that the wind potential of the Kyrgyz Republic makes 49, tons of fuel oil equivalent. 13

14 In areas where speed of wind reaches 8 m/sec wind energy plants can work about 5,5 thousand hours per year with maximum output. On peaks, lateral watersheds and local wind zones the annual capacity of wind energy plants will make about 3,5 thousand hours. Data in Table 1.6 show that average annual wind speeds do not exceed 9 m/s. Zoning points 2, 3, 4 turn out to be the most favorable for the alpine livestock farming and cattle breeding where agricultural workers, farmers, cattle breeders, geologists, beekeepers, road builders, etc., totaling 150 thousand people, carry out their activity. Majority of the rural population cannot afford buying fuel for household needs. Therefore, there is prevalence of timber poaching for firewood needs including cutting down trees in gardens, forests, parks and protected reserved areas. Villagers most often cannot pay cost of the consumed energy and their villages are entirely disconnected from electric power supply systems for long periods. Due to mass use of electric power for heating purposes, electric systems and substations get overloaded that results in failures and socalled "rotational cutoffs" of villages and whole areas without warnings and for a long time. Most adverse conditions for the rural population have happened due to the fact that during past 10 years over 90% of arable lands were not fertilized that led to drop of agricultural crop yield, and their cropping became unprofitable, acreage under crops has been reduced, thus undermining the basic well-being of farmers who fell into deeper poverty. Annual mineral fertilizers requirements for arable lands of the Republic reach the amount of 37,7 million US dollars, while in 2006 they were purchased for the amount of 4,4 million US dollars. The resulting gap made 33,3 million $ US dollars per year which cannot be covered either by farmers, or donors in the nearest foreseeable future, therefore degradation of arable lands will proceed, entailing poverty growth among the general farmers population. The most part of villagers lives in discomfort and insanitation leading to worsening of their health status and moral and social condition status as well. In the Kyrgyz Republic about 0,26 hectares of the cultivated lands falls to the share of one citizen (5 million inhabitants and 1,3 million hectares of arable lands). It is below the standard norms and would hardly provide for minimal food consumption level of the average citizen of the country. Therefore, inefficient land use can lead to loss of food independence of the state. Besides, currently agriculture provides about 40% of total GDP. At scarcity of arable farmland and existence of many small land owners use of rational crop rotation systems in required volumes for increase of agricultural crop productivity seems to be unattainable. Based on statistical data on fertilizers supply for arable lands of the Kyrgyz Republic follows that in 2006 in comparison with 1985 fertilizing of farmlands decreased by 8,2 times, meaning that 92% of arable land was left unfertilized. In the Annual National Report of the Ministry of Ecology and Emergencies it was underlined: «Over last 10 years all works connected to arable land improvement led to drastic reduction of soil fertility which is estimated for the period under review as critical. Works on fertilizing and plant protection were considerably curtailed without which effective and rational farming will be impossible». Lack in the Republic of the organized animal waste products processing will create serious environmental problems. Annually about 2,5 million tons of animal waste products are accumulated on farms, household court yards, unaccommodated dung-yards, and they are exposed to atmospheric influence and decompose. As a result, over hundred million m 3 of atmospheric emission of gas pollutants - methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide - endangering ozone layer, while manure drains into the soil polluting the mountain rivers and subsoil waters. 14

15 Unprofitableness of crop farming due to decrease in productivity leads to reduction of arable lands and their desertification. Such lands occupy now already about 200 thousand hectares. Radical changes of the situation in agriculture of the Republic could take place most probably by use of modern non-polluting technologies of agricultural wastes processing to produce biogas (methane) and organic fertilizers. The Center for the RES use related issues under the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic carried out evaluation of the biogas systems applicability and practical utility in Kyrgyzstan-specific environment. Thus, it was proved that large-scale use of such installations in rural areas will significantly improve life of the rural population. If a farmer will process himself the animal waste products in the court yard, he will take off gas methane for household needs and to use the waste raw materials as organic fertilizers. He will have an opportunity to scale up his business by sale of fertilizers and biogas. His activity will promote solution of environmental preservation issues, reduction in noxious atmospheric emissions along with simultaneous prevention of soils and underground water pollution. No practical alternative does exist to biogas systems in rehabilitation of arable lands in the Republic. At present in the Republic there operate up to 50 modern biogas plants with average capacity ( m 3 capacity bioreactors) and about 10 primitive self-made biogas plants with 3 up to 10 m3 capacity bioreactors. In order to provide organic fertilizers supply for all arable lands in the Republic produced by biogas plants, it will be enough to process 50% of available animal waste products (2,5 million tons) to receive more than 100 million m 3 of biogas and 1,2 million tons of biological fertilizers. This problem solution will require building up to 10 thousand biogas plants in farms and households in the Republic within a year period. Utilization of 1,2 million tons of animal waste products per year on biogas plants will supply in full of arable lands with organic non-polluting fertilizers and supply farmers with biogas fuel. It will be possible only at involving in the biogas plants construction a thousand of disadvantaged rural households on market-based principles and after creation of the appropriate financial conditions for them. It means providing access for rural inhabitants to services of microcredit leasing companies capable to solve financial and technical aspects of the biogas plants construction. Such a campaign will not demand for collateral from the borrower as the biogas plant itself will serve as a pledge which under the agreement provisions will be dismantled and taken out in case of default. The project implementing agency staff held seminars for farmers in Bishkek, Osh, villages Nurmanbet, Kochkor, etc., and each time farmers expressed a wish to purchase a biogas plant with the help of the leasing credit. Based on the conclusion of the expert of the Japanese Representative Office in the Kyrgyz Republic Toshijuki Khayashi wide use of organic ecological fertilizers would increase market value of services and products of Kyrgyz agriculture at the world level. Large-scale use of biogas plants will have an essential and effective impact on rural poverty reduction in the Republic. One biogas plant per a household with 10 m2 capacity bioreactor will produce 3-4 thousand m3 of biogas and tons of fertilizers. In winter gas will be used by the rural household completely for cooking and heating purposes. In summer it will be possible to realize 1200 m3 of biogas at 3 Som per 1 m3. It will generate income in the amount of 1200x3=3,600 thousand Som. Fertilizers can be sold, 15

16 for example: 100 tons at 500 Som /ton - 100x500=50 thousand Som per year. Such income can make over 50,000 thousand Som per year that can provide worthy life for rural households. Installation of the biogas plants with up to 250 m3 capacity bioreactor on large dairy farms or hog breeding farms will allow farmers to set up a number of facilities for their waste products utilization by producing of gas followed by its separation into gas-methane and carbonic gas. Both gases can be realized with their injection in cylinders. Biogas can be used for generation of electric power, bathhouse heating, gas supply of apartment houses, etc. Fertilizers can be realized as liquids or after their processing in dry bales or as food supplements for hens, fish, and other animals. Such plant can produce 3-4 thousand tons of fertilizers per year. If to assume cost of 1 ton of fertilizers at 500 Som the income from such a biogas plant may be generated within the amount of 2 million Som per year and more. Currently one ton of organic fertilizers produced by the biogas plant is estimated as 500 Som per 1 ton. I may be stated with good reason that their price will grow with the market expansion. Production of organic fertilizer by the biogas plant required for all arable land acreage in the republic in the volume of 1200 thousand tons can generate for rural inhabitants the income in the amount of million Som per year. Herewith, more than one million rural people will be provided with gas for cooking purposes million x 3 Som/m3=300 million Som. 1.3 Research, design, industrial organizations engaged in the RES use In the Republic a number of organizations and enterprises have certain expertise in development, designing and industrial use of the renewable energy equipment. Below in the Table 1.7 below the brief information is provided relating to these organizations with description of their core activity. Table 1.7 Information on the companies involved in the RES use activities Company Name Address 1 Kyrgyz - Uzbek University Kyrgyz Republic, Osh oblast, Osh city, Isanov Street 79 Contact information: tel., fax, Tel.: (33222) 54542, Head, Full Name Ismanjanov Anvar Ismanjanovich Legal status Year of foundation Main directions of activity State University 1994 There is a faculty training of engineers in «Non-conventional and renewable energy sources», research works on RES-related issues 2 Kyrgyz State technological University named after I. Razzakov Kyrgyz Republic, , Bishkek, Mira Prospect 66 Tel.: (3312) , ; Fax: ; root@ktu.bishkek.su Djamanbev Murataly Juzumanovich State University 1954 Research and design works, calculations, feasibility studies on non-conventional energy sources 3 State joint-stock company «Crystal» Kyrgyz Republic, Djalal-Abad oblast, Tash Kumyr town Tel.: , Fax: , ; crystal@mkumyr.bishkek.su Bataliev Panarbek Asanbekovich State joint-stock company 1987 Manufacture of polycrystalline silicon, synthetic quartz crucibles 4 Kyrgyz Scientific and Technical Center«Energiya» Kyrgyz Republic, , Bishkek, Akhumbaev Street 119 Tel.: (996312) ; Shavkat_m@mail.ru Dykambaev Shamil Bekturganovich State center 1963 Scientific and economic researches, design projects, audit, certification, thermal and water-power engineering, energyconservation, solar and wind energy and geothermal power 5 Joint-stock company «Santekhma» Kyrgyz Republic, , Bishkek, Kulatov Street 1 Tel.: (3312) , ; Fax: Cho Chon Hug Sergey Alexandrovich Joint-stock company 1956 Installation of systems of heating, water supply, water drainage, main pipelines, pump stations, ventilation, air-conditioning, thermal solar systems, heat insulation 6 Joint-stock company «Kyrgyzgipstroy» Kyrgyz Republic, , Bishkek, Manas Street 40 Tel.: (3312) ; Fax: ; gipro@imfiko.bishkek.su Musaev Bolotbek Abakirovich Joint-stock company 1932 Designing of capital construction objects, feasibility studies 7 Joint-stock company Kyrgyz Republic, Tel.: (3312) ; Atambaev Almaz Joint-stock company 1947 Automobile and agricultural 16

17 «Kyrgyzavtomash» , Bishkek, Matrosov Street 1 Fax: mechanical engineering, solar collectors 8 Joint-stock company «OREMI» Kyrgyz Republic, Bishkek, l. Tolstoy Street 100 Tel.: (3312) , Fax: Jekeev Ruslan Kunseitovich Joint-stock company 1954 Production of big electric machines (asynchronous engines, transformer substations, generators, accessories for electric mains, micro-hydro power stations, rechargers) 9 Joint-stock company «Жаз» Kyrgyz Republic, , Chui oblast, Jayil rayon, Kara- Balta town, Trud Street 3 Tel.: 996 (3133) 20102, 20112; Fax: 996 (0772) ; jaz-kg@mail.ru Plutitsky Sergei Efimovich Joint-stock company 1997 Production of tangent towers, non-standard equipment, household electric heaters, solar collectors 10 Center for the RES use related affairs Kyrgyz Republic, , Bishkek, Elebaev Street 7 Tel.: (3312) ; Fax: ; kun@elcat.kg Obozov Alaibek Juambekovich State agency 1992 Coordination of research, design, industrial activity in Kyrgyzstan, consulting, expert examination, marketing research in the field of use of non-conventional renewable energy sources 11 Kyrgyz Association for Renewable Energy Sources Kyrgyz Republic, , Bishkek, Elebaev Street 7 Tel.: (3312) , ; Fax: ; kun@elcat.kg Kasymov Meimi Araneevidh Public (nongovernmental) association 1996 Popularization of renewable energy sources, establishing contacts with foreign counterpart organizations, association of experts and organizations working in the field of use of renewable energy sources, delivery of consulting, information, expert services, legislative initiatives, representation and protection of interests of the Association members 12 Joint-stock company «Envod» Kyrgyz Republic, , Chui oblast, Alamedin rayon, Verkhniye Atbashi settlement Tel.: (3312) , (33147) 26493; Fax: (3312) Anapiyaev Emilbek Abylovich Joint-stock company 1962 Manufacture of equipment for processing of agricultural produce, solar collectors, microhydro power stations, electric heaters for house heating 13 Joint-stock company «Kyrgyz Chemical and Metallurgical Plant» Kyrgyz Republic, , Chui oblast, Kemin rayon, Orlovka settlement, Lenin Street 1А Tel.: 996 (3135) 32575; Fax: 996 (3135) Orekhov Dmitry Lvovich Joint-stock company 1942 Manufacture of polycrystalline silicon doped with boron, antimony and phosphorus. Ingots growing in diameter up to 200 mm, plates in diameter up to 150 mm and epitaxial structures in diameter up to 125 mm, polishing of plates 14 Department of plants and systems of renewable energy sources of the Automatics Institute of the National Academy of Science of the Kyrgyz Republic Kyrgyz Republic, , Bishkek, Frunze Street 533 Tel.: (3312) , ; ankg08@rambler.ru Tagaimatova Ainura Akmatalievna Research Institute 1980 Research, construction work in the field of use of renewable energy sources 15 Joint-stock company «Janar» Kyrgyz Republic, , Bishkek, Vostochnaya Promzona 1 Tel.: (3312) , , ; Fax: (3312) Toroev Asanbek Abakirovich Joint-stock company 1971 Manufacture of electricity and gas supply meters, cash registers, industrial controllers, solar water heaters, solar photomodules 16 Joint-stock company «kyrgyztorgmash» Kyrgyz Republic, , Chui oblast, Bishkek, Matrosov Street 2 Tel.: (33134) 21386; Fax: (33134) Vasilyev Yuri Ivanovich Joint-stock company 1946 Manufacture of food kettles, food capacities (tanks), cabinet and baking ovens, pig-iron moulding, off-line supply source (rechargers, inverters) 17 Public fund «Fluid» Kyrgyz Republic, , Bishkek, Alma-Atinsky Street 1а 18 Kyrgyz State University of construction, transport and architecture Kyrgyz Republic, , Bishkek, Maldybaev Street 34-b Tel.: 996 (312) ; contact@fluid-biogas.com Tel.: (3312) ; Fax: (3312) ; root@kasi.freenet.bishkek.su; bcarlbro@kuacgb.bishkek.su Vedeneev V. G. Public Fund 2003 Raising awareness of the population about biogas, installation and fitting works Abdylkalykov Akymbek Abdylkalykovich State University 1992 There is an industrial ecology faculty, a department of ecology, heat supply, ventilation and community-industrial air protection. Rendering of consulting services, research and development on the RES use for house heating, designing of buildings with elements of passive solar uptake 17

18 1.4 Peculiarities of the RES use with account of mountainous and climatic conditions of the Republic. Peculiarities of the RES use in the Kyrgyz Republic include significant mountainous areas occupying more than 90% of total territory. As the major part of the population live in rural areas (over 60%), as a rule, these are foothills and mountainous decentralized locations with hard-to-reach area for traditional fuel delivery. Specific lifestyle of low-power consumers scattered over the significant part of the territory and their independent habitation determines in many respects peculiarities of the RES use. So, for example, in many cases the rural population lacks the water supply network that predetermines the option of open type solar plant uptake with water supply by gravity. Option of use of the forced water supply does not appear to be feasible. Autonomy and micro-capacity makes uptake of local autonomous systems perspective, as they do not require connection to existing electric networks. Therefore, uptake of wind-driven electric plants or micro-hydropower, as a rule, should be autonomous. Practice of use of such renewable energies shows that it can be a separate house or a group of houses and premises uptaking from one powersupply unit. As it was mentioned above the mountainous areas determine a significant atmospheric temperature drop, and the fact should be taken into account at solar plants design and installation. The Kyrgyz Republic, as well as many countries of the Central Asia, is mainly an agrarian and animal breeding country that predetermines availability of various livestock in the farmers ownership thus creating unique opportunities for biogas plants use in private sector. What is peculiar to use of biogas plants in the republic is their micro-capacities (the methane tank capacity is 5-10 m3) operated seasonally, as a rule. In this aspect experience of biogas plants use in such countries as People's Republic of China, India, Nepal, Bangladesh appears to be the most suitable for Kyrgyzstan. Not the least of important factors for a wide distribution of renewable energy technologies is transport opportunities and roads. It should be noted that it is one of the most central and serious problems given the prevailing mountainous areas of the republic. Lack of good roads, insufficient road branching, short road stretch, and non-conformity to modern requirements result in difficulties of traditional fuel and energy resources delivery (coal, gas, combustive-lubricating materials, etc.) to consumers in remote mountainous areas that finally has an impact on their cost which in most cases make prices famine for ordinary farmers; and here an opportunity of the renewable energies use will be a great help for farmers. It should be noted that if use of renewable energies in industrially developed countries is driven basically by the environmental preservation reasons, then in case of Central Asian countries, including Kyrgyzstan, the need for search of additional power resources as renewable energies should be considered as solution, first of all, of social and economic problems of the population at placing the needs of the rural residents as a priority. At the present development stage under existing circumstances when the national economy is found in the difficult situation and the significant part of the population lives below the poverty line, uptake of renewable energies, first of all, allows to solve a number of social problems, including improvement of living conditions. So, for example, use of thermal solar plants will allow not only to save means for 18

19 purchase of traditional fuel, but also to promote improvement of living conditions by heating water for household needs. For example, uptake of biogas plants will help the farmer not only to develop combustible gas methane, but also to produce highly effective fertilizers. And as in rural areas the population survive basically thanks to their land plots these fertilizers, naturally, will provide for harvesting richer crops of potatoes, cucumbers, tomatoes, etc., and they will be able to sell surplus produce and earn additional income. Besides, the biogas plants operations needs maintenance which will result in job creation in rural areas. It will also provide employment in villages bringing down the outflow of agricultural population to the cities as today inner migration is one of serious social problems faced practically by all Central Asian countries. The governments are solving problems of retaining people in rural areas. Use of wind energy or hydraulic small scale hydropower plants also facilitates solution of some of the above mentioned problems. These features of the RES use are rather attractive to the governments of our countries from the point of view of joining of efforts in development and wide practical use of these technologies. So, for example, the governments of the Central Asian countries could joint efforts to create a leasing revolving fund for support and development of scientific research and design activities, including industrial enterprises involved in manufacture and installation of the RES-driven equipment. 2. CAPACITY EVALUATION AND PRIORITIES IN USE OF RES 2.1 On certain RES capacity evaluation techniques Potential renewable energy resources are determined by climatic characteristics, underlying surface conditions and agricultural produce waste volume and industrial processing of its production. Peculiarities of natural conditions and economic activities of the Central Asian countries determine difference of renewable energy potential. As key parameters of certain renewable energies potential it is necessary to use: For assessment of biomass potential - specific technological potential of agricultural produce waste utilization in the country per thousand people. Calculation of potential resources of large and average water-currents is carried out by a linear method by dividing each river into sites in points of the river profile change and energy measuring in kw at these sites. The technological potential value is derived as a result of mapping of schemes and designs of water-currents use with assessment of probable yield of all coordinated hydroelectric system. As the technological potential can be measured by an indirect method based on the analysis of available data on well investigated rivers and determination of total potential operating ratio which in Kyrgyzstan may be assumed on the average as equal to 0,54. Economic potential is determined by comparison of economically sound specific capital investments of separate HPP with the payback period up to 8 years at prices for fuel used for the electric power generation. As a key parameter for small scale hydropower engineering should be power density of perspective small scale hydropower plants per one thousand people. For small scale hydropower plants - specific technological potential of small scale hydropower plants uptake per one thousand people. Solar potential is determined by parameters of average value in the country of average annual arrival of total solar radiation per unit of area per day, arrival of solar radiation per unit of area. 19

20 It should be noted that values of average wind speeds and potential wind-energetic resources are important, but insufficient for efficiency evaluation of the wind power uptake in this or that area. For confirmation, as an example, we shall make calculation of utilized wind-energetic resources at some meteorological stations located in mountainous and foothill areas of Kazakhstan. As is known, wind-driven electric plants can utilize only a part of the entire wind flow energy (potential wind-energetic resources), conversed by the windwheel. This part is measured by the wind power use operating ratio: Where Ро - utilized capacity by the windwheel. ξ = Ро/Р, Value ξ depends on type and operating mode of the wind-driven electric plant. Now there are many various types of wind-driven electric plants with different operating modes; in this connection values ξ can vary within a wide range. Therefore at measuring wind-energetic resources it is important to know as well expected production of the wind-driven electric plant, i.e. utilized energy. As different total capacities are installed for various wind-electric sets it is convenient to choose the most suitable type of wind-driven electric plants by considering their relative energy characteristics. First of all, it needs to find the plant factor (Kу) which is derived as ratio of actual energy yield (R) to maximal energy yield (Rмах) in operations with the installed capacity during the whole period: Kу = R/Rмах As the wind speed is a time-dependent value, at measuring wind-energetic resources it is necessary to determine recurrence of various wind speeds. However, at measuring wind-energetic resources of the vast territory it will be insufficient to rely only on averaged and total characteristics described in climatological directories. Reliance only on climatological data given the existing wide spacing of the meteorological stations network and a greater wind variability at close distances can lead to incorrect conclusions. Insufficiency of these data may be explained by the fact that in directories repeatability of various wind speeds is given in a series of gradation whereas for wind-energetic calculations it is necessary to know repeatability of wind speeds for every other 1 m/sec. For solving the issue the repeatability of wind speeds is measured with the help of theoretical curves describing distribution of wind speeds. In this connection the Kritski-Menkel distribution model is used here which describes well empirical dependences of wind speeds in conditions of the composite relief. To estimate utilized wind energetics they calculate the plant ratio for conditional renewable energies at their installation on various sites (in the windiest areas). For convenience we shall designate conditional renewable energies as follows: В6, В8, В10, В12, В15. Initial operating speed of these renewable energies makes 3, 4, 5, 6 m/sec., respectively. The derived figures in symbolic notation correspond to speed of the RES control rate, i.e. they make 6, 8, 10, 12 and 15 m/sec., respectively. As is seen from Table 2.1 in mountainous and foothill areas of Kazakhstan there are perspective places for wind power uptake. It is considered that the RES installation is effective at Kу not less than 30%. This implies that the most perspective sites include the following areas: passes (weather stations Chokpar, Kordai), peaks (weather station Aksuran) and wind conducting corridors (weather stations Zhalanashkol, Druzhba, Karachok). Table 2.1 Plant factor (%) of the conditional RES (B6 - Vo = 3 m/s, Vp = 6 m/s; B8 - Vo = 4 m/s, Vp = 8 m/s; B10 - Vo = 4 m/s, Vp = 10 m/s; B12 - Vo = 5 m/s, Vp = 12 m/s; B15 - Vo = 6 m/s, Vp = 15 m/s) 20

21 Weather station Katon-Karagai (narrow valley) Anarkhai (slope) Aksuran (peak) Chokpar (pass) Kurdai (pass) Druzhba (wind conducting corridor) Zhalanashkol (wind conducting corridor) Type of winddriven power plant В6 В8 В6 В8 В6 В8 B10 В6 В8 B10 В6 В8 B10 В8 В10 B12 В6 В8 B10 В12 В15 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Year Wind energetic resources of Dzungarian Gates are of high interest. It is seen on Table 2.1 that in the south-eastern part of the Dzungarian Gates (weather station Druzhba) it is possible to use wind power plants В8 and В10 all year round as here the Ку values make 50 and 38%, respectively. And, in summer months the Ку value of the wind power plant В10 are within the range of 27-28%. In cold halfyear (from November till May) it will be possible to use the RES В12 (Ку=30-37%). In the north-western part of the Dzungarian Gates (weather station Zhalanashkol) in comparison with their south- eastern part use of the RES В8 during the year will be less advantageous due to a big annual amplitude of the wind power. So, in January the RES В8 will generate power by 50-53% more than in July. In this connection here it will make sense to use the RES with Vp great values only in the cold half-year, particularly, in winter. In summer only the RES В6 will reach the Ку value equal to 30%. Vast broken grounds of foothills and mountainous areas cause a great variability of wind conditions at close distances. Such microclimatic changes of wind conditions can be very significant at evaluation of perspective location of various sites for the RES installation. Therefore, the account of microclimatic variability of wind resources in relation to various landforms is of great importance at allocation of more favorable sites for the RES installation. Table 2.2 shows that at 4 m/s wind speed on even surface, at peaks with relative elevation m, and also in the top parts of wind ward and wind-parallel slopes the wind speed increases approximately by 1,2-1,7 times. These sites are perspective for the RES installation for the group of RES which will allow to apply a method of compensated use of the wind power. Table 2.2 Average wind speeds (Vср) and plant factor of the RES В8 (Ку,%) at Vср = 4 m/s and Ку =23% on even surface 21

22 Peaks: Land form Vcp Ку Land form Vcp Ку Middle and bottom parts 2, of leeward slopes with 4-10 degree gradient. <50 m 5,2-5, m 5,6-6, m 6,0-6, Leeward slopes with 3-10 degree gradient: Upper part Middle part Bottom part 3,6 9 Slopes parallel to wind: 4,8-5, Upper part ,0-4, Middle part Bottom part 3,2-3, On the contrary, the RES operations will be inefficient if to install them in the wind-protected valleys, hollows, gullies, bottom parts of slopes, and also on leeward slopes characterized by high-to-low speed transition and intensive turbulence. As a key parameter for assessment of wind power resources the specific technological potential data per thousand inhabitants may be used, as well as for assessment of geothermal power potential. The Central Asian countries differ in total number of the population, and rural residents as well. In this connection for forming a clear picture showing the actual conditions of the RES resources uptake by the population, it is necessary at analyzing potential to use the country-specific parameters relating to the population or its certain regions. Thus, at calculation of specific potential of resources of small scale hydropower plants it is necessary to correlate such calculation to the number of rural population as namely this group is the consumer of energy to be generated by small scale autonomous hydropower plants. Similarly, with the purpose of building capacity for the biogas plants power uptake by rural consumers it is necessary to take into account the number of rural population of the country. In order to identify the wind energy resources the calculations will be based on the overall population data in the rayon or oblast as the electric power generated by wind-driven plants may enter the power supply system and may be used by all inhabitants. As to solar plants the account should be taken of the entire population of the republic. At analyzing the RES uptake opportunities and prospects and assessment of their future role in the power balance each resource should not be considered separately, but the area typology should be carried out on the basis of the characteristic of the complex RES resources probability level which has the greatest significance for the given region. 2.2 Quantitative and qualitative assessment of the RES potential Biomass local sources include biomass as residues or by-products of animal breeding and straw the use potential of which is estimated as 9,732 thousand Tj. However, their use is at the lowest level, just using dry dung bricks (kizyak) for house heating. But heating is inefficient as they use primitive kitchen furnaces producing significant internal and external pollution. Wood biomass has the limited potential as only 4,32% of the territory of Kyrgyzstan is covered with forests. The wood biomass is not acceptable from the point of view of seasonal prevalence, geographical dispersion, and location of biomass bulk in poorly populated areas with underdeveloped transport infrastructure. Efforts for increasing the uptake of biogas in Kyrgyzstan undertaken by international organizations and several private concerns have not yet led to significant results. Dung anaerobic fermentation for production of biogas and methane effluents is used presently in 50 farms of the Republic. From these 22

23 facilities less than 5 of them have reactors with capacity over 100 m3; m3 capacity reactors; and the others are self-made installations with up to 10 m3 capacity reactors. About one third of these installations are totally out of action, and one third of them are operated not to full capacity. Thus, at present there are in total about 15 full capacity operation plants in Kyrgyzstan. Technological and economic river flow potential depends mainly on the development status of science and technology, comprehensive study level of rivers, and the level of economy development. In this connection, it should be noted that presently the economic potential of development of large and medium, small scale and micro-hydropower engineering has reached only 50-60%. It should be noted that sunshine duration indicators are measured based on data of 15 weather stations, while data on solar radiation indicators - only of 4 stations. Thus, intensity of solar radiation left unmeasured in the significant part of Kyrgyzstan, and calculations were carried out using indirect methods. However, in respect to territory of Kyrgyzstan the fact of its latitudinal elongation may be taken into account, therefore, the solar radiation intensity will change insignificantly in general. However, as 94% of territory of the republic is characterized by mountainous relief and as altitude difference above sea level of some areas (from 800 up to 4000 m) these facts cause unequal solar heat exposure of some physiographic factors. As a result of the analysis the accuracy probability of the design data on solar energy potential is determined within the range of 99-91% depending on remoteness from actinometric stations. As principal causes constraining the solar heat supply development are poor quality of solar water heating equipment and its high cost. Thus, the basic way of increase in volume of solar water heaters production is reduction in their price at high efficiency of solar energy transformation to heat by design improvement and production technology optimization. The assessment of wind energy resources of any territory assumes studying climatic features of wind conditions of that area. Due to high space-time variability of the wind speed along with climatic changes over last years it needs to carry out continuous weather sequence of wind during the period not less than 30 years. Now such observational series are conducted by weather stations (WS). Therefore, they usually use the weather stations data at assessing the wind energy. These observations have shortcomings as they measure wind speed only at height about 10 m whereas the height of the wind-wheel axis of the wind power plant is normally much higher. This shortcoming can be eliminated with the help of the mathematical apparatus, applying the wind speed distribution law. For example, experimental (short-term) observations carried out over last years in Kazakhstan in the Dzungarian Gates, Chilik corridor, etc. can provide wind speed specified data by height, but such data cannot provide climatological wind speed characteristics. In this respect, such important climatic characteristics as various wind speeds, their time variability, wind speeds repeatability, etc. can be designed more precisely only with the help of long-term observations of the mentioned weather stations. All results of the wind resources potential calculation of the Central Asian countries are applicable only for 10 m height above ground surface and provide only 50% of the data. At planning of the wind power plant the wind energy characteristics values should be selected with account of operation time, energy uptake level, etc. For the wind power plant effective operation they usually choose probability 50%. Besides, in the earlier developed wind resource cadastres of the Central Asian countries they used old data of weather stations where wind speeds were measured with the help of a weather vane. Starting from sixties they have been introducing wind meters in the meteorological network the receiving part of which (impellers) is similar to the wind power plant impellers (with a horizontal rotation axis) that increases accuracy of wind characteristics measurement. 23

24 Here such important factor should be noted that lately the climate fluctuation led to change in wind conditions and this development needs to be studied additionally. For example, it is seen on Figure 2.1 that change in wind conditions in Kazakhstan over last years ( ) is of various nature (data of 34 meteorological stations of Kazakhstan have been examined). General regularity was observed relating to average wind speed-down after The general average wind speed-down is most typical for many meteorological stations (such as Jambeity weather station). Figure 2.1 Change of average annual wind speed in All mentioned above factors necessitate development of the wind energy cadastre for all Central Asian countries. The wind energy cadastre is the accounting summary data system of wind energy resources, representing a set of objective and necessary quantitative data and records describing the wind speed behavior in this or that area at different heights and with different probability. Besides, it is necessary to include in the wind energy cadastre the data on glaze-ice and rime depositions impacting directly on the wind power plant operations. Such the system should provide for obtaining of the science-based data on the wind power use efficiency in the planned area. Most convenient way of use of the wind energy cadastre will be development of the Geographic Information System (GIS) «The wind energy cadastre of the Central Asian countries». The analysis of specific capacity of wind flows of Kyrgyzstan shows that it varies within a rather broad range. Based on the annual data it makes W/m2, and on monthly data W/m2. Average values can be appreciated as 100 W/m2. Average annual values of specific wind flow energy varies within the range of kw/hr/m2. Average monthly values, as a rule, do not exceed kw/hr/m2. The data analysis shows that for needs of large-scale and mesoscale windpower engineering the spread of indicators confirm economically sound use of only 17-22% of potential wind-energetic resources. However, comparison of requirements of small scale objects in electric power with the wind cadastre data show that for such type of consumers the wind power potential is sufficient and can be successfully used for satisfying their energy requirements. Measurements of geothermal sources by temperature and flow regimes specify poor-quality pattern of thermal resources not exceeding 60 С. As a whole available geothermal sources have a low power potential as the source required temperature for large geothermal plants should be within the range of С, and for smaller binary cycle plants С. 20 geothermal sources are located mainly in recreational zones of the Issyk-Kul oblast of the Republic, and their energy can be used for purposes of heating and hot water supply. 24

25 In the existing social and economic situation use of renewable energies may provide annual quantity of energy within the range of 17,700-26,400 tons of fuel oil equivalent (without account of small scale hydropower plants). However, their development is found only at initial stage of use. Use level makes less than 0,15% from total power consumption of the Republic. 2.3 Data on technical and economic potential Technological power potential of the RES arouses practical interest and which may be determined by reduction of total potential by inevitable losses volume due to technical aspects of plant operations. Importance of the RES for national economy is estimated by economic energy potential the volume of which depends on the economic development level of the rayon, examined kinds of resources, progress in design and construction of the RES plants, studied provision with other power resources, their qualities, cost and other factors. At site investigation works for the RES installation it is necessary to estimate preliminary volume of potential and utilized power resources based on which the RES energy economic efficiency of their use will be identified in this or that area. See Table 2.3 below for calculations of technologically available biomass energy potential ready to use in Kyrgyzstan. Forests and timber wastes of the woodworking Agricultural biomass Total industry Power budget (Tj) Power budget (tons of oil equivalent) Table 2.3 Peculiarities of the domestic technological market and market barriers reduce available potential up to 1676 Tj. The technological energy potential of surveyed 252 large and medium rivers of the republic makes 73 billion kw/hr. From them 55 billion kw/hr per year is considered to be economically sound for development. The economic potential of small hydropower engineering of Kyrgyzstan exceeds potential of other renewable energy sources taken in overall. Use of the energy potential of small rivers will allow to produce about 350 million kw/hr annually that is equivalent to replacement of thousand tons of fuel oil equivalent. However use of energy of small rivers is constrained due to existing technical, economic and institutional factors. The economic potential of micro-hpp use is estimated at 1,6 million kw. 95% of the energy potential of Kazakhstan is concentrated in the eastern, southern and southeastern parts of the country and is estimated as 170 TW/hr per year. Up to date they use only 7,1 TW/hr per year although 23,5 TW/hr annually is considered to be economically sound for development. As considerable is estimated potential of small hydro-power plants the installed capacity of which makes less than 10 MW. By estimates, there is an opportunity to construct, at least, 453 small HPP with total installed capacity of 1,380 thousand MW and annual production of 6,315 GW/hr. Also, there are available power sites suitable for 30 MW HPP construction with installed capacity of 2,350 thousand MW. 25

26 Technological potential of photovoltaic converters use in Kyrgyzstan can make more than 20 million W of installed capacity that by the market capital intensity is equivalent to 300 million US dollars. However, the economic potential can be estimated in the amount not exceeding 12 million US dollars due to the fact that certain social and economic barriers allow for use of 50 W capacity plants by a limited number of consumers. The technological potential of solar water-heating generators can reach 1,7 million MJ, but due to economic reasons, level of technical literacy of the population, availability of such resources as firewood, coal and manure, the economic potential is estimated as 26 thousand MJ annually. In spite of the fact that Kazakhstan is situated at high latitudes, solar resources are stable and sufficient for power purposes due to favorable climatic conditions. Sunshine duration makes hr/year, and total solar radiation is equal to kw/hr/m2 per year. These data make economically sound the use of portable photovoltaic systems and solar water-heating units in remote areas lacking access to centralized gas supply. By estimates, from 2 billion kw/hr per year of total potential of wind energy in Kyrgyzstan about 140 million kw/hr is considered to be technologically sound while 4 million kw/hr is found to be economically sound for development. It may be explained by specific conditions of wind distribution in high-mountainous parts of Kyrgyzstan. Technological opportunities of use of geothermal energy potential are limited by production of 170 Gj per year, or 27% of the explored sources. Only 22 Gj per year are economically sound for development the main reason being the lowest thermal potential of known geothermal energy sources. 2.4 Peculiarities of wind energy distribution Not all the territory of Kazakhstan is perspective for installation of wind-driven electric plants. Wind speed conditions in Kazakhstan are of ambiguous nature (Figure 2.2). Figure 2.2 Distribution of average annual wind speed in Kazakhstan In plain territory the average annual wind speed gets higher generally in direction from south to north. Small wind speeds (1-2 m/sec) are observed in foothill areas in the south and southeast of Kazakhstan. Given the difficult relief a high wind speed variability is observed. 26

27 So, if in the wind-protected land forms (lobes, leeward and bottom parts of slopes, etc.) the wind speed is insignificant (up to 1 m/sec) on passes, crown zones and wind conducting corridors where the average annual wind speed exceeds 6 m/sec. The windiest areas of Kazakhstan are the wind conducting corridor of the Dzungarian Gates and eastern coast of the Caspian sea. The wind speed varies by seasons of the year. In the flat territory of Kazakhstan wind speed reaches its peak strength in spring and autumn, and minimal level - in summer and beginning of autumn (Figure 2.3). Figure 2.3 Annual course of wind speed in flat territory of Kazakhstan At the Caspian sea coast the maximal wind speed falls on winter months, and the minimum speed on summer months. In mountainous areas and foothills the average wind speed and its annual course vary and depend on the location (Figure 2.4). Figure 2.4 Annual course of wind speed in mountainous and foothill areas of Kazakhstan The least average wind speeds are characteristic for wind-protected foothill valleys and hollows. Here average annual wind speeds do not exceed 1-2 m/sec. The annual course is minimal (0,4-0,7 m/sec), caused by stagnation of cold air masses in these area or orographical anticyclogenesis process in winter. Maximal average monthly wind speeds (1,2-1,7 m/sec) are observed basically in summer months - during of the maximal mountain and valley circulation. 27

28 In wide mountain valleys, and also in extensive intermountain hollows in south-east and east of Kazakhstan the annual course shows two maximal and two minimal values of average wind speeds. Acceleration of wind speeds is observed in valley narrowing points. So, at Chilik weather station located slightly to the west from the greatest narrowing point of the river Ili valley average wind speeds exceed 4 m/sec in winter months, and are known as the " Chiliksky " winds. Acceleration of wind speeds is observed also on peaks. So, for example, at flat top of the Karatau. mountain ridge (weather station Aksuran) the average annual wind speed makes 5 m/s, and the annual amplitude does not exceed 1,5 m/s. Very high wind speeds are observed on passes and wind conducting corridors. Maximal average wind speed in Chui-Ili mountains passes usually occurs in middle of spring (5,7-6,7 m/s), and in the north-western part of the wind conducting corridors (Dzungarian Gates, Jangiz Tobe) and reaches its maximum in winter (7,4-13,8 m/s). By summer the wind speed weakens up to 3-5 m/s due to reduction of pressure gradient, and weakening of cyclonic motion. Average annual wind speeds in passes of Chui-Ili mountains make 5,0-5,7 m/s. The greatest average annual wind speed is characteristic for the wind conducting corridor of the Dzungarian Gates (6-8 km/s). Table 2.4 shows greatest values of the wind flow average annual specific capacity (potential windenergetic resources) by separate weather stations of Kazakhstan from which one may see that they prevail at the stations located in mountainous areas (printed in bold). And, if in flat lands of the potential wind-energetic resource value in windy areas do not exceed W/m2 in mountainous areas their value vary very often from 350 up to 1550 W/m2. Table 2.4 Average annual specific wind capacity (Р, W/m2) Weather stations Р Weather stations Р Stepnogorsk 385 Aksuran 358 Arkalyk 406 Kordai 390 Aktau 335 Shokpar 447 Uyaly 317 Jangiz-Tobe 860 Chelkar 309 Druzhba 536 Mugodjar 483 Jalanashkol Analysis of power potential of small mountain water-currents, wind, biomass and their use perspectives Potential opportunities of biogas technologies introduction in Kyrgyzstan exceed considerably the present level of the given technologies use. According to the National Statistical Committee as of 2005 in Kyrgyzstan the population of livestock and horses made 1,5 million heads, pigs and sheep - 4,0 million heads, and 3,0 million poultry. Annual volume of animal waste products exceeds 4 million tons from which 2,6 million tons are accumulated in farms. It means that biomass, including burning of household waste products, agricultural biomass, and to a lesser degree, biomass from forestry byproducts can satisfy in full thermal requirements of rural household consumers. In such way rural communities can shift from prevailing electric heating to biomass-powered heating. Recently, due to inefficient control system of power resources the country faces electric power shortages. Lack of power resources necessitates industrial development of remote coal deposits and deforestation. At the same time Kyrgyzstan has all capacity for satisfaction of domestic power needs. It is possible to produce 130 million m3 of biogas as a result of anaerobic processing of half of annual animal waste products. Biogas having in its composition 60-70% of methane can be used for 28

29 satisfaction of household needs of the population, operation of motor-generating low power plants, gas refueling of motor vehicles and agricultural machinery instead of gasoline and diesel fuel. Apart from it the fact should be noted that farmlands of the country, including about 1,3 million ha of arable lands became degraded in Kyrgyzstan and are subject to desertification processes due to inability of the rural population, 80% of which live below the poverty line, to purchase mineral fertilizers and plant protection means in required volumes. Waste treatment at biogas plants for methane production will allow to improve fertility of arable lands by production of highly effective liquid fertilizers. One ton of animal waste products processed at the biogas plant produces one ton of liquid organic fertilizers, application rate of which makes from one up to three tons per hectare. Mesophilous processing of annual waste products of intensive animal industries at the biogas plant at temperature 35-37ºС will allow to produce 2,6 million tons of liquid fertilizers that will completely satisfy requirements of agriculture of the Republic. The reactor capacity of the biogas plants necessary for processing of animal waste products throughout Kyrgyzstan makes m3. Average cost of installation of one cubic meter of the biogas plant reactor makes about 150 US dollars. Volume of investments necessary for construction of plants makes about 17 million US dollars. Market cost of liquid fertilizers makes about 18 US dollars per ton, and biogas - 0,11 US dollars for cubic meter. Total market cost of biogas and fertilizers produced by such plants in the first year of operations will make above 55 million US dollars. Thus, capital investments made in construction of plants will be paid back within one year of the plant operations. The following 9 rivers of Kyrgyzstan possess high concentrated potential hydropower resources: Naryn, Sary-Jaz, Kekemeren, Chatkal, Tar, Chu, Kara-Dariya and Chon-Naryn at which average slopes laying within the range from 5 up to 20 m per 1 km of extent, and average specific capacity makes from 2227 up to 5322 kw/km. The optimal use of the given rivers potential is the electric power export to neighboring countries. Presently, development of hydro resources of small rivers in the Republic makes only 3%, resources of irrigation water basins, canals and rivers are not used for the electric power production. By preliminary estimates, it is obviously possible to construct undertime 41 small scale HPP with total capacity of 178 MW and average annual electric power production - 1,1 billion kw/hr. Besides, expediency of modernization and rehabilitation of 46 operating and previously workable small scale HPP with 58,8 MW capacity and average annual electric power production of 210 million kw/hr is economically sound. Recoupment of capital investment in construction and modernization of these HPP will take approximately 3-5 years. Construction of small scale HPP, particularly, in mountainous areas, will provide reliable development of small and medium-sized business in sectors of agriculture, industry, tourism, and to improve social conditions of the population working in pasture animal industries, organization of seasonal processing of agricultural produce, and production of building materials. 29

30 Figure 2.5 Small scale HPP on Alamedin river It should be noted that about 90% of potential energy of small water-currents is concentrated in upper and middle riverbeds where many dispersed power consumers are located. Thus, it is economically sound to use of micro-hpp with capacity from 0,5 kw up to 2 kw. For photovoltaic converters as the most perspective for use appear to be plants with capacity from 20 up to 60 W due to limited purchase power in the Kyrgyz markets. Use of solar collectors for hot water supply and heating with solar radiation uptake is estimated as the most perspective tool of social tension alleviation as use of huge solar energy potential alongside with rather low cost of capital investments and operational costs in the long run can satisfy 50% of thermal energy requirements of the Republic. Introduction of various solar power plants (solar heaters, solar kitchens, desalting plants) is one of perspective directions of the RES development in Kyrgyzstan. Therefore, transformation of solar radiation to low power heat, first of all, for hot water supply, can be effective in the significant part of Kyrgyzstan. The analysis of wind flow characteristics has shown that over 50% of all winds of Kyrgyzstan make breezes and calms, 30-40% make gentle breezes (2-5 m/s) and the remaining part - moderate and fresh breezes (6-10 m/s). Energy potential is low in the significant part of plains and foothill zones where basic part of low-power consumers is located. In those areas where winds have a high energy potential and 8-12 m/s speeds the consumers are practically absent. Therefore, perspective development of micro wind-power engineering (1-10 kw capacity plants) and first of all, for power supply of low power-intensive autonomous consumers located in decentralized foothill and remote mountainous areas. Low-potential geothermal energy sources of the Republic can be used with the purpose of hot water supply and heating. For example, the source in the Ak-Suu gorge can be used for heating needs of Karakol city as it is located at a close small of 10 km. Temperature is stable all-the-year-round at 55 C with discharge 83 m3/hour. Competitive ways of Karakul city heating require big capital investments for satisfaction of urban households needs. Such deposits as Ysyk-Ata and Jergalan are also perspective. 30

31 2.6 Priority in the RES use in Kyrgyzstan-specific environment As key priority appears to be introduction of biogas technologies in rural areas of the Republic that will have an essential and effective impact on poverty reduction among the rural population. Regular application of organic fertilizers raises productivity of agricultural crops by 15-20%, improves soil physical properties. With increase in capacity of the operating biogas plants degradation of arable lands will stop, there will be a sustainable agricultural crop yield. Methane production will provide access for the rural population to cheap and energy sources free from fuel constant price inflation. Therefore, it is recommended that national authorities will have to focus on the energy policy supporting introduction of biogas technologies. Next in importance of energy development was identified hydropower potential, both of large and medium, and small water-currents. Economically sound for development significant resources, their high concentration and approximately uniform distribution throughout the territory along with transition opportunity to hydrogen fuel determines enormous long-term prospect of construction of a number of powerful and low-powered HPP that will allow to solve both external economic, and domestic social and economic problems of the Republic. A key area for use of solar plants should be hot water supply and heating systems. Use of the given systems appears to be economically sound for large-scale use in rural mountainous areas of the Republic in the near future due to low costs and simplicity of operation. Use of these systems will allow to solve household problems of the rural population at simultaneous reduction of electric networks load that will allow to solve a overload problem of the electric equipment of substations and distributor lines. It will facilitate directing of the "intellectual" electric energy to development of sectors of processing industry, services, tourism, etc. Large-scale use of photovoltaic converters requires application of financial arrangements as they are expensive and are accessible to a narrow circle of consumers in modern economic conditions. However, simplicity of their use makes their application extremely favorable in the long run. Development and overproduction of the richest resources of the silicon deposit near Tash Kumyr can considerably raise profitability of photovoltaic converters production and economic potential of their application domestically. Results of estimation of use opportunities of large-scale and mesoscale windpower engineering for the electric power production indicate low potential of its development. As the basis for such development may become a limited number of areas with suitable climatic and topographical conditions, lack of research and technological and industrial base, competing role of hydroelectric power industry, etc. As more perspective looks development of low-power RES. It is mainly determined by suitable meteorological, topographical conditions along with availability of a large number of autonomous decentralized consumers. In Kazakhstan the wind power is one of the most perspective and widespread renewable energy source which in favorable environment can be widely used in economy. The potential of rich windenergetic resources exceeds by hundreds times the current power consumption in the Republic. It is known that Kazakhstan is ranked first worldwide by per capita wind resources in surface layer of atmosphere. Besides, Kazakhstan has an indisputable advantage its vast territories. Use of geothermal sources of Kyrgyzstan for power industry needs has the lowest potential. Their use can be justified basically in recreational zones of the Issyk-Kul oblast of the republic and for heating and hot water supply purposes only. The most perspective in Kazakhstan in the near future can be the following technologies: Use of wind - large industrial wind parks, and also small plants on remote farms; 31

32 Use of solar energy for heat and electric power production; Straw burning farmer boilers and boilers for micro heating systems (0,1-1 MW), and also low power straw burning boilers ( kw); Biogas plants for small farms, and also large-scale livestock farms, hog breeding farms, integrated poultry farms and enterprises of the food-processing industry; Installations for biogas collection and use from large landfills and communal waste treatment plants ( 0,5-5 MW capacity mini-power station); Equipment for recycling of coal mine methane. 3. EXPERIENCE OF PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF RES TECHNOLOGIES AT DESIGN AND OPERATION STAGES 3.1 Experience of practical implementation of the RES use projects According to set priorities in the Kyrgyz Republic certain experience of the RES use has been accumulated which could be used successfully in other Central Asian republics as much of it as was mentioned above has relevance to their conditions. Solar plants for water heating are the most widely used RES in the Republic. Basically these plants are widely used at social objects as boarding houses, rest houses, sports camps, in industrial sector at servicing depots, motor depots, factories, etc. In rural areas they are used basically for rural bath-houses, farms and in private sector. In the Republic were successfully introduced solar plants combined with traditional boiler plants which in conditions of Kyrgyzstan may replace completely 7-8 month operations of boiler-houses and to provide partial thermal load replacement during the transition and winter periods. The significant part of such systems was installed on agricultural (dairy farms, sanitary inspection rooms, motor-tractor stations, etc.), industrial (motor depots, repair shops, servicing depots, etc.) and welfare objects (rest houses, boarding houses, pioneer camps). As a whole within the implementation framework of the Republican program in over 40 thousand m2 of the system was introduced. Schematic diagram of the combined solar hot water supply plant of the Alamedin enterprise Selkhoz Energo is shown on Figure 3.1. The largest combined solar heat supply system in the republic is installed at the Issyk-Kul Lake coast in the boarding house "Bermet", the collector panel total surface makes 1000 m2. The solar systems combined with boiler-houses at the Alamedin enterprise Selkhoz Energo (100 m2), dairy farm of Kuibyshev state farm (1000 m2), Sokuluk trucking company (80 m2) and other objects (Figure 3.2). 32

33 РРТ РТ 28 РТ Figure 3.1 Diagram of the combined solar heat supply plant of the Alamedin enterprise SelkhozEnergo (1 - a field of collectors, 2 control valve of solar subsystem filling, 3 - expansion tank, 4 - heat exchanger, 5 - control valve of solar subsystem water filling, 6 - drainage capacity, 7 electric valve, 8 - air-temperature sensor, 9 a pump,10 - environment level control electric sensor, 11 - airtemperature sensor, 12 - recirculating pumps, 13 - heat-carrier flow regulating valve, 14 - bypass line valve, 15 - a flow meter, thermal sensors, back-flow prevention valves, 20 - mud collectors, 21 - filling shunt line replenishing valve, 22 - expansion tank, 23 float water control mechanism, 24 a valve, 25 - solar direct cylinder, 26 - bleed air valve, 27 - three-way valve, 28 electric boilers, 29 - a flowmeter, 30 a thermometer, drainage valves). 33

34 а) b) c) Figure 3.2 Operating combined solar heat supply systems: a. Voenno-Anatonovsky trucking company; b. Alamedincky enterprises " Selkhozenergo "; c. Dairy farm named after Kuibyshev Hookups used for other similar installations practically do not differ much from each other. 34

35 It should be noted that by 2008 in the Republic there were introduced solar water-heating plants with 60 thousand of m2 of solar filed surface. Majority of such plants is intended for hot water supply, and about 90% from them are seasonally operating plants. The share of private sector does not exceed 1-2%. Such solar water heaters as NUR and DWHP are the most widespread types in private sector for use in shower modules and water heating for household needs (kitchen, laundry, etc.). Solar stations are widely adopted in private sector among Bishkek city inhabitants and the population of newly built areas in the Bishkek outskirts. On the initiative of the Bishkek city hall with assistance of the Center for problems of renewable energy sources (CPRES) and the Envod production association a set of personal use solar water heaters was manufactured especially for private sector with their following installation in all newly built areas as demonstration projects. Over last years interest of private sector has been increasingly growing to solar heat supply systems designed not only for own individual houses, but also for hot water supply of offices of private firms, cafes, canteens, mini-markets, saunas, etc. In particular, in 2004 on the Soviet and Tolstoy streets crossroad a nine-storey apartment house was commissioned with about of 160 m2 of solar collectors installed on the roof panel for hot water supply of tenants. The project has been realized jointly with building firms from Germany, and installation was made by the "Kurulush" local building firm. In the "Kyrgyzia-2" district solar hot water supply systems were installed in 5 private houses based on the CPRES developments with the solar collectors panel surface ranging from 5 up to 15 m2. Solar stations were installed in the city mini-markets as shower modules. Model of a private house with solar heating system is shown on Figure а) b) Figure 3.3 Solar heating systems in private houses and offices а) The solar collectors installed for hot water supply in the office in Bishkek; б) Solar thermal collectors for heating and hot water supply on roof of the house in Bishkek On Figure 3.4 the city bath complex "Jyrgal" is shown with installed solar collectors. 35

36 Figure 3.4 Solar collector systems installed on the roof panel of the bath complex "Jyrgal", Bishkek. Systems developed by the CPRES jointly with the design group of the Capital Construction Department of the City Hall were put into operation in Assembly and start-up works were carried out by FMU-1 Santekhma" with the City Hall financial support. The plant has 165 m2 of total collector panel surface and provides the boiler-house immobilization during the spring-and-summer period with transition to solar energy uptake operations only. Certain practical experience has been accumulated in the field of use of biogas plants. Up to date about 40 biogas modules with reactors of various capacity ranging from 5 up to 250 m3 have been already constructed and put in operation in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan; currently construction of more 5 biogas plants with reactor capacity up to m3 is underway. Figure 3.5 Biogas plant with the biomass material manual load, mixing and heating in the reactor (1 a water-heating boiler; 2 a load bunker; 3 - a mixer; 4 - a reactor) The biogas plant, as a rule, is a hermetically sealed tank where the anaerobic fermentation of organic waste mass, sewage is carried out at certain temperature thus producing biogas. 36

37 The principle of operation of all biogas plants is identical: after the biomass collection and preparation at its bring it up to the necessary humidity in special capacity, it will be moved to the reactor where conditions are created for the biomass processing optimization. Received biogas after refining is collected and stored in the gasholder till necessary. The biogas is delivered to the destination place through gas pipes. Processed biomass in the biogas plant reactor and turned into bio-fertilizers is unloaded through discharge opening and is applied into soil or used as the fodder additive for animals. The biogas plant with 15 m3 capacity reactor can produce about 50 m3 of biogas and slightly less than one ton of liquid ecologically pure bio-fertilizers with application rate 1 up to 3 tons per hectare at mesophilous processing of 1 ton of dung per day. The biogas plant average price in the Kyrgyz Republic makes 150 US$ per m3 of the reactor, as on 2008, without account of costs of civil and erection works. The plant annual maintenance service costs make about 3% from its initial cost. Figure 3.6 Biogas plant of the " Farmer " Association in Kyrgyzstan One of the first biogas plants in Kyrgyzstan was constructed in village Petrovka of the Chui oblast in the "Farmer " Association (Figure 3.6). With the purpose of its development the Association has united efforts of its 7 associated farms. The farm livestock and the pig-breeding complex waste products are used as raw materials. The plant processes 10 tons of liquid manure drains a day. Received fertilizers are applied on 300 ha of farm lands, and biogas is used for needs of farms, cooking, heating, refueling of two motor vehicles and the electric generator operation in seven farmsteads. Except for direct purpose, the biogas module in village Petrovka serves as a demonstration and training object used for conducting of seminars on biogas plants construction and operation. One of last biogas plants has been constructed in the Tashkent region of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Fig. 3.7). It is the first bio-energetic module in Uzbekistan installed in the dairy farm of the "Milkagro" Company. It consists of 2 reactors with 60 m3 each, and a gas and diesel electric generator with capacity 20 kw/hr and processes daily 8 tons of livestock manure. Made bio-fertilizers are discharged 37

38 in the dung-yard and is used on own arable lands and in the hothouse facilities. Biogas is used for household needs, the electric generator operation and the hothouse heating. Despite of advantages of biogas plants, efforts on biogas technologies distribution in Kyrgyzstan, have not led yet to significant results. The analysis of impediments and problems of biogas technologies introduction in the Kyrgyz Republic allows to draw the following conclusions: low biogas technologies distribution in Kyrgyzstan indicate the existing structural, financial, information and positional barriers. According to the survey data conducted in the Kyrgyz Republic, lack of widespread information sources on biogas technologies and mistrust of farmers to advantages of the manure anaerobic fermentation technology come out as high barriers to large-scale introduction of biogas technologies in Kyrgyzstan. Other obstacles are structural problems of the livestock sector, one of them being, in particular, prevalence of nomadic cattle breeding, and high perceived risk of biogas plant construction. Environmental arguments for the benefit of the biogas technologies introduction are poorly perceived by farmers due to lack of understanding of importance of global ecological processes. Adverse impact of economy on human being or nature is considered as influence external towards the economic process versus its direct and inevitable consequences. But the main problem is lack of financial and lending mechanisms for financing construction of such installations. Poor groups of the society cannot afford making capital investments necessary for biogas technology introduction, despite the fact of its short payback period and economic gains received from the biogas plant. Therefore, attempts of cost reduction of the biogas plant construction should be undertaken along with development of the lending systems facilitating access to resources for bio-power modules introduction, the effective legislative base regulating rules on biogenic waste utilization and the state program on introduction of biogas technologies in the Republic. For overcoming the information barriers to introduction of biogas technologies it is necessary to raise awareness among the Kyrgyz farmers on ecological and economic gains of their application by demonstration of operating biogas installations and conducting of educational and advertising campaigns. At present introduction of biogas technologies appears to be a real opportunity for arable lands rehabilitation, greenhouse gas emissions reduction i and providing of access to cheap internal energy sources not only in the Kyrgyz Republic but in all Central Asian countries as a whole. In opinion of power engineering specialists, operation of small scale hydropower plants can bring essential influence on the energy situation in the Republic: increase in the electric power generation, capacity off-load of the power supply system during maximum demand hours. The greatest effect is to be expected in remote rural areas with lacking own energy sources where the power is supplied from the power system which is found currently in the critical condition due to overloads and the equipment breakdown. Efficiency of mini- hydropower is determined by the following factors: Figure 3.7 The biogas plant of the Milkagro company in Uzbelistan 38

39 Relatively small capital investments in equipment, materials, construction-and-assembling operations, and starting-up and adjustment works; Short building period (for hydropower plants with capacity up to 1 MW till 1 year, from 1 up to 5 MW till 1,5 years; from 5 up to 10 MW - till 2 years; from 10 up to 30 MW years); Lack of necessity for construction of high-voltage transmission lines and powerful transformer substations; Autonomy from the operating power system; Development of local power supply systems with low operational costs; Realizability of projects at attraction of public and private credits; Insignificant environmental impact; Creation of jobs and process plants; Improvement of living conditions of the population, etc. Small scale hydropower plants may promote the small and medium-sized business development: tourism, processing of agricultural produce, production of building materials, etc. The first and most realistic step to the mini-hydropower development in the Republic is reconstruction of existing small hydropower plants (the Alamedinsky coordinated hydroelectric system - 8 stations and the Keminskaya hydroelectric power station). Inspection of these hydropower plants with identifying of the list and scope of all works on the plants reconstruction including their behavior cost estimates has shown that priority rehabilitation costs for the Alamedinsky coordinated hydroelectric system will make 5-6 million US dollars, and for the Keminskaya hydroelectric power station - 1,8 million US dollars. Rehabilitation works, apart from measures on reliability improvement of the Alamedinsky coordinated hydroelectric system, will allow to increase annual electric power production of up to 120 million kw/hr. The Alamedinsky coordinated hydroelectric system (a part of the Chakan GES joint-stock company) is a series of eight small scale hydroelectric power plants with 30 MW capacity. Seven from them are cascaded on the acequia, and six from them are located on the Alamedinsky canal. Seven stations are located in Bishkek outskirts, and the eighth one is situated in 60 km from Bishkek. Keminskaya hydroelectric power station is located on the Chu river in the Kemin settlement (90 km to the east of Bishkek). The Kalininskaya hydroelectric power station is located on the Kara-Balta river in the village of Sosnovka in 70 km to the west of Bishkek. The following stage is to rehabilitate the existing earlier mini hydro power plants. Hydraulic facilities of these stations at present are completely silted and partly destroyed. The hydromechanical, waterpower and electrical equipment is practically absent. Use of modern equipment for rehabilitation of mini hydro power plants will allow, at some increase in cost price of electric power, to receive acceptable results after putting the plants into operation and return of the invested resources. The list of priority plants offered for rehabilitation includes 24 stations with the 20,7 MW of total installed capacity and about 90 million kw/hr of average annual electric power production. Talas oblast: Leninpol plant kw capacity, Kyrkkazyk plant kw; Naryn oblast: "Jumgal" plant kw, "Kochkor" plant kw, Onarchy plant kw, "Bashkaindy" plant kw, "Chaek" plant kw; Chui oblast: "Sokuluk-1" kw, " Sokuluk -2" kw, "Jardy-Kainda "-20 kw, Issyk-Ata plant kw, "AKsu" kw; Issyk-Kul oblast: "Arashan" plant kw, "Karakol" plant kw; Osh and Jalal-Abad oblasts (including the Batken oblast): "Sufi Kurgan" plant kw, "Gulcha" plant kw, "Pravda" plant kw, "Muyan" plant kw, "Isfana" kw, "Aravan" plant kw "Frunze" plant kw, Octyabr plant kw, the Osh hydroelectric power stations 4 and and 1500 kw. 39

40 At present there are two projects are under implementation on rehabilitation of existing earlier hydroelectric power stations: Issyk-Ata (1480 kw) a private company, and " Arashan" (1200 kw) - a private company. The second direction in waterworks facility use is construction of small scale hydroelectric power stations on the main irrigation canals. The following main canals are considered as perspective for construction of small hydroelectric power stations: the Chui diversion canal, Eastern Bolshoi Chuisky Canal, Western Bolshoi Chuisky Canal, Karatelinsky, and Lukyanovsky canals. The total power potential of these canals has not been measured yet. As a whole, construction of small scale hydro power plants on waterworks facility requires the detailed redesign with coordination of their modes of functioning in regional irrigation system management departments. Low energy yield in winter is considered to be a shortcoming of these plants. Currently, according to the «National Energy Program of the Kyrgyz Republic for the period till 2025» approved by the Government of the Republic the work is underway on development of a package of actions on small scale hydropower industry development in the Republic till 2010 including many projects from above mentioned ones. Besides, materials of the Comprehensive Development Framework, National Poverty Reduction Strategy, Long-Term Power Strategy stipulate for support to be rendered by the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic, local state administrations, and World Bank, Asian Development Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in implementation process of all these actions. Matrix 4 specifies rehabilitation of 5 small scale hydropower plants, reconstruction of the Alamedinsky coordinated hydroelectric system, construction of 7 small scale hydropower plants in the Batken oblast. The documents stipulate also for support measures to local enterprises manufacturing equipment and materials necessary for small scale hydropower plants. In pursuance of the «Small scale hydropower industry development in the Kyrgyz Republic for the period till 2005» the joint-stock company «Chakan Hydroelectric Power Plant» was set up in the republic. As not the least of the successful implementation factors of small scale hydropower industry development plans will become attraction of funds and resources of local self-government bodies to civil engineering and construction works of small scale hydropower plants. With respect to increase of interest in small scale hydropower plants not only technical and economic aspects should be taken into account, but first of all, ecological and social aspects of power supply in various areas: Construction of dams of large hydroelectric power stations will have essential impacts on the river interrelations with environment while hydroelectric generating complex of small scale hydropower plants will have minimal environmental effects; As a positive factor of small scale hydropower plants construction is the priority construction of hydroelectric generating complex with the power capacity build-up depending on the consumer s load factor, with corresponding milestone allocation of capital investments; Complementing of the power supply system with small scale hydropower plants will considerably enhance reliability of power supply in remote mountainous areas where the transmission facility breakdowns are probable due to avalanching and landslides; and it also will allow for more effective use of energy potential of rivers and water-currents, and will be in line with the expensive fossil fuel conservation and labor-saving policy in mountainous areas. 40

41 In order to provide effective activity of new power industry it will be necessary to solve the following technical-organizational issues: To finalize development of the «Small scale hydropower plants development schemes» in the Republic; To develop feasibility studies, business plans, drawings and cost estimates on four directions of small scale water-power engineering development; To prepare proposals on pricing and tariffs, and on creation of acceptable environment for attraction of internal and external investors; To develop proposals and submit for consideration to the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic draft Resolutions and Decisions providing the state support to the industry during its development period; To develop regulations on the Order of interrelations with local administrations (water use, allotment of land, lease, attraction of labor force to construction and rehabilitation of small scale hydropower plants, etc.), covering also the order of interaction with enterprises - owners of electric networks and electric power producers to provide the electric power transit and free access to any consumers; To identify electric power export opportunities outside the Kyrgyz Republic. Realization of planned measures on small water-power engineering development will allow to reduce the power supply system load, create conditions for qualitative and reliable regulation and management of the electric power production and distribution process, particularly, in remote highmountainous and rural areas. These measures will weaken considerably their dependence on expensive fuel offtake, and will supply the electric power to agricultural enterprises, farms, pump stations irrigating areas under agricultural crops. 3.2 Equipment made by domestic enterprises Practical realization of a number of projects using renewable energies became workable due to the fact that currently in the Republic they started commercial production of solar collectors, various types of solar water-heating plants, micro-hydroelectric power plants, and biogas systems. Description of this equipment is provided below. The following figures show equipment developed for renewable energies in the Kyrgyz Republic. Technical specifications of solar water heating plant (SVNU) Collector surface area, m 2 1,6 Weight, kg 190 Quantity of collectors, pcs. 1 Heated water volume, l 100 Operating pressure (atmospheric) 2-3 Operating temperature of heat carrier heating, 0 С 75 Maximal temperature of heat carrier heating, 0 С 95 Service life, years 2 Overall dimensions, mm 1000Х2500Х3000 Technical specifications of solar plant (SK) Absorber area, m 2 1,6 Weight, kg 65 Heated water volume, l 10 Operating pressure (atmospheric) 2-3 Operating temperature of heat carrier heating, 0 С Maximal temperature of heat carrier heating, 0 С 95 41

42 Service life, years 8-10 Overall dimensions, mm 1900Х880Х120 Technical specifications (GSEV-1,8) Overall dimensions, mm 1430Х1280Х1080 Occupied area, m 2 1,31 Usable area, m 2 1,8 (6 trays 0,3 m 2 each) Glass area, m 2 1,35 GSEV-1,8 weight, kg 80 Service life, years 20 Technical specifications (GSPV-2,8) Overall dimensions, mm 5000х1500х1000 Occupied area, m 2 7,5 Usable area, m 2 2,8 (8 trays 0,35 м 2 each) Glass area, m 2 6 (8 ramps with area 3 м 2 each) GSPV-2,8 weight, kg 100 Service life, years 20 Technical specifications of micro-hydropower plants Rated capacity, kw Rated voltage, V / /230 Rated frequency, Hz Number of phases Weight, kg Overall dimensions, mm: - of generating set 700х300х x500x x525x815 - of control cabinet 450х350х x440x x820x640 Water discharge, m 3 /s 0,035 0,16-0,3 0,35-0,5 Operating head, m

43 Types of standard house biogas plants Biogas plant made of concrete with soil penetration 1 - methane-tank; 2 heat insulation; 3 - communicating channel; 4 - gas bleeder; 5 - lid; 6 auxiliary capacity; 7 - soil; 8 - biomass; 9 - gas. Technical specifications 1. Methane-tank capacity,m 3 2,5 2. Daily production, m 3 3, Thermal conditions mesophilous 4. Operating mode periodically Ground biogas plant, metallic 1. mechanical stirrer; 2. capacity for preliminary preparation of raw material; 3. heat insulation; 4. methane-tank; 5. loading tube; 6. manometer; 7. electrical heating; 8. handle; 9. valve; 10. lid; 11 level inspection sensor; 12. thermal sensor. Technical specifications 1. Methane-tank capacity,m 3 5, Daily production, m Thermal conditions thermophile 4. Operating mode continous Biogas plant, metallic Technical specifications 1. Capacity,m Daily production, m 3 a) of biogas 30 b) of fertilizers 0,14-0,15 3. Volume of processed raw materials 14,0-15,0 Birotary wind plant Rated capacity, kw 0,5 Rated voltage, V 24 Weight, kg 20 Overall dimensions, mm: 2000х2000х500 Completeness (rechargeable battery, 100% controllers, lead) Rated wind speed, m/s 6-8 Quantity of wind wheels, pcs 2 43

44 3.2.а. Estimates of Economic and Financial Viability of Various RES Technologies with Micro-HPPs and Biogas Plants We would try to demonstrate economic and financial viability for technologies of renewable sources of energy. We would disclose now examples of micro hydro power plants with capacities up to 50 kw and biogas plants with volumes of methane tanks up to 25 cubic meters as the most representative and typical. Our quantitative estimate of micro-hpp parameters will be related to the example of the central settlement of the Sary-Chelek nature preserve. As a rule, namely such establishments are characterized with their demand for RES because they are mainly located in remote mountainous and decentralized areas where issues of energy supply are of the first priority. Technologies for Utilization of micro hydro power plants with capacity of 50 kw Fig Shows the layout of this nature preserve with a mountain river located nearby. Initial data in use of micro hydro power plants with capacities of 50 kw were determined with the following conditions for our calculations: Volumes of construction-and-assembling operations in our calculations were determined according to the drawings of micro-hpp annexed. Prices for construction materials and equipment, tariff per kwh were adopted from the Price-lists. Calculations of the price for one kwh of electric energy were made on the basis of the amounts of capital expenditures, operational costs and unforeseen costs (10%) related to one year and divided by the amount of kilowatt-hours generated by an energy source during a year. Calculations of capital expenditures assumed that costs of construction-and-assembling operations equals 40% of the costs of materials and equipment, which was assumed at the basis of averaged data../35/ Cost of transportation was tentatively assumed to be equal to 40% of the price of materials and equipment, because the entities built are located in mountains far away from railroads, and transportations shall be made by automobile vehicles at large distances. Moreover, all construction materials must be delivered into the nature preserve, including inert ballast ones, because development of open pits is prohibited at its territory. The calculations are annexed with the specifications for equipment and materials required for construction of the aggregate. Price for a kwh is calculated without the VAT (value added tax) included. Besides, we annex also the summary specification for the equipment and materials required for construction of micro-hpp for 50 kw in the Sary-Chelek nature preserve (Table # 3-1). 44

45 N S 5 40 Н=0 road 1 1.Water uptake Н*О 2. Site for HPP Н=--7m 3. Site for HPP Н=-8 m 4. Former HPP Н=-5.5m 4. Water reservoir 5. Residential houses 6. Mud torrent discharge 7. Museum 8. Administrative buildings 9. Hotel 10. Laboratory Laboratory Mill derivative l=560m Kozho-Ata river м Fig Diagram for Location of Hydro Structures 45

46 Table 3.1. Specification for the equipment and materials required in construction of micro-hpp for 50 kw Names of equipment and materials Units of Measurements Quantities Prices in US$ One Unit Total 1 Micro-HPP 50 kw Units Locks 900 mm Units Pipes Ø 920 mm running metre Pipes Ø 40 mm running metre Metalware ton 1, Reinforcement rods, steel ton 2, Cable APVG 3 х х 35 running metre Concrete m Concrete tray, LP-10 running metre Water gate Units Roofing slate sheet Pylon of electric main, 0.4 kv, ferroconcrete Units Total Calculation for the Price of Electric Energy in the Sary-Chelek Nature Preserve A. Calculations for the Cost of Construction Operations 1. Water Intake Cost of Construction Materials Volume of concrete 79 m 3 Price per 1 m 3 48 US$. Cost of concrete - 79 х 48 = 3,792 US$. Metalware - 0,40 ton US$/ton. Price of cubic meter 0.4 х 842 = 337 US$. Reinforcement rods, steel 0,8 ton 524 US$/ton. Price of reinforcement rods, steel 0.8 х 524 = 419 US$. Cost of materials 3, = 4,548 US$. Construction operations 40% of material cost = 4,548 х 0,2 = 907 US$. Transport -- 40% of material cost US$. Cost of water intake 4, = 6362 дол. 1. Headrace Canal. Calculations of the price of the derivation canal are made in two versions: a) with installation of steel pipes Ø 920 mm and b) reinforced concrete chute LP-10 with the cross section of 1.1. m 2. Length of headrace canal 540 m Initial Data: 46

47 Price of 1 running meter of steel electric-welded pipe 920 mm - 48 US$. Price of 1 running meter of reinforced concrete chute LP-10 with support slabs and columns 32 US$. Calculations Price of canal made with steel pipe х 48 = 25,920 US$. Price of canal made with reinforced concrete chutes х 32 = 17,280 US$. Because the derivation channel made with reinforced concrete chutes demands less costs (25,920 1,7280 = 8,640 US$.) it is assumed for substantiation of the cost of this micro-hpp. Inclusion of the costs of construction, assembly works and transport operations (80%) will raise the cost of the derivation channel to 17,280 х 1.8 = 31,104 US$. 2. Fish Pass. Initial Data: The fishery conservation tailrace will pass 0.4 m 3 /sec of water during winter months when the river has the minimum water yield. Length of the canal is 22 m. Chute LP-10 for the price of 32 US$ per running meter. Calculations Cost of the fishery conservation tailrace х 32 = 704 US$. Including construction & assembly works and transportation (80%) х 1.8 = 1,267 US$. 3. Sedimentation Basin Initial Data: Size of the sedimentation basin м 3. Required materials: Volume of concrete 16 m 3, amount of reinforcement steel 0.3 ton. Lock 2 units. Calculations Concrete:16 х 48 = 768 US$, reinforcement steel rods and grating: 0.3 х 524 = 157,4 US$. Locks 85 х 2 = 170 US$. Total: = 1,095 US$. Including construction & assembly works and transportation (80%), cost of the sedimentation basin will reach: 1,095 х 1,8 = 1,971 US$. 4. Antechamber Volume of the antechamber is 24 m 3 together with the emergency spillway consisting of a DU-lock of 900 mm, pipeline of Ø 920 and 14 m in length, and, besides, grating and reinforcement fittings of 0.3 tons. Calculations Cost of concrete reservoir 24 m 3 : Concrete: 16 х 48 = 768 US$.. reinforcement fittings, 0,3tons х 842 = 253 US$. 47

48 Pipeline Ø 920 mm 14 m х 48 = 672 US$. Lock-DU 900 mm 200 US$. Total: = 1893 US$. Including construction & assembly works and transportation (80%), cost is 1,893 х 1.8 = 3,407 US$. 5. Pressure Pipeline Length of pressure pipeline --12 m. Lock of cast iron, RU mm Cost -- 12м х 48 = 576 US$. Lock 200 US$. Total: ( ) х 1.8 = 1,397 US$. Including construction & assembly works and transportation (80%). 6. Electric Station & Drain Canal Foundations under the electric aggregate of the micro-hpp 3m 3 of concrete. Concrete site - 8 m 3 of concrete. Total concrete - 11 m 3 Cost of concrete 11 х 48 = 528 US$. Shed: metalware 800 US$ х 0,5 ton= 400 US$. Roofing slate, 60 sheets х 4 = 240 US$. Drain canal - 45 m х 50 = 2,248 US$. Fencing 60 m: pipes Ø40 mm, 60 m х 2 meter = 120 US$. Wire netting - 80 m 2 х 2.2 = 176 US$. Total: , = 3,712 US$. Construction works total: 6, , , , , , = 49,220 US$. B. Electromechanical Equipment An aggregate with generation capacity of 50 kw is selected for installation at the micro-hpp. The power generating unit, device of automatic regulation UAP-10, energizing device U-13, intake mechanism, a block of ballast load are included into the delivery set of equipment. Cost of the aggregate set 30,000 US$. Transportation cost at the railroad 4,000 US$. Assembly, tuning, commissioning into operation equal10% of the price of the micro-hpp 30, 000 х 10% = 3,000 US$. Total cost of the micro-hpp: 30, , ,000 = 37,000 US$. С. Transmission and Distribution Electric transmission line from the micro-hpp will be drawn along the existing pillars, but one new that will be mounted close to the micro-hpp. This transmission line will use the APVG 3-50 cable supported with rolled wire of Ø 8 because there do exist the same electric wires of the already existing line. Initial Data: Length of cable distribution lines m Price of 1 running meter of the APVG 3*50 cable 3 х 50 4 US$. 48

49 Price of one pillar of reinforced concrete 2,150 US$. Price of other materials 871 US$. Price of all materials х 4 + 2, = 4,717 US$. Assembling works -- 40% of material cost - 4,717 х 0.4 = 1,886 US$. Transportation cost 40% = 1,887 US$. Total cost: 4, , ,887 = 8,490 US$. D. Unforeseen Costs (10%) 1. Construction works 49,220 US$. 10% = 4,922 US$. 2. Electrical equipment 37,000 10% = 3,700 US$. 3. Transmission & distribution -- 10% = 849 US$. Total: 4,922+3, =9,471 US$. Total amount of investments: 49, , ,490+ 9,471 = 10,4181 US$ Cost of 1 kw of installed capability of the micro-hpp is equal to: 10,4181 : 50 = 2,084 US$/kW E. Cost in generation of a unit of electric energy at this micro-hpp is 50 PR. Service life period of the micro-hpp is 25 years Annual investments 104,181 : 25 = 4,167 US$/year Operational Costs: Servicing of the micro-hpp & transmission line for 0.4 kw 2 persons. Average wage for one worker is 2,000 Som, or 47 US$ per month Expenses per year -- 2 х 12 months х 47 US$\ month = 1,128 US$ per 1 year. Other operational costs, including cleaning of sand and clay sediment from the water intake, are equal to 1.41% of the sum of investments and to 104,181 х = 1,477 US$?? Thus, the total is: 1, ,477 = US$, which is equal to 2.5% of the amount of investments. Amount of expenses per year: 4,167+2,605=6,772 US$. Maximum of electric energy generated: 50 х 23 х 365 days. = 41,9750 kw/h. Price of one kw/h generated by the micro-hpp 6,772 : 419,750 = US$/kW/h, or 1.6 cent, or х 42 = 67.2 som/ kw/h??? Payback by the micro-hpp According to the Resolution # 148 of of the State Energy Agency of the Kyrgyz Republic, the double-rate tariff for electric grids per one kw is 0.02 US$/kWh Accounting for annual increases of tariffs indicates that the average tariff for 25 years will reach US$/kWh, or 1.8 som per 1 kwh. It will demand 419,750 х = 18,050 US$ per year to generate 419,750 kwh per year. Generation of 419, kwh at micro-hpps will cost 419,750 х = 6,716 US$/year. Difference in cost of electric energy in a year will come to 18,050-6,716 = 11,334 US$/year. Amount of investments 104,181 US$. Repayment: 104,181 : 11,334 = 9 years. 49

50 Thus, it can be seen that also with such quite different prices for electric energy that are applied in the Republic today, nevertheless, projects with utilization of micro hydropower plants are economically attractive and financially viable. Besides, if we account for the real tendency for growth of prices on electricity in the near future then attractiveness of such projects is beyond any doubts. 50

51 Fig Design of Water Intake Structure 51

52 Fig Layout of Equipment in the micro-hpp

53 Technology for Application of Biogas Plants As it was mentioned above, Biogas Plants with the volume of methane tank of 25 m 3 are the most attractive for population. This capacity, as practical experience and investigation results indicate, allows fully satisfy demands in gas supply of a private consumer that is needed for heating and cooking, and also to get additional income from the plot of land through application of processed biohumus as a highly efficient fertilizer /34/. Table 3.2 provides estimates of costs of materials and equipment for biogas plants with the volume of methane-tank of 25 m 3. Table 3.2. Cost estimates for Manufacture of a Bioenergy Module with the Volume of Methane- Tank of 25 m 3 Name Som, thou 25m 3 1 Reactor Gasholder Compressor Materials for outside binding of the reactor, gasholder, feed, mixing and heating devices Receiving bin Device to feed in raw materials Device for anaerobic mixing of raw materials Heating device Inhibiting device Device to control level, temperature, pressure in reactors Automatic evacuator device Protective devices (level in feed bin, pressure in reactors and gasholder Control cabinet Auxiliary materials Substrate producing methane (ferment) Transport Wages Social insurance 12.0 TOTAL Overhead expenses 10% 21.5 TOTAL ФЧС, 1.5 % Automobile roads 0.8% VAT 20%

54 TOTAL Calculations of Biogas Plant Productivity Twenty-four-hour productivity of biogas plant is: V daily. = 2/3 V meter. К (1) where: V daily Twenty-four-hour of biogas plant productivity, m 3. V met. volume of methane tank, m 3 К productivity factor Accounting that V met. = 25 m 3, К = 2.5, we will get: V daily = 2/ = 41.6 m 3 /twenty-four-hour. Then, respective weekly, monthly and annual volumes will equal: V week = V day 7 days= = m 3 V month = V week 4.= = 1,164.8 m 3 V year = V month 12 = 1, = 11,648.0 m 3 With the heating capacity of biogas equal to 8 kw per 1 m 3 we get: N = 11,648.0 m 3 8 = 93,184 kw Fig 3.11 shows diagrams of biogas efficiency 1, , Daily Weekly Monthly Annual Fig Diagram of Gas Generation With the price for biogas of 3 som per 1 m 3, the cost of biogas generated will reach (for the conversion rate of 40 som = 1 US$) 11,648 х 3 som = 34,944 som, or US$. Annual loading is determined on the basis of practical realistic possibility for operation of the plant during the time of up to 10 months. Two months are allocated for preventive maintenance and repairs. Simultaneously the biogas plant allows obtaining high quality liquid organic fertilizers, approximately 20 ton per month, and then the annual amount with operation during ten months will reach: У = 20 х 10 = 200 ton/year 54

55 The norm for consumption of processed raw material, of biohumus, is 1 ton per a hectare. Thus, the plant allows fertilizing approximately 200 hectares of lands. Prices for biohumus in our Republic are set on the basis of 1,000 Som, or 25 US$ for 1 ton. Its sales can give: 25 US$ х 200 tons = 5,000 US$. Thus, a biogas plant with the volume of methane tank of 25 m 3 might ensure total economy of: 5, = 5,873.6 US$. If the price of a biogas plant is 288,600 Soms, or 7,215 US$, then the time of cost recovery will be: 7,215 : 5,873.6 =1.2 years It is guaranteed that the time of operation of a biogas plant is 15 years, thus, the plant can save during this period the amount of: 5,873.6 US$ x 13.8 = 8, US$ Besides, one family of five persons needs on average 2 m 3 of gas per day, then annual amount is equal to: 2 m 3 х 360 days = 720 m 3 11,648 : 720 = 14.7 families will get ensured supply of gas. 14 families with 5 persons each, or 70 persons, will be supplied with gas for cooking. The project provides for annual production of 200 ton of organic fertilizers, fertilization of 200 hectares of arable lands, and generation of 11,648.0 m 3 of combustible biogas for heating and cooking. Thus, it can be seen that in the situation of our Republic, financial viability and economic feasibility of projects with utilization of RES is fully realistic and promising. If we account for the fact that tendency with growth of prices for traditional energy sources then we may state that attractiveness of projects with utilization of RES shall always increase. 55

56 3.3 Institutional, Legal and Organizational Dimensions of RES Commercialization. A Coordination body in charge of regulation and supervision of the local small-scale renewable power generation systems is the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Fuel Resources (hereafter Ministry). However, it is worthwhile to note, that we consider small-scale power generation as part of the energy complex as according to legislation, power industry is not divided into small-scale power generation and development of fuel and energy complex. The fuel and energy complex strategic planning, assessment and projection as well as support to development of new technologies and know-how in the energy industry with a view to foster fundamental and applied science, energy industry, power generation development and support to renewable energy sources development functions were transferred to the Ministry. An important role in the of renewable energy sources development can be played by the State Inspectorate for Energy and Gas under the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic a body assigned with supervision and oversight functions to ensure reliable, safe and uninterrupted power supply over the course of electric and thermal power and natural gas generation, distribution and consumption by the power companies, other consumers irrespective of the type of ownership as well as functions of energy conservation. The State Energy Inspectorate ensures observation of the state interests in the energy efficiency increase during electric and thermal power and natural gas generation, transmission and distribution as well as fuel, natural gas, electric and thermal power loss reductions over the course of consumption, accident and occupational injuries preventions. However, it is important to note that functions of the State Energy Inspectorate and the National Agency for Antimonopoly Policy and Competition include issue of licenses for electric and thermal power and natural gas production, transmission, distribution and sale. Duplication of functions has been eliminated. Institutional and regulatory requirements are set by the ministries and agencies in line with their functions and authorities. Let us review institutional and regulatory requirements to small-scale electric power system set by the Ministry of Agriculture, Water Resources and Processing Industry. This ministry is in charge of the state policy development in Agricultural and Industrial Complex, including land and agrarian reform, livestock raising, veterinary services, fishery, crop production, plant quarantine, irrigation, soil fertility, agricultural land use, agricultural inputs and produce market regulation, food and processing industry. The regulation function of the given ministry is licensing of dam construction on the rivers and water reservoirs. The State Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic for the State Property Management (hereinafter SPC) is the public administration body of the Kyrgyz Republic representing the state as owner of the state assets ensuring implementation of public policies in the state property management and privatization, bankruptcy prevention, ensuring bankruptcy process carry-out, development of property evaluation activities. The SPC objectives include: ensure effective use, management and privatization of the state property; develop enterprise effectiveness improvement and bankruptcy prevention measures. The SPC ensures effective management and settlement of the state property at the state enterprises and institutions, commercial partnerships (societies) with the state-owned shareholding (shares), organizes supervision of the rational use and preservation of the state property, coordinates operations of the state bodies pertinent to the state property settlement. 56

57 Any new facility shall comply with environmental requirements. The State Agency for Environmental Protection and Forestry under the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic (hereinafter State agency) is a national state body for environmental protection and a national state body for forestry management, uniform environmental policies development, bio-diversity preservation, rational use of natural resources, mountainous areas development, forestry and wildlife services and environmental safeguards observation. The State Agency for Architecture and Construction under the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic is a public administration body of national coverage in charge of regulation and supervision in the areas of architecture, urban development and construction, engineering surveys, engineering and technical and transport infrastructure, construction materials, goods and structures production (hereinafter urban development and architectural operations). The State Agency for Architecture and Construction is a legal successor of the State Commission on Architecture and Construction under the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic. Ministry of the Kyrgyz Republic for Emergency Management is a central body for executive state power, which performs functions of protecting the population against emergencies of natural and technological origins. Given that, small-scale power generation facilities shall be protected against mudslides, floods and other detrimental water, requirements related to the particular area are set by this Ministry. The Ministry designs and implements activities aimed at protecting against the above natural calamities, has the right to prohibit construction, reconstruction, expansion and technical extension of the facilities and other activities carried out in violation of the current legislation, standards, norms and rules; make changes in the Ministry s work program pertinent to construction and rescue and recovery operations in the case of emergency during the year. The Ministry of Economy and Finance of the Kyrgyz Republic (hereinafter the ministry) is a central body for executive state power in charge of defining the overall policy directions in the social and economic development of the Kyrgyz Republic, carries out coordinated regulation and executive and administrative functions in the economic, financial, tax and customs related areas. Functions of the Ministry include: monitoring of the permitted and effective use of foreign aid and coordination of the operations of ministries, agencies and local governments with regard to implementation of programs, projects funded by international finances institutions and donor-countries. The Ministry of labor and social protection of the Kyrgyz Republic is a central body for executive state power in charge of carrying out the state policy and providing management in the areas of labor, labor protection, social protection, pension systems operations, primary vocational education, family and children support, and coordinating operations of other state agencies in the above areas. The Ministry supervises compliance with labor legislation; provides expert opinion on the construction norms and rules in line with the labor protection legislation. With a view to ensure compliance with the labor legislation, the ministerial officers are authorized to visit organizations and institutions irrespective of the departmental affiliation and type of ownership pursuant to the law On local selfgovernance and local state administrations. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kyrgyz Republic facilitates interactions between the executive, legislative and judicial authorities to ensure their participation in the international activities in line with the principle of cohesion in foreign policy and compliance with international obligations of the Kyrgyz Republic. The Ministry of Justice of the Kyrgyz Republic ensures supervision to provide legal groundwork for the newly established small-scale renewable electric power systems. Having reviewed the current legislation, it is worthwhile to note that institutional foundation has been laid for the small-scale renewable electric power systems establishment in Kyrgyzstan. The President and the government of the Kyrgyz Republic have assigned a state executive authority and the state scientific and production organization to be in charge of renewable energy sources. 57

58 However, having assessed institutional and regulatory requirements to introduction of the renewable electric power systems, it is important to note that the institutional and regulatory frameworks in the energy sector do not account for the specific features of the renewable electric power systems introduction, in rural areas as well. Institutional and regulatory requirements to the local production of the renewable electric power systems and export of accessories are not reflected in the legislation. Relations with the local self-governance bodies, NGOs, private businesses and other potential stakeholders is not traceable. The existing structure of the executive power branch allows for overlap of regulatory, law enforcement, supervision and service provision functions. This is one of the reasons making it impossible to single out a strategy definition center in the system for specific purposes, in our case, for the small-scale electric power generation systems development. At the same time, the current structure has resources for functional optimization to facilitate small-scale electric power generation systems development and simplify the reconciliation and decision-making processes. For this purpose, leaving the objectives and executive power representatives functions unchanged, a solution can be found via enactment of a governmental resolution or Presidential decree to define more clearly what mechanisms are to be used for alternative power system development in rural areas. The role of the state authorities in the attaining the objectives pertinent to alternative power system development shall be defined from the perspective of organizations ensuring fulfillment of commitments to the improvement of environment and poverty alleviation in the country. The general commitment is responsibility for strategies and action plans development and implementation of the adopted and approved strategies. In line with the national strategy Comprehensive Development Framework of the Kyrgyz Republic until 2010 (CDF) with regard to power system development, an objective has been set to further increase hydro-electric power generation along with effective use of the national mineral energy resources. These objectives are accomplished by: contracting the state participation gradually and increasing the role of the private sector in the national power system development; carrying out a tariff policy enabling expanded reproduction of the power system; privatizing distribution companies; taking technical and administrative measures aimed at drastic electricity losses; developing (with active participation of private investors) national infrastructure for electricity energy carriers transportation, thus allowing for the increase in the domestic resources consumption and decrease of imports; addressing the water supply issue with the neighboring countries, increasing electricity export and shifting to the market principles for mutual accounts settlement; careful analysis and use opportunities for domestic production of oil products, coal and nontraditional energy sources. Institutional setup of Kyrgyzstan does not provide for management of the small-scale electric power systems development within one state body. Besides, these priorities are not reflected in the job descriptions and terms of reference of the ministries and agencies. Yet, the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic shall be given a coordinating role in this as it is a collegial body, which heads the unified system of the executive power in the Kyrgyz Republic and addresses all issues related to public administration commissioned to it. The Government develops and implements national programs for economic, social and science and technologies development. However, from the experience, all adopted regulations remain intact, not applied. Review of the current legislation shows, that in the fuel and energy complex development endeavor, non-traditional energy sources development is not considered a segment in need of the state support. No trends are traceable in support of non-traditional energy sources development in rural areas. In the introduction and\or use of the non-traditional energy sources, the legislation does not distinguish between the rural 58

59 and urban areas. However, this is not necessary. Introduction of non-traditional energy sources lacks clear introduction and use mechanisms. Framework nature of the legislation is not utilized through provisions or instructions. Hence, legal documents - instructions, rules, methodologies related to small-scale hydro-power generation systems have not been developed by a regulatory body. The current legislation has not been matched with the attained objectives in the area for compliance verification purposes. Along with that, regulatory and legal framework review leads to the conclusion that legal basis is sufficient for introduction and operation of the small-scale renewable energy systems in the Kyrgyz Republic. Inter-sectoral relations between the stakeholders moving toward the small-scale renewable energy systems development can be used by applying the law On the Innovated Activities, which is designed to coordinate innovative and investment activities in the Kyrgyz Republic. At the same time, Kyrgyzstan has not provided to meet a number of loan commitments made to the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Global Environmental Conventions. The legislation does not provide effective procedures and mechanisms for public participation in the decision making process with regard to small-scale hydro-electric power systems. Price and tariff regulations mechanisms in the area are not in place. A regulatory body, which provides supervision and regulates small-scale electric renewable energy sources, is assigned to carry out the state policy in anti-monopoly regulation, fuel and energy complex, consumers rights protection, advertising. There is no a separate body in Kyrgyzstan in charge of strategic planning in energy industry, including small-scale hydropower generation and there is not a state body regulating the sector. It is necessary to improve the market mechanisms and provide economic incentives. It is considered worthwhile to amend the current regulations in light of the international commitments. Major Legislative Issues: Lack of program documents setting priorities for introduction and operation of the small-scale renewable energy generation systems, in rural areas as well; incompleteness and the need to adjust the regulations (pertinent to introduction and operation of the non-traditional energy sources) to the market conditions; duplications of the functions of the state bodies; Mechanisms for general public, NGOs and private sector participation in the decision making process with regard to small-scale power generation systems use are not in place Project Implementation Experience within the Framework of International Cooperation. Operation of the international projects comprised, mainly, involvement of Kyrgyzstan in the international projects and programs with a view to obtain a wide range of contacts with the leading centers and world companies engaged in addressing the issues of Renewable energy sources, including solar energy. Integration of Kyrgyzstan in the international process of RES development and operation is one of the most important and highest priority issues. Cooperation with the World Bank on the project Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan: Opportunities for Non- Traditional Power Systems Development shall be considered one of the most important and productive projects. Consequently, in cooperation with the Bank representatives and international experts, analysis has been carried out and future perspectives assessed in terms of solar and other renewable energy sources development in Kyrgyzstan. The work has been completed following the International Conference and acceptance of the number of recommendations given by the World Bank with regard to providing support to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in the efforts to develop non-traditional power generation systems. 59

60 Within the framework of international programs funded by the EC Commission in cooperation with the Coordination and Counseling Group of the Central Asian countries in energy sector, for the first time in history, the following piece of work has been completed under the project - «Market Potential Analysis for Helio-technologies Development in Central Asia». Implementation of the project provided an opportunity to inform the EC countries on the capacity and development perspectives for solar power system development in Kyrgyzstan and to introduce potential partners from Kyrgyzstan for cooperation and work in future with the western partners. One of the results of the endeavor is a business meeting between the lead companies and investors from Western Europe and Kyrgyz enterprises and organizations engaged in addressing solar energy issues in Brussels (Belgium), which gave a start to the productive cooperation of JSC Crystal with French firm «Fotowatt», JSC OREMI with the German company «Ossberger»; JSC KHMZ established contacts with the European producers of silicon. Within the framework of the Asian Development Bank s program on the regional economic cooperation in Central Asia, possibilities for implementation of large-scale regional RES projects were assessed and Bank investment opportunities analyzed. In cooperation with Kazakh and Uzbek colleagues, proposals were developed and submitted to implement regional projects on poli and mono- silicon production in order to set up a complex enterprise for FEP and related accessories production. Besides, during implementation of the program small-scale power generation perspectives were assessed as well as possibilities for investments stimulation with a view to implement such projects. Within ТАСIS program, a project Alternative, New Sources of Energy was implemented in cooperation with international experts. The project identified obstacles to wide-range use of RES and defined ways to overcoming the obstacles. Within the framework of the international project «Promotion of Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Abatement» (PREGA) funded by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in , three project proposals were developed: Bio-gas devices, small-scale hydroelectric power systems and hydro-irrigation pumps, designed to exercise opportunities to use these renewable energy sources in the Kyrgyz Republic. The experience gained through the international cooperation shows, there are real practical opportunities for implementation of specific projects in RES by consolidating efforts of various countries. Consolidation of the efforts of the Central Asian countries represents the natural need and maximum efforts shall be used to cease the opportunities. 3.5 Barriers to Active Use of RES As can be learned from the above analysis, the country has an extensive scientific pool, accumulated practical experience, in some cases, certain capacity for RES generating devices production and introduction in the national economy. However, despite all of these, now, share of RES use is very small (less than 1%). What are the main reasons and what issues prevent large-scale use of the RES? To our view, there is a number of reasons for that: 1. Until recently, practical demand for RES use was non-existent for number of reasons, mainly due to lower cost of traditionally generated energy compared to the energy generated on RES use. Now, this has changed drastically and one can expect increase in the RES demand. 2. Unpreparedness on the part of the major consumers to use new technologies and technical means. Hence, this barrier has to be overcome by providing methodological training, creating awareness of the wider consumers group, i.e. there is a need for large-scale public awareness campaigns of national coverage. 60

61 3. At the initial stage, these technologies require significant investments, especially, for setting up the production, which is, unfortunately, hard to accomplish, given the economic situation in the country. Hence, until the Government makes funding available and provides tangible support, one cannot expect any developments in the area. 4. Unfortunately, present consumer is not only morally prepared to accept the technology, but also, due to the mindset, is totally economically illiterate and does not have the capacity to understand that the initial costs born during the devices installation, although significant, will pay back after certain period, will generate net profits in the future. The consumer is not used to this, s\he wants to invest little today and enjoy benefits tomorrow. 5. Significant importance in the large-scale use of RES is given to the social and economic situation in the country and living standards of the population. Unfortunately, it has to be noted that the majority of the population is primarily busy addressing the subsistence issues in order to survive. This is a natural consequence, which defines priorities for food consumption, housing and job, etc. Surely, RES use issues are far from being first priority issues. 6. A civilized and highly effective promotion of the technologies is, of course, impossible in the absence of highly qualified human resources, both at the operation level and at the level of highly qualified engineers, Master s and PhDs in sciences. 7. Hence, these issues should be genuinely addressed by setting up specific training programs in the vocational schools, colleges and universities. Education at the master s and doctorate levels. Establishing special councils of the National Accreditation Committee to provide opportunities for dissertations defense. 8. Unfortunately, presently, a qualifications review system and regulatory and technical documents are practically non-existent, thus not allowing the industrial enterprises to produce these technical devices, and limiting the designers capacity to develop such projects (absence of Technical Conditions, GOST, SNIP, etc.). Hence, it is necessary to establish such services and address the issues. 9. There is a need for fundamental, systematic and careful analysis of the sales market, which is, the way we understand it, a separate science with its own methodologies, patterns of relationship, etc. Therefore, we consider the efforts made in this direction as necessary and justified. 10. It is necessary to adopt the relevant legislation providing state support and certain privileges for the producers. 11. And, finally, the issue will not be considered as completely covered if the system installation, operation and maintenance aspects are not highlighted. Probably, there is a need for specialized enterprises assigned to fulfill these functions. By ignoring these issues, we can bring the new technologies implementation efforts to nought. 61

62 4. EVALUATION, MONITORING OF THE POTENTIAL CONSUMER MARKET Objective of the study is data collection for the consumer market evaluation, identification of the main obstacles to RES technologies introduction as well as development of recommendations for mastering this type of energy in its practical application. Analysis of the Meetings with Potential Consumers The study was conducted in the form of the selected villages exploration, workshops based on the preliminarily developed programs: village mapping with indication of the main consumers and energy supply sources; review of the social and economic status of the local population; identification of the currently available energy sources and consumption effectiveness; determination of the level of technical, financial and economic literacy of the population with regard to renewable energies use. All ten villages selected for the purpose of the study, are located in the sub-mountainous and mountainous areas of the Republic (Figure 1): 1. Ortok village, Suzak rayon, Jalalabat oblast; 2. Jardy-Suu village, Moskovsky rayon, Chui oblast; 3. Tamchy village, Issykkul rayon, Issykkuk oblast; 4. Tuz village, Yssykata rayon, Chui oblast; 5. Ylay Talaa village, Kara-Kulja rayon, Osh oblast; 6. Pervoe Maya village, Sovetsky rayon, Osh oblast; 7. Suusamyr village, Jaiyl rayon, Chui oblast; 8. Ak-Bosogo village, Alay rayon, Osh oblast; 9. Baizak village, Jumgal rayon, Naryn Oblast; 10. Kurtka village, Aktalaa rayon, Naryn oblast. Figure 4. 1 Location of the studied settlements 62

63 Available RES-based technologies Number of rural participants of the seminar Ortok Jarduu- Suu Data on conducted seminars 1st of Tamchy Tus Ylaai-Talaa May Suusam yr Ak- Bosogo Baizak Table Male/female 18/5 20/14 21/5 17/10 17/7 26/5 22/8 25/10 14/11 19/9 Participants with completed higher education /without higher education Related in a way to power engineering issues 15/8 17/17 19/7 19/8 20/4 22/9 24/6 22/13 17/8 22/ Kurtka Energy carriers used for cooking Figure 4.2 Energy carriers used for heating No industries are available in the above villages. Major income sources for the villages are pensions and unemployment benefits. Average monthly income per person per household (not taking account the subsistence farming produce consumed by the family members) is about som Almost all the households have small and large cattle. The common means for premise heating and cooking are various ovens (Figure 1): coal-fired, woodfired, manure-fired and electric ovens with efficiency factor varying from 30% (for iron and brick ovens) to 100% (for electric ovens). However, due to poor construction of the houses, energy losses during the heating process reach 60%. As a result, above 50% of the family budgets in rural areas are allocated to house heating. According to the conducted study, the most frequently used fuel by the rural households is coal. The second most used energy source for the rural residents is dry manure. In average, one household uses up to 3 tons of dry manure for heating and cooking purposes. The third energy used is wood, while the amounts used depend on the region. Electricity use is on the fourth place. It is interesting to note that electricity consumption levels depend, first of all, on the season and doubles during winter compared to the warmer seasons. Annual costs of energy consumption by one household in Jardy-Suu village (mainly coal and electricity), as the most representative of the national pattern, amount to som , thus accounting for 56% of the family annual budget. 63

64 Figure 4.3 See Table 4.2 for energy consumption data by typical rural households. Table 4.2 Type of housing Adobe house (30-40 m 2 of living area) Brick house (30-40 м 2 f living area) Timber house (30-40 м 2 f living area) Expenditure of energy by types, thous. Kcal/m 2 / kw/hr/m 2 Electric power Coal Including, % Firewoo d Keros ene Dry manure 249,5/290, ,6/339, ,2/210, It should be noted that energy losses in traditional houses reach significant levels (see Table 4.3). The European power consumption standard for new houses makes 8 liters/m2. Table 4.3 Computation based on European standards Computation based on the USSR standards The population survey data Power consumption 396 kw/hr/m 2 / equivalent to 40 liters of fuel per m kw/hr/m 2 / equivalent to 32 liters of fuel per m 2 from 189 up to 394 kw/hr/m 2 / equivalent to liters of fuel per m 2 64

65 Thus, there is a huge potential of power consumption reduction (up to 70%) by construction of houses with improved design and application of passive solar heating elements (Figure 4.4). Heat loss of traditional houses Рис. 4.4 Heat loss of Solar houses Power consumption for lighting, refrigerator, TV and radio Type of power consumption kw/hr/year Som/year Refrigerator lighting TV and radio TOTAL: Table 4.4 It should be noted that households spent for these needs about 10% from heating and cooking costs. Possible power supply solutions as to farmers perception Table 4.5 contains results of the rural population survey relating to power supply issues. Available RES technologies Ortok Jarduu- Suu Technologies priority in rural areas, % - villages 1st of Suusam Tamchy Tus Ylaai-Talaa May yr Ak- Bosogo Baizak Table 4.5 Solar hot water supply plants Solar heating systems Solar kitchens Elements of passive solar architecture Solar dryers Photovoltaic systems Smallscal hydropower plants Micro- hydropower plants Biogas plants Wind-driven plants Geothermal heating systems The analysis of the received data has shown that it is possible to identify four typical groups by priority of the renewable energy technologies: Kurtka 65

66 1. Most necessary technology (regardless of the region), in opinion of farmers, are biogas technologies. It may be explained by the fact that practically everywhere there is a large livestock population long with lack of fossil fuel in rural areas. A high priority in all regions of the republic has been given to such systems as solar kitchens and solar water heaters. The given installations are characterized by usability and relatively low cost that is the most acceptable criteria in rural areas. Their popularity can be related to living conditions improvement without application of expensive fossil fuels. 2. Such installations as solar drying devices, photovoltaic converters, small scale and microhydroelectric power plants differ by priority depending on various criteria of comparison. Solar dryers are most popular in gardening areas of the southern region of Kyrgyzstan, and separate areas of the Chui oblast, and less often in the Naryn oblast. Less popular photovoltaic converters are interesting in those areas where there is a mixture of the well-to-do population (mainly due to ownership of livestock and ruminants): Chui and Talas oblasts, Suusamyr and Alai valleys, separate areas of the Naryn oblast along with existing electric power supply problems. Basically there are used Watt capacity plants. Small scale hydroelectric power plants are interesting in those areas with water-currents where it is possible to build such hydroelectric power plants. However, rural inhabitants expect such projects on construction of small scale hydroelectric power plants to be implemented by the state due to lack of significant financial resources required for such construction, and lack of experts capable to perform high quality design and construction works in relation to small scale hydropower plants. Less popular but more stable appear to be micro- hydropower plants than small scale hydroelectric power plants in the regions as the consumers preference is given to the micro class due to their seasonal application opportunities and small capacity. Among consumers of such plants are: small villages (ayils), fine crafts, geological parties, road maintenance and servicing units, weather stations, recreational zones, radio relay stations, sheepyards, dairy farms, cultural centers of outrun pastures, shepherd setups, hydro posts, apiaries, fodder laying-in points, pump stations, shearing and hibernating areas, tourist camps, etc. 3. Such technologies are less popular, but relatively stable throughout the entire territory of the republic as solar heat uptake for heating along with power efficient construction with passive use of solar energy. Insignificant interest shown by the population in relation to the given technologies may be explained by their high cost and complexity of implementation. 4. The least popular installations appeared to be wind and geothermal facilities. In opinion of farmers, they are not competitive even if there exists a quite good potential for their use. At estimating realistically the economic situation in rural areas, inhabitants have assessed an opportunity of the RES-based technologies introduction (Figure 1). On the average, in the judgment of surveyed farmers the following installations can appear within 10 years, peasants in their villages: 1. Solar plants: - For hot water - in 70% of houses; - Photovoltaic - in 30% of houses; - Solar kitchens - 90% of houses; 2. Biogas plants are installed in 7% of households; 3. 1 small scale hydropower plant was built with the purpose of power supply; 4. 10% of households use micro-hydroelectric power plant; 5. Training of 20 local master-experts on solar and biogas plants production and maintenance, and construction of micro-hydroelectric power plant. 66

67 Figure 4.5 The majority of inhabitants of the villages covered by the survey have expressed willingness to promote ideas of the RES-based technologies development and introduction. However, their possible contribution includes only provision of unpaid unskilled labor opportunities. Respondents answered to the question «How much funds are you ready to invest in purchase or construction of the RES-based systems?» that they can spend from 500 up to Som. It reflects a real situation when the renewable energy uptake technologies meets both financial, and technological obstacles. 4.2 Results of the consumer market evaluation Research of the consumer market has shown that in Kyrgyzstan, as well as in many areas of the Central Asian countries lack of safe and reliable electric and power supply thus seriously constraining development and poverty reduction (one of key outcomes of the CAREC Program). Wide spread occurrence of the RES-based systems could become a solution of many social and economic issues. However, for today there is a number of problems impeding introduction of the RESbased technologies. Among them: Insufficient level of awareness, lack of widely spread sources of information on renewable energies, mistrust of farmers to advantages of the technology and conservatism of potential producers and consumers; Deficiency of the engineering and research staff capable to solve organizational and technical, ecological, economic problems of renewable energies use; Lack of funding of research and engineering developments; Lack of the population s financial resources sufficient for payment of electric power generated by renewable energy sources at high tariff rates.. The main obstacle is lack of financial and lending mechanisms for funding of construction and erection of the RES plants. It is necessary to provide for involvement of private sector for overall distribution of these technologies. Unfortunately, there is lack of political, legal and institutional framework in the Kyrgyz Republic promoting energy development of in partnership with private sector. Ecological arguments in favor of introduction of the RES-based technologies are poorly perceived by the rural population due to lack of understanding of importance of global ecological processes. Adverse impact of economy on human being or nature is considered as influence external towards the economic process but not as its direct and inevitable consequences. Thus, within the scope of activities on raising awareness of the population special attention should be paid to organizations and conducting of practical seminars on construction of such solar plants as: 67

68 solar water heaters, kitchens, furnaces; training of local masters to tie micro-hydropower plants to the area, necessary capacity calculation and selection of the corresponding equipment; construction and operation of biogas plants simple in design, etc. Figure 4.6 Presentation of the solar dryer arousing lively interest in the southern regions As a strong incentive in promoting and accelerating of the RES development ideas there can be use of the village-level preferential microcrediting arrangements which will be developed for the purposes of promotion of energy conservation technologies. 4.3 Difficulties faced by consumers The analysis of the survey results as a whole has shown insufficiency of the normative and legal framework regulating all aspects of the renewable energies development and lack of strong stimulating public policy. Development of the RES technologies can considerably improve energy safety by providing of power supply based on local renewable energy resources; it will create jobs (mainly in remote rural areas), make a big contribution to improvement of the environmental situation, and stimulate development of agriculture and mechanical engineering. Presently, the following is recognized as barriers to wider circulation of renewable energies development: high cost of the equipment for production of non pollution-free energy, lack in region of specialized manufacturers of the given equipment, and service centers on the RES equipment maintenance. Also, it should be mentioned here low cost of traditional energy. Besides, one of key problems in extensive introduction and use of renewable energy resources in the Central Asia is insufficient awareness of the public: On alternative power as a whole (the RES opportunities and spheres and forms of their use), On world experience of the RES use, On innovations and new development in the renewable energies area, On the RES local potential, On opportunities of the RES use in the Central Asian region. For today the population, state bodies of the Central Asian countries do not consider introduction of alternative energy sources as the real tool of the complex solution of economic and environmental 68

69 problems while the developed countries expand actively the sphere of use of various kinds of alternative power as one of sustainable development preconditions. Long-term public strategy of all Central Asian countries without exception provides intensive development of rural regions with increase in agricultural produce output. In turn, the agricultural development will require growth of power consumption by the given industry that may result due to constant rise in prices on basic energy carriers in creating obstacles to the agriculture development. All this necessitates a modern approach to solution of emerging problems. Considering existence of these problems, nevertheless, one should take into account ample prospects of renewable energies development. There exist all preconditions for such development in the Central Asian region: scientific and industrial potential, availability of required resources. 4.4 Prospective ways of the market development Following steps are recommended for acceleration of development and use of the RES-based energy production technologies in Kyrgyzstan. In light of international commitment to develop the National Program on renewable energies development with account of creation of conditions for the RES introduction in the republic and clean technologies in all sectors of economy and particularly in agriculture. Development of renewable energy sources in Kyrgyzstan requires solution of the whole complex of problems, first of all, of scientific and technical nature. Thus, it is needed to find a solution of renewable energies scientific and technical aspects caused by necessity of achieving higher qualitative level of scientific development. The Government and Parliament of the Kyrgyz Republic will have to develop and adopt a package of laws and by-laws on renewable energy sources with the purpose of the RES promotion, support and development at taking into account the existing world expertise and experience of completed already projects on renewable energy sources in the Central Asia. It should be noted that the draft Law «On renewable energy sources» should be an separate law. The law should contain the following basic provisions: General provisions of the state legislative regulation in the given sphere (purpose of law, area of its application, main principles of the public policy); Principles of state regulation in the field of the RES use (state regulation application, issues of technical regulation, licensing, supervision, control, and statistical measurement); Economic and organizational and legal mechanisms in in the field of the RES use (property relations, development and operation of the RES plants, financial support arrangements programs and projects on the RES introduction (low tariffs, tax relief, etc.), pricing on generated by the RES power resources, and privileges at use of these energy sources (mechanisms developed in support of the law, guaranteeing purchase by the state of the RES generated electric power at higher tariff rates during the nearest years); Aspects of the international cooperation interrelations in the field of the RES use; Requirements set to professional training arrangement in the given sphere, to information and propaganda spreading in the field of the RES use; Other legally obligatory legal provisions (basic concepts, responsibility, law enactment regulations). The Government of the Kyrgyz Republic will have to develop legal arrangements in the near future in the republic which will facilitate participation of organizations in projects to be implemented jointly in accordance with the Kyoto Protocol for attraction of additional funding from external sources. Taking into account the priority goal of the RES use alongside with measures on their use formalization it is 69

70 necessary to provide certain legal measures of state support of the given direction of energy activity. In particular: Exemption of noncommercial installations for the RES use from licensing, registration, control and supervision; Opportunity of the RES use programs and projects financing, including from funds of the republican budget; Granting rights to local representative and state bodies to establish prices and tariffs for thermal and electric energy generated by the RES and delivered to the general power grid, to establish higher tariffs to cover costs incurred due to average tariff rates for energy delivered to consumers; Granting a tax relief at the RES plants construction and operation for the investment payback period in the order and amount stipulated by the tax legislation of the Kyrgyz Republic; Recognition of the RES-related activity as nature protection with the rights as stipulated by the environmental regulations. As a whole the given draft Law is interrelated with five effective laws of the Kyrgyz Republic «On bowels», «On environmental preservation», «On technical regulation», «On energy conservation», «On natural monopolies», and with the developed Tax Code of the Kyrgyz Republic, therefore, the above laws of the Kyrgyz Republic will need amending and supplementing. As a whole adoption of the law «On renewable energy sources» will render effective assistance to solution of major social, economic and ecological problems by using of pollution-free power resources instead of organic fuels. Additional positive effect from scale hydropower engineering development can be received for transport needs - at a noncontrolled river flow the summer excess energy can be used for hydrogen production to be used as fuel for motor transport. For concretization and acceleration of integration processes within the Central Asian countries the following possible cooperation mechanisms may be recommended: The Central Asian countries will have to expand funding of research and demonstration projects in the RES development area by ministries and Academies of sciences, to provide priority financing of development of the equipment evaluation units. To develop a network of organizations engaged in the RES development. To provide distribution of the RES-related final documents among all interested ministries and departments of the Central Asian countries. To raise awareness of the population, state and administrative bodies of the Central Asian countries about the ongoing projects in the region relating to renewable energy sources, by dissemination of information highlighting the successful experience of implementation of the RES introduction projects, conducting of seminars, trainings, educational programs at universities and other institutes of higher education. To found the Central Asian popular scientific magazine devoted to problems of renewable energies. To provide carrying out in the Central Asian countries of the RES-related conferences with the purpose of research findings exchange, ideas of the given technologies distribution. 5. MAPPING OF POTENTIAL RENEWABLE ENERGY CONSUMERS IN MOUNTAINOUS AND RURAL AREAS OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC 5.1. Small energy-intensive independent customers 70

71 Mountainous areas of Kyrgyzstan by its natural and climatic conditions favors development of animal industries based on outrun pasture breeding which are poorly suitable for other agricultural purposes. Therefore, all economic activities there are connected with fodder preparation or services delivery to farm animals. Objects used for performance of these tasks include: pump stations and installations for water lifting to irrigation or amelioration networks, hydraulic engineering constructions of irrigation and drainage systems, stock-farms, sheepyards, cattle campsites, temporal summer pasture sheep stopping places, sheep shearing stations, ponds, etc. In the group of animal-intended objects basically prevail facilities including summer pasture sheepbreeding stations, sheep shearing points, ponds, etc. In the group of animal-intended objects there is prevalence of facilities for heads of sheep flocks which depending on the season of the year graze on spring, summer, autumn and winter pastures. According to such movements the need for energy varies leading to changes in the load structure. During the entire vegetative period, from May till October, feed use of mountain pastures is conducted in line with nomadic way of housekeeping. In process of pasture forage use the place of nomads roam is changed every days, due to which the structure of shepherds subjects of labor and life are extremely limited and small sized, lightweight, etc. Therefore, despite of extremely low efficiency coefficient, in pasture cattle-breeding they use almost everywhere convenient for transportation heating devices such as tripods and overheating metal furnaces. Presently, energy requirement on summer mountain pastures is caused by necessity of thermal household processes: heating of housing, cooking of hot meals, sanitary-and-hygienic needs, etc. (see Table 5.1.). Necessity of heating of summer houses is caused by that in high-mountainous pastures zones of Kyrgyzstan at night and overcast days the outdoor temperature falls up to С and lower, and light marching camp houses are not adapted to this. Basic fuels on mountain pastures is dry manure (kizyak) collected directly on pastures. According to the laboratory analysis, the lowest fuel heat capacity makes 1500 kcal-kg. Depending on weather conditions one shepherd family consisting from 4-5 persons burns daily kg of dry manure collection of which will usually requires 3-5 man-hours. Over the entire summer grazing season (from May till September) such family burns 2-3 tons of such fuel. Table 5.1 Summarized data on fuel consumption by 1 shepherd facility during the grazing season Heat load Kizyak (dry manure) in kind, tons Domestic space Cooking Sanitary and Loss Total heating hygienic needs 1,26 0,44 0,05 0,75 2,5 Kizyak in kw/hr Kizyak in % 50,5 17,6 1, As is seen from Table 5.1 the greatest fuel volume is spent for heating of housing - 50,5%, much less for cooking of hot meals - 17,6% and very little quantity for sanitary-and-hygienic needs. The existing requirement for energy recalculated per one person makes 1175 kw-hr/year, and on one family on the average 4700 kw-hr/year. However, this parameter does not reflect the actual heat requirement which would provide a normal standard of life of shepherds. Out of existing heat requirements only process of cooking of meals is satisfied practically, while other requirements as heating of housing and sanitary-and-hygienic needs are satisfied incompletely. At availability of independent electric power 71

72 source the capacity requirement for lighting of house and sheep station makes 200 W, and for electric power industrial - up to 3 kw. Thus, due to high labor-intensiveness preparation of fuel, its deficiency and small productivity of heating devices on summer high-mountainous pastures fuel is consumed in case of emergency due to what the most minimal heat requirements are satisfied only. At cold weather all livestock of agricultural animals is driven to winter pastures from summer mountain grazing land. As power consumption objects here become sheepyards each having room for sheep. Housekeeping in such objects is based on pasturage in the daytime, and the cattle are driven to sheepyards at night. At such livestock farming about tons of semidry pressed manure will pile up during winter in the sheepyards which is named ken used almost everywhere as fuel. Use of ken as fuel is caused by its availability directly at consumption places, annual renewable stocks, simplicity of preparation and use. They spend for preparation of ken 0,7-0,8 man/days per 1м3, or if converted to 1 ton of conditional fuel - 2,3 man/days. Irrespective of the fact whether the ken will be used as fuel or not, the sheepyard where the ken is accumulated should be cleaned from it regularly. Therefore, actual expenses on the ken preparation as fuel are rather insignificant. Ken consumption to meet the heating needs of one shepherd family located on winter pastures of Kyrgyzstan on the average will make 20 tons a year. The most important time for the power supply demand is lambing time (February - March) when the most part of fuel is spent for heating of water, heating of premises for young animals and delivery rooms in the sheepyards. With due regard for this fact, and subject to the climatic region the heating season lasts days during which the whole stock of ken is burnt. All fuel burning processes in the sheepyards are carried out at using the coal and firewood furnaces which are characterized by low efficiency factor (η =0,1). Burning of ken in these furnaces is accompanied by high overburning which is hardly consistent with hygienic requirements and brings in life much discomfort because of high ash level, moisture susceptibility and rather low caloric content (3000 kcal / kg). Therefore, despite relatively big stocks of this kind of fuel, energy requirement for industrial and household needs is not satisfied. Winter pasture facilities in the mountainous areas of Kyrgyzstan suffer lack of energy. As against non-electrified sheepyards, in electrified facilities in order to provide the heat load they started to utilize easy-to-use electric radiators- electric heating coils, turbular electric heating elements, electric boilers, etc. instead of coal and firewood furnaces. For preventive purposes they may also use devices for irradiation of animals and sterilization of air in premises. Essential specific weight in overall power consumption structure of sheepyards belongs to roughage chopping processes. For example, at using the straw and ensilage chopper such as РСС-6А or the fodder shredder such as IKG-30 the maximal load curve capacity of the sheepyards and its annual operation hours, depending on kinds of auxiliary load, will make 5-20 kw and hour/year, respectively. The perspective electric energy demand of the sheepyards or their groups can include such foraging processes as preparation of haylage, grass meals or granules, etc. Electrical constraints, particularly, affect heating process of the sheepyard delivery rooms when during the lambing time losses of young animals may occur due to cold-related diseases.. At interruption of power supplied to forage processor labor inputs and feed consumption will increase due to their degradation. From groups of the dispersed agricultural production objects the most power-intensive consumers are pump stations and irrigating facilities intended for various purposes - booster pumps, transfer pumps, bucket pumps (performing functions of water intake works), etc. Their capacity range varies from a fraction of m3/sec up to several m3/sec., at the lift starting from a fraction and reaching up to several dozens of meters. According to the fact capacity of pump stations varies from several dozens up to several hundreds kw. 72

73 On canals with the terraced water-retaining structure the water supply is provided with a flight of booster pumping units from the high canal to low one. They are characterized by a wide range of power consumption as well as head works. Operations of pumping stations are technologically interrelated and any restrictions in the electric power supply can break coordination of their actions and lead to washout of earthwork structures or other faults. Head works and pumping stations, as a rule, operate continuously during the entire vegetative period ( hrs per year). Their load daily schedule is characterized by the operating capacity continuity. Power supply reliability requirements of other consumers of the given group are aimed at nonadmission of excessively long restrictions which should not exceed the period of the inter-irrigation period (from several days till 0,5 month) or time when scarcity of water will allow to restore productivity of agricultural crops at subsequent watering with certain delay of harvesting period. From the analysis presented one may see that agricultural facilities of mountainous areas differ essentially from each other by parameters and power consumption mode. According to it all power consumers of the dispersed agricultural production can be incorporated into the following 4 groups. 1. Power consumers during the vegetative period of the year with power-intensive electrical load (various purpose pumping units), with kw capacity and higher, and working hours per year. 2. Power consumers during the winter season with 5-20 kw load capacity of thermal and electric power structure and higher (sheepyards, dairy farms, etc.) with working hours per year according to the maximum load demand. 3. Power consumers as the centralized control and management irrigation systems with 1-3 kw maximum load demand and number of hours of 1 kw peak capacity use during vegetation about 2-10 s/year. 4. Power consumers of summer livestock camps with 0,2-3 kw capacity of electrical load Energy characteristics of potential consumers and distribution by administrative areas of the republic. Mountainous areas have various renewable energy sources (RES) as sun, wind, organic waste products of outrun animal industries, small mountain water-currents, etc. One of the RES main advantages is that they are available directly in places of their use and can be considered as local power resources. Table. 5.2 presents parameters by each group of the dispersed agricultural production objects and, accordingly, local RES, and their resources can satisfy energy demands. Energy characteristics of dispersed agricultural production objects Groups Capacity, kw Season, Energy types on-stream time, hours Consumed Local RES Table Pump stations More than 20 У-УI Electrical Hydraulic power 2. Winter animal camps 1,0-20 IX-У Thermal Hydraulic power, biogas 3. Controlled hydraulic facilities 0,4-2,0 У-IX less than 0,5 Electrical Solar, wind, hydraulic power 73

74 4. Nomadic camps Less than 3,0 У-IX Thermal Solar, wind, hydraulic power As is seen from the table the potential agricultural consumers may be actually subdivided into two basic groups by power consumption. The first group includes consumers with power consumption not exceeding 1-3 kw. The second group includes consumers having small-scale mechanization including pump installations which demand capacity about 20 kw and higher. On the basis of the detailed power consumption investigation of autonomous agricultural consumers mapping of renewable energies potential consumers has been completed on a scale of 1: with layout of most typical for the republic autonomous agricultural consumers. Table 5.3 shows distribution of these consumers by administrative areas of Kyrgyzstan. Oblasts Rural consumers Farms Winter camps Corrals Other 1. Batken Djalal-Abad Issyk-Kul Naryn Osh Talas Chui Total in the republic Table Joint Development of Technologies As for today, the countries of Central Asia possess a sufficient industrial potentials and conditions for organization of manufacture of devices for the both, for the large and the small energy sectors of renewable sources. Below is the list of enterprises, institutions, industrial factories involved in development of equipment, its production and practical application: - in Kyrgyzstan: The SANTEKHMA JSC installation of systems for heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, solar heating and heat insulation; The KYRGYZAVTOMASH JSC -- mechanical engineering, solar collectors; The OREMI JSC production of large electric machinery (asynchronous motors, transformer substations, generators, articles for electric transmission lines, micro-hpps, battery charging sets); The Zhaz JSC manufacture of pillars for electric transmission lines, solar collectors; The Envod JSC -- manufacture of solar collectors, micro-hpps; The Kyrgyz Chemical and Metallurgy Factory JSC production of polycrystalline silicon doped with boron, antimony and phosphor, growing of ingots with sizes of up to 150 mm and of epitaxial structures with diameters of up to 125 mm, polishing of boards; The JANAR JSC manufacture of electric measuring instruments, solar water heaters, solar photomodules; 74

75 The Kyrgyztorgmash JSC manufacture of reservoirs, cast iron, autonomous energy sources (chargers, invertors); The FLUID Social Fund -- manufacture of biogas plants, assembly, tuning of equipment. - in Tajikistan The ELTO Factories and the Tajikspecautomatics Industrial Amalgamation possible manufacture of solar collectors and photoelements. Tajikistan possesses the both, the raw materials and the industry needed for introduction of photoelectric technologies; The Tajik aluminum factory possesses required industrial base for manufacture of solar collectors, mini-hpp and small wind-energy devices; Other machine building plants and former enterprises of the defence industry possible commissioning of solar collectors, mini-hpp, and biogas plants into manufacture. For example, the Chkalovky machine building factory of the Vostokredmet (= Eastern Rare Metals) amalgamation has introduced production of equipment required for small HPP. - in Uzbekistan The small enterprises of the QURILISHGELIOSERVIS and Keramika-Solntze (= solar ceramics) produce solar heating and hot water devices plus ceramic wares for the people s economy of the Republic. Each Central Asian country differs from others with its specific aspects related to level of design, availability of reserves, existence of industrial capabilities, etc. If they are used as the reference, then it becomes possible to define the following recommendations for joint development of those RES technologies that will allow to unify the most successful practical methods and to optimize activities in development and commissioning of RES devices within the Central Asian Republics. - wind energy: Because of the serious competition existing between emergence of a large scale wind and traditional electrical power engineering, and, besides, lack of big wind potentials (excluding Kazakhstan), wind energy plants with the capacity of up to 10 kw are the most promising, and it is profitable to use them by autonomous consumers in mountain areas and to mount them in mountain gorges with stable wind flows. Examples include: Kyrgyz KUN Project (birotor wind plants), Kazakh Kokshetauz State University (small wind energy plants made with composite materials (Fig. 1), Physical and Technical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan and its other scientific and technical institutions develop RES that allow to improve social and living conditions of people in mountainous areas, create conditions for mechanization of agriculture, development of service sector and small business. Fig. 1 75

76 - solar energy heating solar converters Kyrgyzstan has already developed manufacture of solar collectors and solar water heating plants of various modifications. Scientific researches are being conducted, in particular, a water heating plant is being developed for district boilers that will incorporate multicomponent solar heating system. Fig. 2 The Tajik Technical University, Physical and Technical Institute of the Academy of Science of the Republic of Tajikistan develop simple designs of helio plants with natural circulation (Fig. 2). Such devices can be manufactured from local materials (aluminum) at local industrial enterprises (TadAZ, machine building factories). As calculations demonstrate, 1 square meter of helio collector allows, in conditions of Tajikistan, to save 0.15 to 0.2 tons of equivalent fuel (i.e., 150 to 200 kg of coal, or about 100 kg of oil products). Thus, a solar plant with area of 10 m 2 can supply during a year the same amount of energy as burning of 2 tons of coal. Photovoltaic converters: Joint scientific and practical designing for mastering, development and processing of rich resources in the silicon minefield near Tash-Kumur town are of the greatest interest (The State Joint Stock Company Crystal production of polycrystalline silicon, synthetic quartz crucibles), which might significantly increase the both, the profitability in manufacture of photovoltaic devices and the economic potentials of their interrepublican application. Effective decision might lead to cooperation of Kyrgyz scientists with Uzbek and Kazakh specialists, and all the above can be formulated and represented as a proposal for implementation of a regional project for manufacture of poly- and monosilicon for the purposes to organize a production complex for manufacture of photoelectric converters and associated equipment. Today, the Foton-Elecronics factory in Uzbekistan has mastered production of photoelectric systems with the capacity of 100 W to 1.5 kw. This factory is capable to produce annually solar plants for the total capacity of 1.5 mw. The Chemical and Metallurgical Factory in the Kyrgyz Republic (production of polycrystalline silicon doped with boron, antimony and phosphor, growing of ingots up to diameters of 200 mm, boards with 76

77 diameters of 150 mm and epitaxial structures with diameters up to 125 mm, plus polishing of boards) possesses great potentials for manufacture of photovoltaic elements. - biofuel: Technology to use vegetation oils from local cultures (rape, cotton, etc.) as diesel fuels and lubricants -- fully new in its principle has practical interests for all countries of Central Asia without any exceptions. For example, Uzbekistan is one of the leading countries in cultivation of cotton. The Republic produces annually over 4 million tons of cotton, which equals approximately 15% of the total world yield. As a byside result, cotton industry of Uzbekistan produces about 7 to 10 million tons of discardable residues that are used as the raw material for production of bioethanol. Though, vegetable and mineral diesel fuels cannot compete today because the price of the latter is 3-4 times less than that of the former, nevertheless together with deepening of the global environmental crisis competitiveness of fuels produced from vegetable oils will significantly increase. The Tajik Technical University, the Uzbek Technology Transfer Agency and some other organization in Central Asian countries are involved in research and development along this direction. - hydroenergy equipment: Development in manufacture of hydrotechnical equipment is a key factor for development of the large, and the small hydroenergetics in such countries, as Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Some enterprises in Kyrgyzstan have mastered manufacture of micro-hpps with capacities of 1 to 22 kw, and scientific and technical designing is conducted in scientific and research institutes and universities. The Physical and Technical Institute of the Academy of Science of the Republic of Tajikistan has developed and tested a number of micro-hpps with capacities of 4 to 10 kw. - biogas plants The Kyrgyz KUN Project, the Physical and Technical Institute of the Academy of Science of the Republic of Tajikistan and other institutions have accumulated experience in designing of such devices. As for today, Kyrgyzstan possesses a sufficient industrial bases for a wide scale manufacture of various types of biogas plants. BGP of concrete type, deepened into ground; BGP, surface, metallic - hydrogen energy: Hydrogen energetics shall be one of the priority lines aimed at long term prospects in such countries, as Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. It might get explanations in growing inaccessibility of traditional fuel resources for these countries and with their accelerated transition (in contrast with other Central Asian countries) to the time of hydrogen energetics. Besides, availability of rich hydroresources makes hydrogen energectics one of promising directions for the future of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan in general. The Chemistry Institute of the Republic of Tajikistan conducts researches in this sphere and investigates prospects for development and application of hydrogen energy in mountains. The Karaganda State Technical University (Kazakhstan) also conducts researches along this line, and develops technologies based on oxidization of hydrogen. Oxidization of hydrogen leads to formation of water and the process is built into the natural water cycle in the environment. This factor make hydrogen energetics the most attractive among all other pretenders for the Big Alternative Energetics. The following are the most acute problems in this sphere: production of cheap hydrogen; safely storage and transportation of hydrogen fuel; 77

78 efficient conversion of chemical energy got through oxidization of hydrogen into other types of energy; Development of efficient methods and long-term devices for generation of electric energy - heat pump plants: Application of heat pump plants might provide a radical solution for the problem how to heat houses both in rural settlements and in towns. Calculations indicate that heat pumps consume approximately 60% less of final energy in comparison with the traditional and accepted oil and gas pumps. Utilization of solar energy through heat pumps will solve two important tasks: first, it ensures house heating in winter time in the countries of Central Asia during the term of approximately 120 days; Second, it allows significantly reduce need in traditional fuels, besides, through their replacement with an ecologically pure energy Exchange of Experience among Countries Big potentials for development of RES technologies in the Central Asian countries is based on establishment and implementation of joint scientific and research investigations because there do exist in each country certain differences in technologies and experience got in their development. Because of modifications and new requirements in systems of energy supply, it becomes necessary to reevaluate prospects for application of renewable energy sources in all the countries of Central Asia those differ from each other with their densities of population and in numbers of their rural inhabitants. Each reserve should be investigated not in its isolation from others, but through finding typology for each district on the basis on the level of availability for each RES complex of those resources that are the most important for a given region, which should become an important aspect in investigations of possibilities and prospects for application of RES and their future roles in the energy balance. Fig. 1 78

79 Study of prospects for small non-traditional renewable energy sources seems to be extremely promising because their potential capacities in all the Central Asian countries without a single exception are quite big (energy of sun, wind, small rivers, and biomass). For example, landscape, geographic and climatic features of the Republic of Tajikistan determine variability of possible methods and districts for utilization of small renewable sources of energy (Fig.1). Besides, the main lines in examination of potentials for application of RES should include: estimate of needs and economic efficiency of small renewable sources of energy, determination of customers and devices for a local market; access to technologies and creation of devices for conversion of solar radiation into heat and electric energies, adaptation of new materials; Equipping the local industrial base so as to ensure manufacturing of solar devices, small and mini HPPs, biogas plants; plus establishing of infrastructure needed for assembly and servicing of this equipment. As for today, there does already exist a list of organizations that possess certain experience in conduct of similar investigations and are capable to determine and provide recommendations for development of the most rational solutions in technical and economic aspects, in selection of equipment for manufacturing RES devices, etc. Below is the list of such organizations: - in Kyrgyzstan The Kyrgyz ENERGY Scientific and Technical Center audit, certification; heat and hydro energies; energy saving. Center for Problems in Applications of RES coordination of scientific and research, design and development, manufacturing activities in the sphere of RES in Kyrgyzstan; Consulting, expertise, marketing studies for the sector of application of non-traditional renewable sources of energy; Development of technical facilities, designing, assembly and operation of equipment used with RES; Department of devices and systems for RES energy conversions in the Automation Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic scientific and research, development and design activities. The Kyrgyzhyprostroy JSC. design of objects for capital construction, feasibility studies. - in Tajikistan The State Design Institute Hydroproject: development of design documentation for planning and construction of new HPP, restoration and rehabilitation of existing operating HPP; preparation of designs for construction of small HPP; 79

80 estimates of hydro resources; development of systems for utilization of small rivers. Physical and Technical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan: conduct of experiments with the purpose to obtain photoelectric cells based on compounds of gallium arsenide and indium phosphide; designing and development of solar water heaters; development and manufacture of solar kitchens; manufacture of mini-hpp and portable micro-hpp, their mounting in mountainous districts; designing and commissioning of biogas plants. - in Uzbekistan: The Physical and Technical Institute of the Physics of the Sun in the Scientific and Production Association of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan: solar equipment and selenium photocells; research of radioactivity and nuclear decay with the objective to produce heavy water; conduct of control analyses of ores and minerals; improvement of radiometric measurements in geologic surveys. The total number of its laboratories includes the following: laboratory of photo effects; laboratory of thermionic emission; laboratory of physical and chemical control and analysis; laboratory of radioactive phenomena; laboratory of cosmic rays. A unique optical-and-mirror complex of the Large Solar Furnace with the capacity of 1,000 kw was organized in the Institute. This complex served as the base for establishment in 1993 of the Material Science Institute that is included into the Physics of Sun Scientific and Production Association of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan. At present, the Physical and Technical Institute conducts fundamental investigations and implements scientific and technical designing along the following four main lines: physics of high energies study of fundamental laws in interaction of particles and nuclei at super high energies in acceleration of cosmic radiation; physics of semiconductors study of physical processes in semiconductor photovoltaic converters, photoreceivers, and various highly sensitive sensors; conversion of solar energy development of bases for direct, thermodynamic and thermal conversion of solar energy, and development of designs for highly efficient solar plants; theory of solid body study of non-linear wave excitations in condensed media and optical systems. The Institute publishes and distributes abroad its international Helioteknika journal. - in Kazakhstan: Kazakhselenergoproject (Kazakh rural energy project) JSC Joint researches and investigations will ensure a new impulse for fundamental developments in RES technologies, allow establishing close contacts and exchange of information among the leading 80

81 scientific and educational organizations in the Central Asian countries. It is recommended to conduct such investigations along the following lines: - Solar Energy: Expansion of the networks of meteorological stations to clarify data on intensity of solar radiation. For example, Kyrgyzstan is characterize with mountainous landscape that covers 94% of the territory of the Republic, and differences in elevations of individual districts above the sea level (800 to 4,000 m) determine different effects from a number of physical and geographic factors at solar heat received. As for today, indexes of sunshine duration are determined with the data from 15 stations, and solar radiation is measured only at 4 stations. Thus, intensity of solar radiation is not measured over a large portion of the territory of Kyrgyzstan, and its calculations are made through application of implicit methods. It is the explanation for necessity to conduct additional investigations in this sphere. - Wind Energy As for today, the data on intensity and distribution of wind speeds are insufficient for making any judgments about efficiency in applications of wind energies in some, or another region of Central Asia. For example, potentials for applications of wind energy remain practically unstudied in Tajikistan. This fact is related to low density in the network of hydrometeorological observations and lack of targeted investigations. Estimates of wind energy resources through averaged and summarized data provided in the climatological reference books are not sufficient. Application only of climatological data when the network of meteorological stations is very rarified and wind speeds are extremely changeable over short distances might lead to wrong conclusions. Extremely rugged grounds at foothills and in mountains determine great variability of wind speeds over short distances. These micro-climatological changes in wind speeds might be very significant for estimates of prospects of different locations selected for mounting of wind energy generators. That is why it is necessary to measure micro-climatic variability of wind resources in various landscapes and to find the sites that will be the most suitable for location of wind energy plants. Because of the great variability of wind speeds in time and space, and, besides, because of the climatic changes occurring during recent years (a general tendency is traced: average wind speed is being reduces after the year of 1993), we have the conclusion that climatologic estimates demand series of uninterrupted observations of wind behaviors during the time period that is not shorter than 30 years. At present namely meteorological stations possess such series of observations. That is the reason why namely the data of MS is used to determine wind energies. But these observations are characterized with a drawback that they determine wind speeds only at heights of 10 meters (all the results for calculations of wind energies in the Central Asian countries are applicable only for the height of 10 m above the ground level and they cover only 50% of territory), and this situation runs against the fact that a wind propeller might be located much higher. Preliminary data indicates that potential wind energy at elevation of 30 meters above the ground can be much higher than at the height of 10 meters. It is considered expedient to attract technologies and equipment from industrially developed countries because the local industrial base, planning and designing experience related to wind energy plants are not sufficient. Local conditions for manufacture and maintenance of such generators can be created in a longer time term. All the above listed factors indicate at acute necessity to develop a cadastre of wind energies for all the countries in Central Asia. Implementation of the geographic information system: Wind energy cadastre for Central Asian Countries is the most convenient method to use such wind energy inventory book. - Potentials for Application of Biogas Plants 81

82 Big problems in agriculture of Central Asian Countries (decrease in yields of cultures, unprofitableness of their cultivation, reduction of arable lands and their degradation, reduced fertilization of fields) that now is considered to be in a critical state lead to reduction in area of arable lands and their desertification. All the above, combined with problems in the energy sector, especially with the ones in rural areas having no access to natural gas, makes application of biogas plants specifically acute. Determination of potentials of biomass on the basis of new requirements for energy supply is of great interest for investigators. As for today, biogas technologies are sufficiently well developed in Kyrgyzstan. Nevertheless, they demand unification and additional investigations to finalize and implement new technical solutions, in particular for plants used in households. Besides, it is necessary to develop technologies for applications in large animal breeding complexes possessing potentials for building electric stations using biofuels. It is technically possible and expedient to arrange manufacture locally. It will require implementation of respective production base, which, in its own turn, requires experimental designing and training of local personnel. Estimates by experts state that large scale implementation of technologies to generate and utilize biogas obtained from wastes in animal breeding, silt from treatment facilities, agricultural and domestic wastes might ensure a stable energy source and improve levels of energy supply to population, besides, made with ecologically stable methods. - Hydropower Investigations in the hydropower sector are considered specifically important for such countries, as Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan that possess great potentials for development of this sphere of RES, besides, these investigations should be aimed at the both, at determination of water stream potentials and establishment of an efficient hydrometric system, and at development of new technologies, diversification of equipment and designing systems. Example of Tajikistan allows to note that a developed hydrological network of large and small rivers creates a good basis for utilization of hydraulic energy, especially in mountainous districts of the country. Small and mini HPPs with capacities of 1 kw to 10 MW may be constructed by local labor. Potentials of small energetics in Tajikistan surpass 18 billion kwh/year, which corresponds to prevention of emission of carbon dioxide generated in annual burning of 5 to 6 million tons of mineral fuels. If we account for local demand for electricity, then it is possible to build over 20 small hydro power plants in the Kalay-Khumbsky, Vanch and Rushan districts (Western Pamir). Experience demonstrates that territory of the Eastern Pamir is as a whole unfavorable for construction of small and mini HPPs because of severe climatic conditions and problems of ice formation in river streams. Central Tajikistan possesses good possibilities for development of small hydroenergetics, and it is possible to build here over 100 small HPPs. Besides, technical and economic calculations for the 14 most promising small HPPs indicate that their average annual generation of electric energy might reach the figure of 348 million kwh against the total amount of capital investments of 44 million US$. Experts estimates show that utilization of energy from small rivers (Fig. 2.3) might ensure 50% to 70% in energy demands of remote regions, and in some cases all the 100%. In such a case over 250 thousand persons will obtain direct advantages. 82

83 Fig. 2 Waterfall in Varzob gorge Fig. 3 Mountain river Odjuk The government of the Republic of Tajikistan pays at present specific attention to development of small energetics, and finances for these purposes should also be annually allocated. But the Republic cannot ensure now financing for development of small hydroenergetics, and the most probable option here is in its implementation through attraction of local and foreign investors. The following electric stations were built in 1994 to 1999 with centralized investments and own money of the Barchy-Tochil Co. 1. SHPP Tekharv, capacity 360 kw, Mountain Badakhshan region, SHPP Khistevars, capacity 630 kw, Leninabad region, SHPP Khazara-1, capacity 250 kw, Vazbor district, SHPP Kyzyl-Mazar, capacity 70 kw, Soviet district of Khotlon region, SHPP Anderbag, capacity 300 kw, Mountain Badakhshan region, SHPP Khazara-2, capacity 250 kw, Vazbor district, SHPP Cheptura, capacity 250 kw, Shakhrinav district. The following stations were constructed in Mountain Badakhshan region during the same years with the money of investments from the Aga-Khan Foundations: 1. SHPP «Shipak», capacity 30 kw,

84 2. SHPP Vand, capacity 60 kw, 1998г. 3. SHPP Dekh, capacity 30 kw, 1998г. 4. SHPP Bardara, capacity 50 квт, 1998 г. 5. SHPP Raumed, capacity 30 kw, 1998 г. 6. SHPP Yanshor, capacity 30 kw, 1998 г. 7. SHPP Bosid, capacity 75 kw, 1999 г. 8. SHPP Pagor, capacity 100 kw, 1999 г. 9. SHPP Barchadev, capacity 45 kw, 1999 г. 10. SHPP Adeshikh, capacity 30 kw, 1999 г. 11. SHPP Bodom, capacity 30 kw, 1999 г. 12. SHPP Vesdora, capacity 30 kw, 1999 г. Today the hydroenergy potential in the Central Asian countries has been determined only for large and medium rivers. Calculations of potential resources of small water streams cannot be made with the method of linear accounting. New methods should be developed because the schemes for utilization of small water streams are very variegated and possess multitude of specific features. It should be noted that data on technical potentials for utilizations of small and medium hydroenergetics demand significant revision under the new severe conditions of present energy crisis. Planning of utilization of hydropower resources of small rivers demands accounting for various affecting factors: Hydrological specific features (water balance, average maximum and minimum water outflows for many years, suspended sediments, etc.); Social and economic specific characteristics (cost of construction and operation, period of repayment, distance from potential consumers of energy, existence of infrastructure, etc.); Technical parameters of equipment (matching of technologies with hydro meteorological conditions of environment, reliability in operation and possibilities for maintenance, etc.). Fig. 4. Kayrakum HPP 84

85 Fig. 5. Varzob HPP-1 Transfer of modern efficient technologies, development of engineering base, enhanced skills of specialists, creation of infrastructure for maintenance are required for increase of potentials to apply hydraulic resources. Unit cost of small HPP is 300 to 600 US$ per one kw of established capacity; transportation and assembly expenses increase the cost up from 600 to 1,200 US$ per one kw. Expenditures are mainly determined with conditions of locality, utilized technology, specific method of transportation, etc. Samples of small HPP built during the recent years are based on technologies and equipment exported from far and near abroad countries. When local manufacture of small HPPs is mastered, unit costs for their construction and operation is 20% to 30%, and, respectively, they will become more accessible for population and farmer estates. It will also promote establishment and development of local markets of maintenance services and infrastructures. Demonstration of experience and increased awareness of people in issues of small HPPs applications will be a decisive factor for future development of small hydroenergetics. Today Central Asian countries implement various projects having the objective to enhance scientific potentials in the RES sphere, practically implement various pilot devices, etc. All this also possesses certain potentials for integration and cooperation among countries in the Central Asian Region. We may note here the following projects having practical application of RES under specific conditions of respective countries of Central Asia: Specialists in the GYUN Scientific and Production Association (Turkmenistan) developed designs of so call solar villages where all life sustenance systems and utilization of wastes is accomplished with application of solar energy plants. Kazakhstan studies projects with use of renewable sources in the wind corridors within the territory of Eastern Kazakh and Almaty regions. A wind plant with electric capacity of 5 MW was built in Jungar district (Fig. 6) in the frameworks of the UNDP/SEF project of Surpassing of barriers in development of wind energetics in Kazakhstan ( ), and with the amount of grant from the SEF equal 1 million US$. 85