SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HARSOOL - SAVANGI DAM, DISTRICT AURANGABAD, INDIA

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1 NSave Nature to Survive QUARTERLY 4(1) : 37-44, 21 SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HARSOOL - SAVANGI DAM, DISTRICT AURANGABAD, INDIA S. E. SHINDE, T. S. PATHAN, K. S. RAUT, P. R. MORE AND D. L. SONAWANE* Department of Zoology, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad , INDIA sunilshinde14@rediffmail.com ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Water has unique property of dissolving and carrying suspension, a huge variety of chemicals, has the undesirable consequence that water can easily become contaminated (Chaudhari, 199). Freshwater becomes a critical natural resource due to number of reasons. The increasing demands of fresh water in all sectors like drinking, agriculture, aquaculture and industrial. Fresh water is going to be the scarcest resource in the 21 st centaury and it is said that the next world war will be due to the water. India receives abut mm of rainfall annually. It is estimated that the 8% of water is used for agriculture, 1% for industries and % for domestic use. Analysis conducted in 1982 revealed that about 7% of all available water in our country is polluted (Chandrasekhar and Kodarkar, 1996). Dams are the major part of freshwater resources. By definition a dam is created due to depression on land in which water from all around accumulates. Reservoirs on the other hand are man-made impoundments created by dam a lotic system, a stream, or river. All over the water huge reservoirs have been constructed mainly to meet irrigational needs, drinking purposes, industrial, and domestic use etc. Analysis of physico-chemical parameters of water is essential, to assess the quality of water for the best usage like irrigation, drinking, bathing, fishing, industrial processing and so on. Water quality deals with the physical, chemical and biological characteristics in relation to all other hydrological properties. In India large number of studies on limnology of lentic water bodies have been carried out in past 3 years Lakshminarayana (1963); Shardendu and Ambasht (1988); Pathak and Bhatt (199); Pandey, et al., (1993); Lohar and Patel (1998); Shashtri, et al., (1999); Raghunathan, et al., (2); Kumar and Sharma (21); Naga Prapurna and Shashikant (22); Nisar Shaikh (24); Madhuri and Minakshi (28). The present investigation has been undertaken to assess the water quality of Harsool-Savangi dam (19º 3 " NL, 7º 2 " EL Aurangabad, India), having and area of hectares and depth of water in summer 1-2 feet, monsoon feet and winter feet. MATERIALS AND METHODS The water samples for physico-chemical analysis were collected from Harsool- Savangi dam Aurangabad, at 4 different sites viz station 1 (South side), Station 2 (East side), station 3 (North side) and station 4 (West side) in morning between 8 am to 11 a.m. in the first week of every month from January 28 to December 28. The samples were collected in acid washed five liter plastic container from a depth of -1 cm below the surface of water. Separate samples were collected for dissolve oxygen in 2 ml bottles and dissolved oxygen was fixed in the field The present study deals with assessment of the water quality of Harsool-Savangi dam, Aurangabad [M.S] India. The physico-chemical characteristics were studied and analyzed during January 28 - December 28. Seasonal variations at four different sampling sites of the Harsool-Savangi dam, Aurangabad [M.S] India were observed. The results revealed that the condition of this dam in different seasons showed fluctuations in physicochemical parameters. KEY WORDS Physicochemical parameters Seasonal variations Harsool-Savangi dam Received : Revised : Accepted : *Corresponding author 37

2 S. E. SHINDE et al., by adding alkaline iodide-azide solution immediately after collection. The samples were analyzed immediately in the laboratory. The physico-chemical characteristics of the dam water like rainfall, temperature, turbidity, transparency, ph, conductivity, total solids (TS), total dissolve solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total hardness, alkalinity, chloride, phosphate and nitrate were determined in summer, monsoon and winter according to standard methods APHA (1998); Trivedi and Goel (1987). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The seasonwise physico-chemical parameters data of Harsool- Savangi dam, Aurangabad [M.S] India have been presented in Table 1 and Figs. 1A to S Physico-chemical characteristic Rain fall Rainfall is important parameter which changes the environment; the fluctuations in the rain fall introduce the fresh water inflow with organic loads through to saltpan land and its reduced temperature, salinity and increased dissolved oxygen and density of benthic organisms. The average rainfall ranged between 12.6 to 66mm.The heavy rain was recorded in monsoon 322. ± mm and low in summer 12.6 ±.4 mm. The overall mean was ± mm (Table 1 and Fig 1A). There was no rainfall in January, February, March and April. Temperature Temperature is great important factor for aquatic ecosystem. It affects on biochemical reaction, population fluctuation of water body as well as physical and chemical characteristics of water. Air and water temperature ranged between 2.2 to 36. ºC and 17 ºC to 32.8 ºC.The over all mean air and water temperature were ± 4.79 ºC and ± 4.6 ºC.The maximum air and water temperature during summer was 33.4 ± 2.1 ºC and ± 1.79 ºC and minimum air and water temperature during December was ± 1.3 ºC and ± 1.1 ºC (Table 1 and Fig 1B and C). The water temperature was consistently lower than atmospheric temperature. The rising of water temperature particularly in summer in the present study can be attributed to overall increasing trend in atmospheric temperature in addition to exothermic chemical process of the human activities prevail all along the dam. Narasimha and Jaya (21) observed that rise in temperature can be resulted in high rate of evaporation, may cause decline in water level during summer months. Electric conductivity Specific conductivity is a numerical expression of its ability to carry an electric current. Further, it is an indicator of ionic composition. Any alteration in its values reflects change in ionic concentration in a proportional way Rodhe, (1994). Conductivity and dissolved solids are directly proportional to each other mainly due to ionic composition of water. The factors such as rainfall and biodiversity changes in ionic composition and nature of bottom deposits influence the conductivity Anitha, (22). The electric conductivity ranged between 229 to 6 μmhos/ cm. Electric conductivity was maximum during monsoon 4.3 ± μmhos/cm and minimum during summer 29. ± 4.24 μmhos/cm. The overall mean was ±123.8 μmhos/cm (Table 1 and Fig 1D). Electric conductivity increases with increase in total dissolve solid. The high value in monsoon could be due to inflow of high quantum of domestic sewage in rainy season and low values in summer might be due to higher temperature, and stabilization of water due to sedimentation and increased concentration of slats because of discharged domestic sewage and organic matter in the river join the Harsool-savangi dam, Aurangabad [M.S] India. Total solids, total suspended solids and total dissolve solids Solids refer to suspended and dissolved matter in water. They are very useful parameters describing the Chemical constituents of the water and can be considered as general of edaphically relation that contributes to productivity within the water body Goher (22). Total solids, total suspended solids and total dissolve solids were ranged between 38 to 473. mg/l, 8 to 13 mg/l and 3 to 46. mg/l. Total Solids, Total Suspended Solids and Total Dissolve Solids were maximum during monsoon 42 ± mg/l, ±18.16 mg/l and ± 9.17 mg/l. Total Solids, Total Suspended Solids and Total Dissolve Solids were minimum during summer ± mg/l, 9.4 ± 7.99 mg/l and ± 2.61 mg/l. The overall mean Total Solids, Total Suspended Solids and Total Dissolve Solids were 431.±29.7 mg/l, 1.7±1.36 mg/l and 421.6±8. mg/ L (Table 1 and Fig 1E, G and F). High values of solids were found in monsoon due to mixing run off rain water which carried mud, sand etc mixed in the dam water. ph The ph values ranged between 7.9 to 8.6. The maximum ph was recorded in summer 8.3±.1 and minimum was in winter 8.±.1 with slight increase in monsoon 8.2±.32. The overall mean was 8.6±.1 (Table 1 and Fig 1H). Similar results were reported by Subbamma and Rama, (1992) from a minor reservoir Nadergul. The ph values varied from 7.2 to 8.7 are suitable for aquatic organism, Rajshekhar et al., (27). The ph of water has a marked affect upon the toxicity of substances commonly present in water body, especially on chemicals that ionizes under the influence of ph (Pondhe and Jadhav, 2). The ph levels were within the limits, set for protection of aquatic life (6. to 9.) USEPA (197); irrigation (. to 9.) and domestic use (7. to 9.) ICMR (197). Alkalinity Alkalinity ranged between 161 to 237. mg/l. The Alkalinity values were maximum summer 223±1 mg/l and minimum during monsoon ±17.1 mg/l. The overall mean was 2.83±1.13 mg/l (Table 1 and Fig 1I). In the present study, the total alkalinity values were high indicated the productive nature of the reservoir. Gonzalves and Joshi (1946) are also of the same opinion. The total alkalinity ranged between 9 to 12 mg/l, the value was slightly higher in summer. This may 38

3 SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS Table 1: Seasonal variations in physico-chemical parameters of Harsool-Savangi dam, (M.S) India. (During January 28 - December 28) Parameter Range Average Rainfall (mm) ± ± ± ±13.13 Atmospheric temperature (ºC) ± ± ± ±4.79 Water temperature (ºC) ± ± ± ±4.6 Elect. Conductivity(μmhos /cm) ± ± ± ±123.8 Total solids (mg/l) ± ± ± ±29.7 Total dissolve solids (mg/l) ± ± ± ±8. Suspended solids (mg/l) ± ± ± ±1.36 ph ±.1 8.2±.1 8.± ±.1 Alkalinity (mg/l) ± ± ± ±1.13 DO (mg/l) ±.38.4±. 6.3±.43.46±.8 BOD (mg/l) ± ±.81.7±.3.28±1.32 COD (mg/l) ±1.27 1± ± ±4.26 Chloride (mg/l) ± ±1 19.6± ±.4 Sulphate (mg/l) ± ± ± ±3.6 Phosphate (mg/l) ±.1.8±.17.67±.2.8±.27 Nitrate (mg/l) ± ±.16.98±.4 1.9±.48 Transparency (cm) ± ± ± ±4.3 Total hardness (mg/l) ± ± ± ±73.2 Turbidity (NTU) ± ± ± ±1.34 DO =Dissolve oxygen; BOD= Biochemical oxygen demand; COD= Chemical oxygen demand be attributed to increase the rate of organic decomposition during which CO 2 is liberated, which reacts with water to form HCO 3, thereby increasing the total alkalinity in summer. The increased alkalinity during summer and winter was due to the concentration of nutrients in water. The decrease was due to dilution caused by the rainwater during monsoon. Dissolve oxygen (DO) The dissolved oxygen values were ranged between 4 to 6.9 mg/l. The DO values were maximum in winter 6.3 ±.43 mg/l and minimum during summer 4.7 ±.38 mg/l. The overall mean was.46±.8 mg/l (Table 1 and Fig 1J). The maximum DO in winter might be due to low atmospheric temperature and intensive photosynthetic activity and minimum DO was recorded in summer months might be due to high metabolic rate of organisms. Similar results have been reported by Hazalwood and Parker, (1961) and Manawar, (197). Lower DO in summer may be due to high temperature and low solubility of oxygen in water consequently affecting the BOD Singh et al., (1991). With the progress of winter, DO increased to its highest value which may be due to circulation by cooling and draw down of DO in water Hunnan, (1979). Further the DO content of water was low in summer because of its enhanced utilization by microorganisms in the decomposition of organic matter Sangu and Sharma, (1987). Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) BOD is an important parameter that indicates the magnitude of water pollution by oxidizable organic matter. The main sources of organic pollution include untreated domestic sewage, agricultural runoff, and containing residual fertilizers. The components of oxidizable matter include carbonaceous organic matter, nitrogenous compounds and chemically reducing compounds. In natural course the organic matters on oxidation enters into bio-geo-chemical cycles. BOD was ranged between 3.4 to 8.3 mg/l. The BOD values were maximum in monsoon 6.3 ±.81 mg/l and minimum in summer 3.8±.93 mg/l. The overall mean was.28±1.32 mg/l (Table 1 and Fig 1K). The BOD values were higher in monsoon as compared with winter and summer season. This might be because of presence of various types of pollutants mixed with rain water. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) COD is a measure of oxygen required to oxidize the organic matter by a strong chemical oxidant. It is used to measure the pollution strength of domestic and industrial wastes. COD gives an idea of concentration of substances, which may undergo immediate chemical oxidation. All organic compounds with little exception can be oxidized by the action of strong chemical oxidants under acidic condition. The estimation of COD is of great importance for water having unfavorable conditions for the growth of microbes, such as in the presence of toxic chemicals. The chemical oxygen demand test determines the oxygen required for chemical oxidation of organic matter with the help of strong chemical oxidant. The COD is a test, which is measured in terms of quantity of oxygenrequired oxidation of organic matter to produce carbon dioxide and water. It is a fact that all organic compounds with few exception, can be oxidized for the action of strong oxidizing agents under acidic condition, COD test is useful in pinpointing toxic condition and presence of biologically resistant substances. COD was ranged between 9 to 19 mg/l. The higher values were recorded in monsoon 1±1.16 mg/l and lower in summer 9.4±1.27 mg/l. The overall mean was 12.78±4.26 mg/l (Table 1 and Fig 1L). Chlorides High value of chloride and calcium in drinking water are generally not harmful to human being but high concentration of chloride may affects a person who already suffers from diseases of heart and kidney. Chlorides content were ranged between 2.3 to 32.3 mg/l. The higher values of chlorides were recorded in summer 3.4 ± 2.3 mg/l and lower in winter 19.6 ± 1.9 mg/l. The overall mean was 2.13±.4 mg/l (Table 1 and Fig 1M). 39

4 S. E. SHINDE et al., Rainfall (mm) Atmospheric temperature ºC Water Temperature ºC Elect. Conductivity μmhos/cm Total solids mg/l Total dissolve solids mg/l ºC ºC Alkalinity mg/l DO mg/l

5 SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS 7 1% 6 8% BOD mg/l COD mg/l 6% 4% 2% 1% % 8% 2 Chloride mg/l 6% 4% 2% Sulphate mg/l 1 1 % Phosphate mg/l Nitrate mg/l 1% 8% 6% 4% 2% % Total hardness mg/l Turbidity NTU 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% % 4% 3% 2% 1% % 1% 8% 6% 4% 2% % Transparency cm Figure 1: Graphs showing seasonal variations in Rain fall, Atmospheric and Water temperature, Electric conductivity, Total Solids, Total Dissolve Solids, Total Suspended Solids, ph, Alkalinity, Dissolve Oxygen, BOD, COD, Chloride, Sulphate, phosphate, Nitrate, Transparence, Total hardness, and Turbidity (A to S) at different seasons of Harsool-Savangi dam, [M.S] India. (During January 28 - December 28) Similar result was reported by Rajshekhar et al., (27) from Nadergul reservoir. The rise in chloride in summer may be due to the rise in temperature and evaporate transpiration, 41

6 S. E. SHINDE et al., which could be explained by the fact that the presence of chloride salts may interfere with other nutrients, which are being utilized in the process of photosynthesis. Similar observations were recorded by number of workers Mishra and Yadav (1978); Patil (1993); Chandrasekhar and Kodarkar (199); Kulkarni et al., (199). The high values of chloride might be due to low water levels during summer (Gonzalves and Joshi, 1946). Sulphate Sulphate itself has never been a limiting factor in aquatic ecosystems; the normal levels of sulphate are more than adequate to meet plant needs. Odorous condition is easily erected when water is over loaded with organic waste to the point that is removed, then SO 2 as electron acceptor is often used for the breakdown of organic matter and produces H 2 S and a rotten egg smell (Welch 1981). Sulphate ranged between 1 to 2.8 mg/l. The higher values of sulphate were recorded in summer 18.7 ± 1.83 mg/l and lower in winter 12.9 ± 1.24 mg/l. The overall mean was 16.36±3.6 mg/l (Table 1 and Fig 1N). The high value might be due to low water level during summer. Phosphate In natural water, phosphates are present in small quantities. Generally aquatic ecosystems receive excess of this nutrient through untreated domestic sewage and agriculture runoff (Malathi, 1999). Normally phosphate acts as a limiting nutrient in the process of eutrophication and lakes can be aesthetically classified in to good, fair and bad on the basis of % phosphates loading (Edmondson, 1991). Phosphate concentration ranged between.14 to.92 mg/l. The phosphate values were maximum during monsoon.8 ±.17 mg/l and minimum during summer.28 ±.12 mg/ L. The overall mean was.8±.27 mg/l (Table 1 and Fig 1O). Similar results were reported by Lendhe and Yeragi (24) from phirange Kharbav Lake, Maharashtra. In monsoon period high value of phosphate might be due to rain water came from agricultural fields and mixed with the influent water of the reservoir. Nitrate The nitrate ranged between.1 to 2.1 mg/l. Nitrate values were maximum during monsoon 1.62 ±.4 mg/l and minimum during summer.68 ±.32 mg/l. The overall mean was 1.9±.48 mg/l (Table 1 and Fig 1P). The water with.2 to. ppm of nitrates were of high productive reservoirs, up to.2 ppm nitrates were of medium productive reservoirs and in low productive reservoirs, the nitrates were negligible. According to the above classification present reservoir belongs to high productive in nature. Pawar and Mane (26) reported the low nitrate levels in sadatpur lake, Maharashtra. Lendhe and Yeragi (24) reported high values of nitrates in phirange kharbav lake, Dist. Thane, Maharashtra. Domestic sewage contains very high amount of nitrogenous compounds. Runoff from agricultural fields is also contains nitrate. Atmospheric nitrogen fixed into nitrates by the nitrogenfixing organism is also a significant contributor to nitrates in the water (Trivediy and Goel, 1987). Unpolluted natural water contains usually only minute amount of nitrate. Transparency Environmental energy in the form of solar radiations entering into an aquatic ecosystem is fixed by primary producers resulting into the production of glucose through photosynthesis. The light penetration depends on transparency of a standing water column. Water transparency is dependent on turbidity which is directly proportional to the amount of suspended matter. Thus transparency and turbidity play an important role in the energy dynamics of an aquatic ecosystem. The water transparency values were ranged between. to 22.7 cm. Transparency value was maximum during summer was recorded 21.3±3.31 cm and minimum during monsoon was 1.78±2.4 cm (Table 1 and Fig 1Q). The overall mean was 1.64±4.3 cm. The water was less transparent during monsoon as compared with winter and summer. Similar observations were made by Jayabhaye et al., (2) and Kadam et al., (27). Total hardness Hardness of water is due to presence of divalent metallic cations like Ca, Mg, ferrous iron and manganese. The variation of this parameter is likely due to both temperature influences as well as trophic status of the lake during different seasons and additional effect of human activities. The total hardness ranged between 3 to 4 mg/l. Total hardness values were maximum during monsoon 3.3±6.11 mg/l and minimum during summer 387.9±26.72 mg/l. The overall mean was 449.6±73.2 mg/ L (Table 1 and Fig 1R). Hardness of water is not a pollution parameters but indicating water quality mainly in terms of Ca ++ and Mg ++ expressed as CaCO 3. The increase in hardness can be attributed to the decrease in water volume and increase in the rate of evaporation at high temperature (Kaur and Sharma, 21). Turbidity The turbidity is caused by various types of suspended materials. The reduction in water transparency may be due to the presence of suspended particulate matter and high plankton density. The turbidity ranged between 9 to 13. NTU. Turbidity values were maximum during monsoon was recorded 12.9 ± 1.28 NTU and minimum during summer was 1.4 ±.33 NTU. The overall mean was 11.3±1.34 NTU (Table 1 and Fig 1S). High values of turbidity in monsoon might be due to higher wind flow which created water waves in rainy season which brought clay silt and organic matter, where as low values were in summer might be due to reduction in the water level of dam. CONCLUSIONS The present study show detailed physico-chemical characteristics and quality of water in Harsool-Savangi dam, Aurangabad (M.S) India. The summer, monsoon and winter seasons shows different seasonal fluctuations in various physico-chemical parameters. The water of present reservoir is useful for irrigation as well as fish culture. 42

7 SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS The water parameters indicate that the reservoir is rich in nutrients. Total hardness in this region was beyond the permissible limit according to WHO and ISI standards for drinking purpose in the year. To improve quality of water there should be continuous monitoring of pollution level and maintain the favorable conditions essential for fish survival, growth and reproduction in Harsool-Savangi dam Aurangabad (M.S) India. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are thankful to Head, Dept of Zoology, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad (M.S) India for providing laboratory and library Facilities. We are grateful to UGC for providing financial assistance as SRF during the course of study. REFERENCES Anitha, G. 22. Hydrography in relation to benthic macro invertebrates in Mir Alam Lake Hyderabad, A.P. Indian. Ph.D. Thesis submitted to Osmania University, Hyderabad. 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