APES: The Final Chapter. So, now what?

Transcription

1 APES: The Final Chapter So, now what?

2 Application of the Principles Plants and animals use sunlight for energy in the forms of light and heat (Sun) A different variety of plants and animals live in an ecosystem (Biodiversity) Plants and animals excrete waste, die and decay (Nutrient Recycling) Predator - prey relationships control animal populations / plant species invade others (Population Control)

3 Application of the Principles Population Government Global Politics Economics

4 ECONOMICS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

5 Core Case Study: A New Economic and Environmental Vision Some components of more environmentally sustainable economic development. Figure 24-1

6 ECONOMIC SYSTEMS AND SUSTAINABILITY An economic system produces and distributes goods and services by using natural, human, and manufactured resources. In a pure free-market system, buyers and sellers interact without any government or other interference. Actual capitalist market systems deviate from this model.

7 Economic Resources: The Big Three Three types of resources are used to produce goods and services. Figure 24-2

8 Market Economic Systems: Pure Free Market and Capitalistic Models Supply, demand, and market equilibrium for a good or service in a pure market system. Figure 24-3

9 Government Intervention in Market Economic Systems: Correcting Market Failures Governments intervene in market systems to help provide economic stability, national security, and public services such as education, crime protection, and environmental protection.

10 Environmentally Sustainable Economic Development: Copying Nature Models of ecological economists are built on the following assumptions: Resources are limited. Encourage environmentally beneficial and sustainable forms of development. The harmful environmental and health effects of producing goods and services should be included in market prices.

11 Sun EARTH Natural Capital Air, water, land, soil, biodiversity, minerals, raw materials, energy resources; dilution, decomposition, & recycling services Economic Systems Production Consumption Recycling and reuse Heat Depletion of nonrenewable resources Degradation & depletion of renewable resources used faster than replenished Pollution, waste from overloading nature s waste disposal & recycling systems Fig. 24-4, p. 573

12 Economic Development Comparison of unsustainable economic development and environmentally sustainable economic development. Figure 24-5

13 ESTIMATING THE VALUE OF ECOLOGICAL SERVICES AND MONITORING ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS Economists have developed several ways to estimate nonmarket values of the earth s ecological services based using: Mitigation cost: how much it takes to offset any environmental damage. Willingness to pay: determine how much people are willing to pay to keep the environment in tact (e.g. protect an endangered species).

14 ESTIMATING THE VALUE OF ECOLOGICAL SERVICES AND MONITORING ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS Economists use discount rates (estimate resource s future value compared to current) to estimate the future value of a resource. The market price you pay for something does not include most of the environmental, health, and other harmful costs associated with its production and use.

15 Estimating the Optimum Levels of Pollution Control and Resource Use Environmental economists try to determine optimum levels of pollution control and resource use. Figure 24-6

16 Optimum Pollution Control The marginal cost of cleaning up pollution rises with each additional unit removed. Figure 24-7

17 Cost-Benefit Analysis: a Useful but Crude Tool Comparing likely costs and benefits of an environmental action is useful but involves many uncertainties. Cost benefit analyses involves determining: Who or what might be affected by a particular regulation or project. Projecting potential outcomes. Evaluating alternative actions. Establishing who benefits and who is harmed.

18 Environmental and Economic Indicators: Environmental Radar We need indicators that reflect changing levels of environmental quality and human health. Gross domestic product (GDP): measures the annual economic value of all goods and services produced in a country without taking harmful effects into consideration. Genuine progress indicator (GPI): Subtracts from the GDP costs that lead to a lower quality of life or deplete / degrade natural resources.

19 Environmental and Economic Indicators: Environmental Radar Comparison of the per capita GDP and the GPI in the U.S. between 1950 and Figure 24-8

20 How Would You Vote? Should full-cost pricing be used in setting market prices for goods and services? a. No. Low-income people will not be able to afford some essential goods and services. b. Yes. Full-cost pricing will improve environmental protection.

21 ECONOMIC TOOLS FOR IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Including external costs in market prices informs consumers about the harmful impact of their purchases the earth s life-support systems and on human health.

22 Eco-Labeling: Informing Consumers So They can Vote with Their Wallets Certifying and labeling environmentally beneficial goods and resources extracted by more sustainable methods can help consumers decide what goods and services to buy. Figure 24-9

23 Subsidy Shifting Taxes on pollution and resource use can move us closer to full-costing pricing. Shifting taxes from wages and profits to pollution and waste (green taxes) helps make this feasible. We can improve environmental quality and human health by replacing environmentally harmful government subsidies with environmentally beneficial ones.

24 Trade-Offs Environmental Taxes and Fees Advantages Helps bring about full-cost pricing Provides incentive for businesses to do better to save money Disadvantages Penalizes low income groups unless safety nets are provided Hard to determine optimal level for taxes and fees Can change behavior of polluters and consumers if taxes & fees are set at a high enough level Easily administered by existing tax agencies Need to frequently readjust levels, which is technically and politically difficult Gov ts may see this as a way of increasing general revenue instead of using funds to improve environmental quality and reduce taxes on income, payroll, & profits Fairly easy to detect cheaters Fig , p. 580

25 How Would You Vote? Do the advantages of green taxes and fees outweigh the disadvantages? a. No. Low-income people, farmers, ranchers, and small businesses would suffer from environmental taxes and fees. b. Yes. They would reduce waste and protect the environment.

26 Green Taxes Advantages of taxing wages and profits less and pollution and waste more. Figure 24-11

27 How Would You Vote? Do you favor shifting taxes on wages and profits to pollution and waste? a. No. This tax system would penalize many farmers, ranchers, and businesses that cannot avoid generating waste. b. Yes. But, only if we offer subsidies to assist lower income people in meeting their basic needs. c. Yes. It would promote a cleaner environment.

28 ECONOMIC TOOLS FOR IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Environmental laws and regulations work best if they motivate companies to find innovative ways to control and prevent pollution and reduce resource waste. Governments can set a limit on pollution emissions or use of a resource, give permits to users, and allow them to trade their permits on the marketplace.

29 Trade-Offs Tradable Environmental Permits Flexible Advantages Easy to administer Encourages pollution prevention and waste reduction Can promote achievement of caps Permit prices determined by market transactions Confronts ethical problem of how much pollution or resource waste is acceptable Confronts problem of how permits should be fairly distributed Disadvantages Big polluters and resource wasters can buy their way out May not reduce pollution at dirtiest plants Can exclude small companies from buying permits Caps can be too low Caps must be gradually reduced to encourage innovation Determining caps is difficult Must decide who gets permits and why Administrative costs high with many participants Emissions and resource wastes must be monitored Self-monitoring can promote cheating Sets bad example by selling legal rights to pollute or waste resources Fig , p. 582

30 How Would You Vote? Do the advantages of using tradable pollution and resource-use permits to reduce pollution and resource waste outweigh the disadvantages? a. No. The policies would allow old and dirty plants to continue polluting local air and water. b. Yes. The policies are effective ways of capping and then reducing air and water pollution and resource use.

31 Green Economics: Selling Services Instead of Things Some businesses can greatly decrease their resource use, pollution, and waste by shifting from selling goods and services to selling the services the goods provide. Carrier has begun shifting selling heating and air conditioning equipment to providing the service itself. It makes higher profits by having the most energy-efficient units.

32 REDUCING POVERTY TO IMPROVE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND HUMAN WELL-BEING We can sharply cut poverty by forgiving the international debts of the poorest countries, greatly increasing international aid and small individual loans to help the poor help themselves.

33 Distribution of the World s Wealth: a Widening Gap The global distribution of income shows that most of the world s income flows up. Each horizontal band is 1/5 th of the world s population Figure 24-13

34 Solutions: Achieving the Millennium Development Goals In 2000, the world s nations set goals for sharply reducing hunger and poverty, improving health care and moving toward environmental sustainability by In 1980 and 2002, developed countries agreed to devote 0.7% of their annual national income towards achieving such goals. The average amount donated was 0.25%. The U.S. gives 0.16%.

35 World military U.S. military U.S. highways U.S. potato chips & snacks U.S. pet foods U.S. EPA U.S. foreign aid U.S. cosmetics Expenditures per year (2005) $29 billion $22 billion $19 billion $8 billion $8 billion $8 billion $1 trillion $492 billion (including Iraq) Fig a, p. 586

36 Eliminate hunger & malnutrition Provide clean drinking water and sewage treatment for all Provide basic health care for all Protect biodiversity Protect topsoil on cropland Provide universal primary education and end illiteracy Restore fisheries Deal with global HIV/AIDS Stabilize water tables Restore rangelands Protect tropical forests Reforest the earth Expenditures per year needed to $48 billion $37 billion $33 billion $31 billion $24 billion $16 billion $13 billion $10 billion $10 billion $9 billion $8 billion $6 billion Total Earth Restoration and Social Budget = $245 billion Fig b, p. 586

37 MAKING THE TRANSITION TO MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIES Nature's four principles of sustainability and a number of environmental and economic strategies can be used to develop more environmentally sustainable economies. The Netherlands has dedicated itself to making its economy more environmentally sustainable.

38 Eco-Economies Principles for shifting to more environmentally sustainable economies during this century. Figure 24-15

39 Jobs, Profits, and the Environment: New Industries and New Jobs Shifting to more environmentally sustainable economies will create immense profits and huge numbers of jobs. Figure 24-16

40 Sustainable development aims for a bottom line Sustainability does not mean just protecting the environment from humans Triple bottom line = the new goal for sustainability Finding ways to promote social justice, economic wellbeing, and environmental quality at the same time This goal is most pressing in developing nations, although the whole Earth is in need

41 The UN s Millennium Development Goals The Millennium Project and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment have determined that: Environment degradation is a major barrier to achieving the Millennium Development Goals Investing in environmental assets and management is vital to relieving poverty, hunger, and disease Reaching environmental goals requires progress in eradicating poverty Actions by many people and institutions are showing that sustainability is possible

42 Environmental protection enhances opportunity Reducing consumption and waste saves money New jobs arise People think that protecting the northern spotted owl costs loggers their jobs But, jobs are at more risk when companies log unsustainably, then leave Environmental protection actually helps economy And leads to increased value of property and homes

43 The economy-versus-environment divide What accounts for the view that we cannot protect the environment and provide for people s needs? Economic development has clearly diminished biodiversity, decreased habitat, and degraded ecological systems Many people believe command-and-control environmental policy poses excessive costs for industry and restricts rights of private citizens Historically, we lived with abundant resources, and exploited them Philosophers have said that the perceived dichotomy between humans and nature is the root of all our environmental problems

44 Humans are not separate from the environment We feel disconnected from nature Industrialization, large cities, houses, shuttered building, vehicles, and ignorant about wildlife A few centuries or even decades ago, most of the world could name and describe in detail the species that lived near them Modern life has made it difficult to keep maintain ties with the natural environment Once we learn to consider where things come from, it is easier to see how people are part of the environment

45 Even a banana split has ties to the environment

46 Strategies for Sustainability Sustainable solutions to environmental problems are numerous Challenges to sustainability: Being imaginative enough to think of solutions Being shrewd and dogged enough to overcome political and economic obstacles

47 Strategies that spawn sustainable solutions We can refine our ideas about economic growth and quality of life Economic growth is merely a tool to attain the real goal of maximizing human happiness We cannot attain long-term happiness by endlessly expanding our economy We need to incorporate external costs into market prices of goods and services Green taxes and phasing out harmful substances could encourage sustainability

48 Sustainable strategies: we can consume less Economic growth is driven by consumption We believe that more is better The U.S., with 5% of the world s population, uses 30% of the resources Consumption of limited resources cannot continue It is taking place in a tiny slice of time in the long course of history

49 Humans have existed for only 1 or 2 seconds

50 True progress is not economic growth, but happiness We can reduce consumption while enhancing our quality of life by: Improving technology and efficiency in industry Developing a sustainable manufacturing system Modify our behavior, attitudes, and lifestyles to minimize consumption

51 Money cannot buy happiness

52 Population growth must cease Continued human population growth is not sustainable Technology has expanded the Earth s carrying capacity Sooner or later, growth will end, but how? The demographic transition may help developing countries, as it helped developed countries

53 Technology can help us Technology has spurred population increase Agricultural revolution, advances in medicine and health Technology magnifies our impact on Earth The I = PAT equation Short-sighted uses of technology have created a mess But wiser use of green technology can help us get out Developed countries have exported technologies to developing countries

54 The catalytic converter: green technology

55 Industry can mimic natural systems Environmental systems operate in cycles Feedback loops and circular material flows Output is recycled into input Human systems are linear Raw materials are processed, which generates waste Virtually all products can be recycled, given the right technology The ultimate vision is to generate no waste

56 We can think in the long term Short-term plans appeal to many policy makers They offer immediate results to help them get reelected Unfortunately environmental problems can be resolved only by long-term periods Costs of addressing problems are short term Benefits are long term Businesses may act according to either short or long term A business committed to long-term operations has an incentive to sustain environmental quality

57 We can promote self-sufficiency When people feel closely tied to an area, they value it and try to protect it Globalization has positive and negative impacts Positive: increased communication leads to greater respect of cultural differences Negative: homogenization of cultures People have reacted against homogenization and the growing power of multinational corporations

58 Citizens exert political influence Democracies offer a compelling route for pursuing sustainability: the power of the vote We can guide our political leaders to enact policies for sustainability A person can exercise power by: Voting Attending public hearings Donating to advocacy groups Writing letters and making phone calls Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed people can change the world. Indeed, it s the only thing that ever has. (Margaret Mead)

59 Consumers vote with their wallets We wield influence in the choices we make as consumers Consumers can buy ecolabeled products Promote green purchasing at work and school

60 Lobbyists Lobbyists Special-interest groups Public advisory Public hearing Lawmaking body Regulating enforcement body Laws and regulations Laws and regulations Environmental organizations Legal action Lawyers Membership support Courts Legal action Lawyers Boycotts Corporations and small business Individual Fig. 25-6, p. 598 Purchase recyclable, recycled, & environmentally safe products Recycle cans, bottles, paper, & plastic Plant a garden Donate clothes & used goods to charities Use water, energy, & other Resources efficiently Use mass transit, walk, ride a bike, or carpool

61 President White House Office Overall policy Agency coordination Office of Management and Budget Budget Agency coordination and management Council on Environmental Quality Environmental policy Agency coordination Environmental impact statements Dept of Health & Human Services Health Environmental Protection Agency Department of Justice Air & water pollution Noise Environmental Pesticides litigation Solid waste Radiation Toxic substances Department of the Interior Endangered species Energy Minerals National parks Public lands Fish and wildlife Water development Department of Agriculture Soil conservation Forestry Department of Defense Civil works construction Dredge & fill permits Pollution control from defense facilities Nuclear Regulatory Commission Licensing and regulation of nuclear power Department of State International environment Department of Commerce Oceanic and atmospheric monitoring and research Department of Labor Occupational health Department of Housing and Urban Development Housing Urban parks Urban planning Department of Transportation Airplane noise Mass transit Oil pollution Roads Energy policy Department Petroleum allocation of Energy Tennessee Valley Authority Electric power generation Fig. 25-5, p. 597

62 Figure 25-7 How a Bill Becomes a Law Individual citizens and lobbyists can influence how the bill is written before it is introduced and through subsequent stages.

63 Figure 25-8 Major Environmental Laws in the U.S. Many of these laws have been amended (weakened or strengthened) since 1969.

64 Promoting research and education is vital Nothing will succeed if the public is not aware of their importance Individual actions have little impact, unless many others do the same thing Individuals can influence others by educating them and serving as role models

65 Precious time It can be hard to give attention to problems we don t need to attend to on a daily basis The sheer number of environmental problems can be overwhelming However, natural systems are changing rapidly Human impacts are intensifying Overfishing, deforestation, land clearing, resource extraction We need to find solutions before we do irreparable harm

66 We need to reach again for the moon President Kennedy created NASA in response to the prospect of losing the race to the moon Humanity faces a challenge more important than any previous one Achieving sustainability Larger and more complex than going to the moon Human ingenuity is capable; we merely need to rally public resolve and engage everyone in the race

67 The environmental bottleneck We can achieve sustainability, but we must be realistic about the challenges We are giving ourselves less room to maneuver Until we implement a sustainable solution, we will be squeezing ourselves through a progressively tighter space, like being squeezed through the neck of a bottle It would be terrible to let the entire world turn into Easter Island and use up all of our resources completely

68 We must think of Earth as an island Earth is, indeed, an island Islands can be paradise, or they can be destroyed Some people speak out for conservation and finding ways to live sustainably amid dwindling resources Others ignore those calls, and continue environmental destruction It would be a tragic folly to let the planet be destroyed

69 The Earth is an island

70 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY Many analysts believe that environmental security is as important as military and economic security. Some developing nations view the concept of environmental security as an agenda for rich countries to continue their control of the world s natural resources.

71 How Would You Vote? Is environmental security just as important as economic and military security? a. No. Terrorism, unemployment, hunger, and inflation are more urgent threats to most nations. b. Yes. Environmental quality strongly influences the economies and security of most nations.

72 Trade-Offs Global Efforts on Environmental Problems Good News Environmental protection agencies in 115 nations Bad News Most international environmental treaties lack criteria for monitoring and evaluating their effectiveness Over 500 international environmental treaties and agreements UN Environment Programme (UNEP) created in 1972 to negotiate and monitor international environmental treaties 1992 Rio Earth Summit adopted key principles for dealing with global environmental problems 2002 Johannesburg Earth Summit attempted to implement policies and goals of 1992 Rio summit and find ways to reduce poverty 1992 Rio Earth Summit led to nonbinding agreements without enough funding to implement them By 2003 there was little improvement in the major environmental problems discussed at the 1992 Rio summit 2002 Johannesburg Earth Summit failed to provide adequate goals, deadlines, and funding for dealing with global environmental problems such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and poverty Fig , p. 611

73 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY International environmental organizations: Expand understanding of environmental issues. Gather and evaluate environmental data. Help develop and monitor environmental treaties. Provide funds and loans for sustainable economic development. Help nations develop environmental laws and institutions.

74 Solutions International Environmental Treaties Problems Solutions Take a long time to develop and are weakened by requiring full consensus Poorly monitored and enforced Do not require full consensus among regulating parties Establish procedures for monitoring and enforcement Lack of funding for monitoring and enforcement Treaties are not integrated with one another Increase funding for monitoring and enforcement Harmonize or integrate existing agreements Fig , p. 611

75 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY Earth summits and international environmental treaties play important roles in dealing with global environmental problems, but most are not effectively monitored or enforced. Making the shift to a more equitable and environmentally secure and sustainable global society is an economic, political, and ethical decision.

76 Biosphere 2, was designed to be self sustaining lifesupporting system for eight people sealed in the facility in The experiment failed because of a breakdown in its nutrient cycling systems. Figure 26-1 Core Case Study: Biosphere 2 - A Lesson in Humility

77 ENVIRONMENTAL WORLDVIEWS AND VALUES Your environmental worldview encompasses: How you think the world works. What you believe your environmental role in the world should be. What you believe is right and wrong environmental behavior.

78 Figure 26-2 ENVIRONMENTAL WORLDVIEWS AND VALUES Environmental worldviews lie on a continuum.

79 HUMAN-CENTERED AND LIFE-CENTERED ENVIRONMENTAL WORLDVIEWS The major difference among environmental worldviews is the emphasis they put on the role of humans dealing with environmental problems. Some view that humans are the planet s most important species and should become managers or stewards of the earth.

80 Environmental Worldviews Planetary Management We are apart from the rest of nature and can manage nature to meet our increasing needs and wants. Because of our ingenuity and technology we will not run out of resources. The potential for economic growth is essentially unlimited. Our success depends on how well we manage the earth's life support systems mostly for our benefit. Stewardship We have an ethical responsibility to be caring managers, or stewards, of the earth. We will probably not run out of resources, but they should not be wasted. We should encourage environmentally beneficial forms of economic growth & discourage environmentally harmful forms. Our success depends on how well we manage the earth's life support systems for our benefit and for the rest of nature. Environmental Wisdom We are a part of and totally dependent on nature and nature exists for all species. Resources are limited, should not be wasted, and are not all for us. We should encourage earth sustaining forms of economic growth & discourage earth degrading forms. Our success depends on learning how nature sustains itself and integrating such lessons from nature into the ways we think and act. Fig. 26-3, p. 617

81 Environmental Worldviews: An Overview Some analysts doubt that we can effectively manage the earth because we do not have enough knowledge to do so. Life-centered and earth-centered environmental worldviews believe that we have an ethical responsibility to prevent degradation of the earth s ecosystems, biodiversity, and biosphere.

82 Environmental Worldviews Deep ecology calls for us to think more deeply about our obligations toward both human and nonhuman life. Ecofeminist environmental worldview believes that women should be given the same rights that men have in our joint quest to develop more environmentally sustainable and socially just societies.

83 Shifts in Environmental Values and Worldviews: Some Encouraging Trends Global and national polls reveal a shift towards the stewardship, environmental wisdom, and deep ecology worldviews.

84 How Would You Vote? Which one of the following comes closest to your environmental worldview: planetary management, stewardship, environmental wisdom, deep ecology, ecofeminist? a. Planetary management b. Stewartship c. Environmental wisdom d. Deep ecology e. Ecofeminist f. Other

85 Which Worldview Is More Likely to Prove Correct? Using images of economic or ecological collapse can deter us from preventing or slowing environmental degradation.

86 How Would You Vote? Do you believe there are physical and biological limits to human economic growth? a. No. I have faith in human ingenuity and creativity. b. Depends. Some (but not all) aspects of economic growth are limited. c. Yes. Ecological economists are generally correct.

87 LIVING MORE SUSTAINABLY Environmental literate citizens and leaders are needed to build more environmentally sustainable and socially just societies. In addition to formal learning, we need to learn by experiencing nature directly.

88 LIVING MORE SUSTAINABLY Some affluent people are voluntarily adopting lifestyles in which they enjoy life more by consuming less. Figure 26-7

89 Guidelines Solutions Developing Environmentally Sustainable Societies Strategies Learn from & copy nature Do not degrade or deplete the earth's natural capital, and live off the natural income it provides Take no more than we need Do not reduce biodiversity Try not to harm life, air, water, soil Do not change the world's climate Do not overshoot the earth's carrying capacity Help maintain the earth's capacity for self-repair Repair past ecological damage Leave the world in as good a shape as or better than we found it Sustain biodiversity Eliminate poverty Develop eco-economies Build sustainable communities Do not use renewable resources faster than nature can replace them Use sustainable agriculture Depend more on locally available renewable energy from the sun, wind, flowing water, and sustainable biomass Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction Do not waste matter and energy resources Recycle, reuse, and compost 60 80% of matter resources Maintain a human population size such that needs are met without threatening life support systems Emphasize ecological restoration Fig. 26-6, p. 622

90 LIVING MORE SUSTAINABLY We can help make the world a better place by not falling into mental traps that lead to denial and inaction and by keeping our empowering feelings of hope ahead of any immobilizing feeling of despair.

91 Living More Lightly on the Earth: The Sustainable Dozen Agriculture Reduce you meat consumption. Buy locally grown and produced food. Buy more organic food and grow your own. Don t use pesticides. Transportation Drive an energy-efficient vehicle. Walk, bike, carpool, or take mass transit. Work at home or live near work.

92 Living More Lightly on the Earth: Home Energy Use The Sustainable Dozen Caulk leaks, add insulation, use energy efficient appliances. Try to use solar, wind, flowing water, biomass for home energy. Water Use water-saving showers and toilets, use drip irrigation, landscape yard with natural plants that do not require excess water.

93 Figure 26-5 Living More Lightly on the Earth: The Sustainable Dozen Resource Consumption Reduce your consumption and waste of stuff by at least 10%: Refuse and Reuse.

94 LIVING MORE SUSTAINABLY The Earth Charter calls for us to respect and care for life and biodiversity and to build more sustainable, just, democratic, and peaceful societies for present and future generations. We need hope, a positive vision of the future, and commitment to making the world a better place to live.

95 Conclusion In any society facing dwindling resources and environmental degradation, there will be those who raise alarms and those who ignore them The challenge for our society today is to support that science so that we may judge false alarms from real problems and distinguish legitimate concerns from thoughtless denial

96 QUESTION: Review Which of the following ways is not helpful towards reaching sustainability? a) Use water efficiently b) Conserve energy c) Promote renewable energy d) Use many fossil fuels

97 QUESTION: Review What does sustainable development mean? a) Finding ways to promote social justice b) Economic well-being c) Environmental quality at the same time d) All of the above

98 QUESTION: Review Which of the following is NOT a major approach to sustainability? a) Reduce unnecessary consumption b) Limit population growth c) Discourage research and education d) Think in the long term

99 QUESTION: Review Which is NOT an intense human impact on our natural systems? a) Resource extraction b) Wetland draining c) Overfishing d) Planting excess trees e) Land clearing

100 QUESTION: Review Which of the following is NOT a strategy for sustainability? a) Encourage green technologies b) Think in the long term c) Voting with our wallets d) All of these are strategies for sustainability