JICA s Approach on Waste Management

Transcription

1 JICA s Approach on Waste Management Sep Environmental Management Group, Global Environment Department, JICA

2 Waste problem covers several issues/sectors (1)Clear division of roles & responsibilities and coordination among relevant departments are necessary in administrative viewpoint. Public sanitation Pollution Resource saving Poverty (2)Stakeholder participation and cooperation who generate waste are indispensable.

3 Definition of waste management Waste management aims to improve sanitation and to realize a sound material-cycle society by controlling waste generation and by executing appropriate waste disposal, through the process from generation/storage, collection/transport, intermediate treatment to final waste disposal. Generation/ storage Collection/ transportation Intermediate treatment Final disposal generation control appropriate waste disposal

4 Waste management challenges in developing countries Organizational and institutional issues Waste management is divided in several different organizations. There is no comprehensive legislation Legislations/regulations on waste are fragmented in different laws. Human resources and technical issues Experts in charge of planning and operation have not been developed. Analytical work on waste management is not considered seriously. Financial issues Waste management is one of lower priority issue among public works. It is difficult to collect charges from beneficiaries in general. Economic issues Industrial development results in an increase in the amount of waste, and at the same time, causes qualitative change of waste, which may lead to difficult in adequate treatment in some cases. Social issues The social status of workers engaged in waste management in the field is generally low. Waste management may also affect revenue opportunities for people in informal sectors who earn their living from recyclable waste.

5 Approaches to support waste management Ministry in charge of sanitation Municipality Sanitation authorities NGOs Improvement of waste management capacity of the entire society and to build a sustainable management system Recycling industry Private sanitation businesses Household waste, etc. Hazardous/infectious waste generators Figure 1. Relationship between different stakeholders in waste management Source: Cited from Japan International Cooperation Agency Institute for International Cooperation (2005) Supporting Capacity Development for Waste Management in Developing Countries p.44, with partial amendment

6 Development strategy :Objective 1 Improvement of waste management capacity of entire society Mid-term Objectives Legal improvements Organizational improvements Financial improvements Promotion of appropriate cooperation with the private sector Promotion of efforts by waste generating businesses Promotion of participation of citizens Cultural and social considerations

7 Improvement of technical capacity in each process of waste management Ensuring appropriate generation and discharge Illegal dumping Improving collection and transport On-site disposal Public area cleaning Improving final disposal site Generation Storage Generation Collection Final disposal Reduction Introducing and improving intermediate treatment Intermediate treatment Reuse Recyclables market Recovery of recyclables Figure 2. Typical waste flow in the entire society Source: Cited from Japan International Cooperation Agency Institute for International Cooperation (2005) Supporting Capacity Development for Waste Management in Developing Countries p.86, with partial amendment

8 Development strategy :Objectives 2 Improvement of technical capacity in line with the waste management process Mid-term Objectives Improvement in generation and discharge Improvement in collection and transport Introduction and improvement in intermediate treatment Improvement in final disposal

9 What is R? Japan's 3R Initiative endorsed in G8 Sea Island Summit in 2004: 3R represents the concept of balancing environmental conservation and economic growth through effective use of resources. Through 3R activities, it is expected that a Sound Material-Cycle Society will be established internationally. 9

10 A Sound Material Cycle Society R Activities) Input of natural resources Reduce Reduce of consumption of natural resources Production /Delivery Recycle Consumption Reuse Disposal (incineration, etc) Generation of waste Reuse of heat Final Disposal

11 Schemes and efforts necessary for 3Rs Mechanism Master plan Regulation Voluntary agreement Economic incentives Information sharing Awareness raising Infrastructure and facilities Research & development (1) Set basic policies regarding reduction and recycling and quantitative goals (2) Formulate 3Rs implementation plan (1) Designate recycling products and resource-saving products (obligatory) (1) Standardize recycled products, encourage the use of recycled or similar products by public institutions (2) Formulate voluntary action plan for the collection/recycling of designated waste products by industry groups (1) provide low-interest loans, tax allowances or subsidies (2) Introduce deposit system, livelihood support for waste pickers (1) Compile the national database related to 3Rs (2) Disclose information related to 3R activities (1) Implement 3R and environmental education (2) Implement awareness-raising activities including local community and school education activities (1)Construct recycling facilities Specific approach (1) Carry out research and survey on the resource flow at macro level (2) Carry out research related to 3Rs (3) Technology development related to recycling

12 Role-sharing among relevant parties for achieving 3Rs Retailers Actor National and local governments Manufacturers Other companies who discharge waste Consumers /residents Role Consolidation of legal systems Formulation of master plan Establishment of economic incentives Collection and disclosure of information Raising awareness of general public and business circles Development of new recyclable products Promotion of resource reduction and the use of recyclable resources in the manufacturing process Improvement of the durability of products and the repair service system Disclosure of information to consumers Introduction of reusable packaging and reduction of excessive packaging Forwarding of customers used home appliances to manufacturers Collection of used packaging to be forwarded for recycling Providing information to consumers Promotion of reuse and the use of recycled products in business activities Thorough control of the amount of waste generated from business activities, as well its recycling and self-disposal Reduction of waste generation by using products for a long time Thorough separation of waste Promotion of the use of recycled products Bearing of costs for disposal and recycling

13 Priority areas by JICA International initiatives UNCED (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development) WSSD (World Summit on Sustainable Development) MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) G8 Action Plan (3Rs Initiative) Climate change countermeasures Basel Convention (Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal) Stockholm Convention (persistent organic pollutants countermeasures) Japanese initiatives Official Development Assistance Charter, ODA Mid-Term Policy EcoISD (Environmental Conservation Initiative for Sustainable Development) Outline for Promotion Effects to Prevent Global Warming Japan-Pacific Islands Forum Summit Meeting Strategy for an Environmental Nation in the 21st Century New Action Plan towards a Global Zero Waste Society (Japan s New Action Plan for Accelerating the Establishment of Sound Material-Cycle Societies Internationally through the 3Rs) JICA cooperation policy

14 Priority areas Focused activities (1) Promotion of the establishment of a Sound Material Recycle Society (3Rs activities) (2) Improvement of the capacity development (CD) of the entire society involved in waste management Volunteer citizens at a 3Rs event (1) CD of governmental organizations related to waste management (2) Improvement of collection, transportation and disposal (including the use of the Japanese semi aerobic landfill method) (3) Promotion for public participation in waste management Children putting stickers on household garbage pails for separate collection

15 Other issues to be addressed further Response to the regional waste management Regional waste management requires a coordination mechanism to promote the commitment of relevant local cities and role sharing among them are essential. Risk mitigation of waste recycling system It is necessary to consider measures against risks where the recycling system become unfeasible due to uncontrollable factors such as the decline in the international price of resources. Countermeasures against climate change in waste control management Waste reduction through 3Rs or reduction/utilization of methane gas emissions from landfill should be promoted in technical/financial cooperation. Comprehensive technical and financial cooperation Technical and financial cooperation should be effectively implemented based on the comprehensive program for waste management in the respective country. Preparation of master plan Establishment of legal system Organizational/institutional development Human resource development Financial support for purchase equipments and development of disposal sites.