National Accounting Matrix including Environmental Accounts

Transcription

1 National Accounting Matrix including Environmental Accounts By: Ana Margarida Claro Direcção Regional de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo Serviço de Estatísticas do Território e Ambiente Núcleo de Estatísticas do Ambiente

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3 1. General results Results of the Households Results of the Manufacture Results of the Transports Environmental themes Greenhouse and Acidification Effects Combination of the economic and environmental results

4 1. GENERAL RESULTS Graph 1 - Economic sectors and households contribution on total air emissions in Households 11% Other Services 4% Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Fishing 3% Mining and Quarrying 0.4% Transport, Storage and Communication 17% Manufacture 33% Wholesale and Retail Trade, Hotels and Restaurants 1% Construction 3% Electricity, Gas and Water Supply 28% Through the Graph 1, we can analyze the contribution of each sector for the total atmospheric emissions (excluding the import of emissions of the rest of the world). It is verified that the most responsible sector for the atmospheric pollution is the Manufacture, representing 36% of the total emissions. Is followed by the sector of the Production and Distribution of Electricity, Gas and Water with a significant weight in the total emissions (30%). The Transports, Storage and Communications constitute the third sector more pollutant presenting a contribution of 19% for the total emissions. It is pointed out, the contribution of the Households whose emissions represent 11% of the total. 4

5 Graph 2 - Economic sectors and households contribution on air emissions from 1997 to (%) 1998 (%) 1999 (%) Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Fishing Mining and Quarrying Manufacture Electricity, Gas and Water Supply Construction Wholesale and Retail Trade, Hotels and Restaurants Transport, Storage and Communication Other Services Households The evolution of the share structure in the total atmospheric emissions can be seen in the Graph 2, for the years of 1997, 1998 and It is verified that the sector of the Transports, Storage and Communications were always the most significant on these three years. Is weight in the emissions total register a slight break of 1997 for 1999 (-1,5%) and between 1998 and 1999 was a tiny variation. The contribution of the sector of the Production and Distribution of Electricity, Gas and Water in the total emissions presented a significant growth during this period, soaring up to a total variation of 7%. Another sector with a growing weight in the total emissions is the one of the Transports, Storage and Communications, having increased from 13% in 1997 to 18%, in With a decreasing tendency in the contribution structure comes the sector of the Agriculture, Animal Production, Hunting, Forestation and Fisheries and of the Trade, Lodging and Restaurants. In spite of its contribution to be reduced comparatively to the remaining sectors, its variation was of -1% on these three years reaching, in 1999, just 1% of the total emissions. The other sectors do not represent significant variations in this period. 5

6 Graph 3 - Total air emissions from economic sectors and households between 1997 and Households Other Services Transport, Storage and Communication Wholesale and Retail Trade, Hotels and Restaurants Construction Electricity, Gas and Water Supply Manufacture Mining and Quarrying Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Fishing Unidade: toneladas Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Mining and Quarrying Manufacture Electricity, Gas and Water Supply Construction Wholesale and Retail Trade, Hotels and Transport, Storage and Other Services Communication Households Relatively to the Families, although represent a very significant portion of the total emissions, it is of highlighting the strong tumbling in it s share on total emissions. Its weight in the total emissions went down about 9%, of 20% in 1997 for 11%, in Besides the analysis of the evolution of the contribution of each sector and households for the total emissions, is also important to know the variation in the levels of emissions produced by these agents during this period. In the Graph 3 we can highlight the following: The sectors that, along these three years, presented an increase more accentuated in the emitted amounts of atmospheric pollutants were the one of the Transports, Storage and Communications, the one of the Production and Distribution of Electricity, Gas and Water and the one of the Construction. The first, with a variation of 37% (on these two years it passed of 8,4 million tons in 1997 for 11,4 million tons in 1999), the second, with a variation of 36% (its emissions increased of 13,4 million tons in 1997 for 18,3 million tons in 1999) and the third that, although it emits very less amount of atmospheric pollutants comparatively to the previous sectors, also register a significant variation (31%). 6

7 The ones that, on the contrary, follow a decrease on the level of emissions, mainly the one of the Trade, Lodging and Restaurants (it reduced on these three years of 1,3 million for 622 thousand of tons, that is to say, a break of 51%) and the one of the Agriculture, Animal Production, Hunting, Forestation and Fisheries, that decreased 15% its total emissions. The Families also reduced significantly its emissions, about 5,8 tons, what translated in a variation of 44% between 1997 and Graph 4 - Contribution of each sector and households on air emissions by pollutant in % 80% 60% Households Other Services Transport, Storage and Communication Wholesale and Retail Trade, Hotels and Restaurants 40% 20% Construction Electricity, Gas and Water Supply Manufacture Mining and Quarrying 0% Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Fishing CO2 N2O CH4 NOx SOx NH3 NMVOC CO The Manufacture that, as already seen is the more pollutant sector, it reduced about 3 million tons its level of emissions from 1997 to 1998, but it increased again between 1998 and 1999, about 2 million tons emitting in this last year 21,4 million tons. The previous graph shows the emissions of each atmospheric pollutant and the respective economic agents responsible for. The CO2 (dioxide of carbon), the largest gas responsible for the greenhouse effect (see graph 15) it was emitted, in 1999, mainly by the Manufacture (33%), the Production and Distribution of Electricity, Gas and Water (29%) and by Transports, Storage and Communication (18%). The Families also constitute a source of significant emission of this pollutant, being responsible for 10% of the total emissions of CO2. 7

8 Relatively at the N2O (nitrous oxide), another of the gases responsible for the greenhouse effect, come out mainly of the sector of the Agriculture, Animal Production, Hunting, Forestation and Fisheries, with a share around 81% of the total emissions of this pollutant. The Manufacture was the second largest, representing 8% of the total of the emissions of N2O. The CH4 (methane) is another pollutant contributing mainly for the greenhouse effect and like the N2O, surging above all from the sector of the Agriculture, Animal Production, Hunting, Forestation and Fisheries (45%). Exist, though, other sectors with an expressive contribution in the emission of the methane, namely Manufacture (16%), Construction (12%) and Mining and Quarrying (12%). In what respects NOX (nitrogen oxide), one of the responsible gases for the acid rains and for the problem of the acidification, it is verified that its main issuing source is the sector of the Transports, Storage and Communications (40%). With a weight also significant in the emissions of this pollutant we have the sectors of the Production and Distribution of Electricity, Gas and Water (20%), Manufacture (13%) and Households (10%). The emissions of SOX (sulfuric oxide), associated to the problem of the acidification, result mainly of the Manufacture's sectors (49%) and of the Production and Distribution of Electricity, Gas and Water (44%), representing together 93% of the total emissions of SOX. For the NH3 (ammonia) it contributes mainly the sector of the Agriculture, Animal Production, Hunting, Forestation and Fisheries (76%). It is still of referring Manufacture's weight and of the Households as significant emission sources of this pollutant (respectively, 14% and 8%). The sectors with the emission levels of COVNM (composed organic volatile except the methane) to the atmosphere were Manufacture and Construction, together responsible for about 62% of the total emissions. It is of also referring the role of the Families in the emission of this pollutant (23% of the total emissions). This is the second largest contribution of the Families in this analysis by pollutant. 8

9 Last, we have the emissions of CO (monoxide of carbon) whose first contribution is from the Families (62%). The sectors of the Transports, Storage and Communication are proceeded with (14%), Other Services (10%) and the Manufacture (9%). Graph 5 - Quantitative variation on air emissions by pollutant between 1998 and 1999, including import of emissions Toneladas N2O CH4 NOx SOx NH3 COVNM CO Graph 5A - Quantitative variation on CO2 air emissions between 1998 and 1999, including the import of emissions CO2 Observing the graphs 5 and 5A (the emissions of CO2 are illustrated in another graph once this pollutant is generally expressed in kilotons, for the that, if we transformed it into tons and it placed it in the same graph, a great discrepancy face 9

10 would exist to the remaining pollutants) we can know the variation in the emitted amounts of the atmospheric pollutants in study, between 1998 and 1999, including the emissions that are imported of the rest of the world. The largest absolute variations correspond to the emissions of CO2, of NOx and of CO. On these two years the emissions of CO2 went up 6,9 thousand kilotons (or 6,9 million tons) passing uprising from 58,3 to 65,3 thousand kilotons; the emissions of NOx increased about 38,7 thousand tons, passing of 386,7 for 425,4 thousand tons and the one of CO got off 1,09 for 1,06 million tons. It can be verified that the emissions of all the pollutants here in study, to the exception of CO, suffered an increase passing 1998 to Of the pollutants that presented this increase, stand out, by decreasing order of importance, the CO2, NOx, SOx and the CH4. In both years the pollutants that more stand out at the level of the emitted total amounts are the CO2, CO and the CH4. In terms of relative variation (graph 6), it is verified that the largest variations correspond to the emissions of CO2 (12%) and of NOx (10%), two situations of significant increase relatively for On the other hand, it was already referred, only negative variation says respect to the emissions of CO (-2,8%). 10

11 % Graph 6 - Relative variation of total emissions by pollutant between 1998 and 1999, including the import of emissions CO2 N2O CH4 NOx SOx NH3 COVNM CO The following picture, reflect the reasons that more contributed to these variations. For example, the increase of the emissions of CO2, N2O and NOx are especially related with the role of the sector of the Production and Distribution of Electricity, Gas and Water and also with the facto of her to have imported more emissions of these two pollutants of the rest of the world (see numbers in red). For the increase of the CH4 contributed more the sectors of the Transports, Storage and Communications and of the Trade, Hotels and Restaurants whose emissions register a positive variation of 151% and of 103%, respectively. In what it respects SOX, it is verified that the sector that had a larger weight in the increase of its total emissions the one of the Transports, Storage and Communications, which it increased its emissions of SOx in 72%. The second largest positive variation gave him at the level of the import of the emissions of this pollutant (+28%). The increase of the NH3 is associated, mainly, to the increase of the emissions on the part of the sectors of the Trade, Lodging and Restaurants (30%) and of the Mining and Quarrying (+19%). The increase of the emissions of COVNM was just of 1%, however, the main reason of this increase, although not very expressive, the increase that gave was him in 11

12 the emissions for part, in first place, Mining and Quarrying (+16%) and, in second, the Production and Distribution of Electricity, Gas and Water (+15%). Table 1 - Percentage variation on air emissions by pollutant source between 1998 and CO2 N20 CH4 NOx SOx NH3 COVNM CO Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Fishing Mining and Quarrying Manufacture Electricity, Gas and Water Supply Construction Wholesale and Retail, Hotels and Restaurants Transport, Storage and Communication Other Services Households Imports of emissions The emissions of CO were referred, the only ones that suffered a break of 1998 for 1999 and, for such, it contributes the reduction of the import of emissions of this pollutant of the rest of the world strongly (-7%) and of the emissions of the Families. Graph 7 - Percentage variations on air emissions by pollutant according the economic sectors, households and import of emissions (1998 e 1999). Imports of emissions Households Other Services Transport, Storage and Communication Wholesale and Retail, Hotels and Restaurants Construction Electricity, Gas and Water Supply Manufacture Mining and Quarrying Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Fishing CO COVNM NH3 SOx NOx CH4 N20 CO The results of the table 1, also can be represented under the form of graph (graph 7). In the axis of Y s we have the sectors and the families, in the axis of the X s, the respective percentile variations between 1998 and We can conclude the following: 12

13 On these two years an increase was verified in the import of emissions of all the pollutants, to the exception of COVNM and CO. The largest variation tells respect the import of emissions of SOx (28%). On the part of the Families, an increase in the emissions of CO2, N2O and NH3 and a reduction in the emissions of the remaining pollutants, being pointed out the reduction at the level of SOx (47%). The sector Other Services presented an increase of the emissions of all the pollutants, except for SOx, with the largest variation (-46%). The sector of the Transports, Storage and Communications were the only that increase in the emissions of all the pollutants in study, standing out the CH4 (151%). In what refers to the sector Trade, Lodging and Restoration, this was responsible for an increase of the emissions of CH4 (the largest variation 103%), NH3 and COVNM. The emissions of the remaining pollutants decreased, especially the one of SOx (92%). In the Construction, such expressive variations are not verified. This sector was responsible for the growth in the emissions of most of the pollutants, except of SOx and of CO. The emissions of COVNM were the ones that they presented a larger growth (6%). Of the sector of the Production and Distribution of Electricity, Gas and Water resulted the growth of the amounts of CO, COVNM, SOx, NOx, N2O and CO2 in the atmosphere, especially of the N2O, with a variation of 28%. In the Manufacture the most important variations correspond to the emissions of CO2 (13%) and of CH4 (-11%). This sector just reduced the emissions of COVNM, NH3 and CH4. In spite of Mining and Quarrying are the sectors with smaller contribution for the total emissions (just 0,5% - Graph 1), the variations was significant. To 13

14 the exception of CO and of SOx, all the other pollutants increased of one year for the other, standing out the emissions of NH3 (+19%). The most important variation on the part of the sector of the Agriculture, Animal Production, Hunting, Forestation and Fishing is associated SOx (- 28%). On the other hand, the emissions of NH3 were the ones that register a larger growth, 7%. This sector just reduced its level of emissions of SOx and CO. In graph 4, see the structure of sectors share and of the families in the emissions of each atmospheric pollutant. In the Graphs 8 and 9 we presented this contribution structure, for 1998 and 1999 for designated them gases with greenhouse effect and acid rain (acidification), that is, gases that contribute, respectively for the problems of the Effect of Greenhouse and of the Acidification. This way, we can know take note to the evolution of the contribution of each economic agent (sector) for the emission of these pollutants with serious environmental repercussions. Graph 8 - Contribution of economic sectors and households on emissions of GHG 1998 e % 80% Households Other Services Transport, Storage and Communication 60% Wholesale and Retail Trade, Hotels and Restaurants Construction 40% Electricity, Gas and Water Supply 20% Manufacture Mining and Quarrying 0% 3 2 C C N2O 1998 N2O 1999 CH CH Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Fishing We can observe that the sector-share structure varies little from one year to the other. In the case of the CO2 stays everything constant to the exception of the Production and Distribution of Electricity, Gas and Water that it presents the second largest weight in the total emissions of this pollutant, 14

15 passing this of 26% for 29%. The largest contributive weight belongs to the Manufacture (33% in both years). For the emissions of N2O we have, as already saw previously, the preponderant paper of the sector of the Agriculture, Animal Production, Hunting, Forestation and Fisheries (81% in both years). The contributors structure relatively to this pollutant stays unaffected. Relatively to the CH4, were verified two variations in the contributors-share structure, namely Manufacture that reduced its weight in the total emissions in 3% and of the Mining and Quarrying that, on the contrary, it increased in 1%. Graph 9 - Contribution of economic sectors and households on acidification gases in 1998 and Households 100% 80% 60% Other Services Transport, Storage and Communication Wholesale and Retail Trade, Hotels and Restaurants Construction 40% 20% 0% NOx 1998 NOx 1999 SOx 1998 SOx 1999 NH NH Electricity, Gas and Water Supply Manufacture Mining and Quarrying Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Fishing The gases considered in this analysis are NOX, SOX and the NH3 the main gases causing of the environmental problem of acidification. Relatively to NOx, a variation of 1% on the part of the Production and Distribution of Electricity, Gas and Water, of the Agriculture, Animal Production, Hunting, Forestation and Fisheries and of the Families. These two last went down its contributive weight while the sector of Electricity (...) it increased. 15

16 Manufacture's sectors and of the Production and Distribution of Electricity, Gas and Water continue, in 1999, to assume a preponderant weight in the emissions of SOx. The first sector maintained its weight in the total emissions while the second increased of 42% for 44%. The Construction, that represented 3% of the total emissions of SOx in 1998, started to just represent 1% the following year. Finally, as the larger source of the NH3 acidification gas, we have in both years, the sector of the Agriculture, Animal Production, Hunting, Forestation and Fisheries. The total emissions of this gas result, in 75%, of this sector (more 1% that in the previous year). Manufacture's contribution went down passing of 15% for 14% lightly. 16

17 2. RESULTS OF THE HOUSEHOLDS. Graph 10 - Contribution of households on air emissions by function (COICOP), in Other 2% Heating 32% Transports 66% Graph 11 - Households air emissions by function (COICOP) and by pollutant in % 80% % 40% Other Heating Transports 20% % 3.2 CO2 N2O CH4 NOx SOx NH3 NMVOC CO 8.6 The Households were responsible for the emission of about 7,2 million tons of atmospheric pollutants, that is, 11% of the total emissions it can be verified in the Graph 1. In the Graphs 10 and 11 we can analyze with larger detail the functions of 17

18 these Households that are more responsible for the atmospheric emissions: Transports, Heating or Other (last one include all the other activities of the classification COICOP not Transport or Heating). The pie chart illustrates the preponderant weight of the function Transports well in the total emissions of the Households (66%). The second largest pollutant source is the function Heating, with a share of 32%, and the function Others accounts for 2%, not very significant in terms of the weight of its emissions in the total. The Households contribute in 10% to the total emissions of CO2 and through the Graph 11, we can verify that this result is mainly associated to the function Transports (67%). The function Heating of the Families appears as the second taxpaying largest for the total emissions of CO2. Relatively to the emissions of N2O and CH4 these result mainly of the Heating, 70% and 58% respectively. Besides the CO2, also the emissions of NOX, SOX, COVNM and CO on the part of the Households come, in larger percentage, of its function Transports (86%, 93%, 56% and 62%, respectively). In relation to the NH3, the Other function overwhelmed the other 2 functions by emitting 91% of such pollutant. 18

19 3. RESULTS OF THE MANUFACTURE Graph 12 - Contribution on air emissions by manufacture activities in Machinery and Equipment 1% Basic Metals and Metallic Products 5% Other industries 2% Food, Beverages and Tobacco 5% Textiles and Leather 5% Wood, Cork and Wood Products 2% Paper, Pulp and Printing 6% Refineries 16% Non-Metallic Mineral Products 47% Chemicals and Fibers 11% Graph 13 - Manufacture activities air emissions by pollutant in % 80% 60% 40% Other industries Machinery and Equipment Basic Metals and Metallic Products Non-Metallic Mineral Products Chemicals and Fibers Refineries Paper, Pulp and Printing 20% 0% CO2 N2O CH4 NOx SOx NH3 NMVOC CO Wood, Cork and Wood Products Textiles and Leather Food, Beverages and Tobacco The Manufacture has been, along the years, the activity sector that it produces more atmospheric emissions, about 21,4 million tons, in 1999 (Graph 3) 19

20 corresponding to 33% of the total emissions (Graph 1). For this reason, and because this sector include a wide activity branches, we ought to know through these two previous Graphs, the activities of Manufacture's sector (disaggregated at the subsection level) that reveal has more pollutant. In the Graph 12, it is possible to visualize clearly which is the activity more pollutant Production of Another Mineral Products Not Metallic with a weight of 47% in Manufacture's total emissions. For other words, of the 21,4 million tons emitted by the sector, about 9,9 million come out from such activity. The second and third larger issuing sources of this sector are, respectively, the Refineries (16%) and Chemical Products industry (11%). The Graph 13 shows the structure for each atmospheric pollutant emissions. We can conclude the following: The largest contributions for the emissions of CO2 are the one of the Production of Another Mineral Products Metallic (47%), of the Refineries (16%) and of the Chemical Products Industry (11%). For N2O, the activity with a larger contributive weight is the Chemical Products (71%). In terms of emissions of the CH4, several activities of the Manufacture exists with an important relative weight: the Food, Beverage and Tobacco Industries (18%), the Production of Another Mineral Products Not Metallic (17%), the Industry of the Wood and Cork (16%) and the Textile Industry (14%). For the emissions of NOx we have, once again, as main responsible source, the Production of Other Mineral Products Not Metallic (24%). Then appear the Industries of the Pulp and Paper here with a significant share (20%), followed by Refineries (18%). The emissions of SOx are especially associated to the Refineries (42%). It is also of pointing out the contribution of the Pulp and Paper Industry (16%) and of the Production of Other Mineral Products Not Metallic (13%). The NH3 result mainly of the Production of Chemical Products and Synthetic or Artificial Fibers, which is responsible for 94% of Manufacture's total emissions. 20

21 Around 32% of the total emissions of COVNM come from Manufacture's sector (Graph 4). The activities that more influenced this result was Refineries (37%) and the Production of Chemical Products and Synthetic or Artificial Fibers (19%). Finally, the total emissions of CO on the part of the Manufacture are particularly associated, in first place, to the Basic Metals and of Metallic Products (35%) and, in second, to the Production of Chemical Products and Synthetic or Artificial Fibers (25%). 21

22 4. RESULTS OF THE TRANSPORTS Graph 14 - Contribution on air emissions by kind of tranportation in Transports by air 13% Transports on water 3% Transports on land; pipelines 84% Graph 15 - Air emissions of transport activities by pollutantin % 80% Transports by air 48 60% 40% Transports on water 20% 0% CO2 N2O CH4 NOx SOx NH3 NMVOC CO 46 Transports on land; pipelines As already referred previously the Transports were responsible, in 1999, for the emission of 11,4 million tons of pollutant emissions to the atmosphere, about 17% 22

23 of the total emitted by the economic activities and households. Let us see now which the kind of transport type is the more pollutant. In the Graph 14 we verified that are the terrestrial transports the largest origin of atmospheric pollutants, (84% of the total of the transports). The aviation are followed as the second largest pollutant source representing 13% of the total. The transports by water have a tiny contribution (just 3%). If we tried to know the contributions of each transport type in the emission of each atmospheric pollutant (Graph 15), the following is ended: in this sector: all the pollutants, except SOx, results mainly of the terrestrial transports the ones which presenting the following contributive weights, by decreasing order of importance: CH4: 92% CO: 92%; COVNM: 92% NOx: 91%; N2O: 91% CO2: 84%; NH3: 84%; SOx: 46%. In relation to SOx, the largest emission sector are the transports by water (48%). 23

24 5. ENVIRONMENTAL THEMES GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND ACIDIFICATION. The following graphs illustrate the potential weight that each substance relatively to the environmental themes of greenhouse effect and acidification. These are the themes that NAMEA integrates, namely, in the Table 4 Joined NAMEA which is calculated based in two indicators: the GWP100 (Global Warming Potential Over 100 Years) and PAE (Potential Acid Equivalent). The greenhouse effect is a natural effect, though it has been amplified by man-made emissions of gases like CO2, N2O, CH4, HFCs, PFCs and the SF6. The emissions of these compositions can be joined through the index GWP100 that allow measure the potential of heating of the same ones (generally, of the first three - CO2, N2O and CH4), being expressed in equivalent of CO2. Graph 16 - GWP100 (CO2,N2O,CH4). CH4 15% N2O 13% CO2 72% Seeking the comparison of the effect of the main acid substances (NOx, SO2 and NH3), was developed the PAE index, which bases on the chemical reactions of the acid depositions, being expressed in equivalent of SO2. 24

25 Graph 17 - PAE (NOx,SOx,NH3). NH3 23% SOx 44% NOx 33% Relatively to the greenhouse effect (Graph 16), it is verified that the gas that more contributes to Global Warming Potential is the CO2, being responsible for 72% of GWP threat, that is to say, the carbon dioxide is the pollutant that weight more in the problem of the greenhouse effect. The second gas with larger weight potential is the CH4 (methane), representing 15% of the global indicator. Follows the N2O (nitrous oxide), with a contribution of 13% for this environmental problem. In relation to the problem of the acidification of the soils and of the water (Graph 17) e have in first place, the SOx, that represent 44% of global PAE, followed by NOx (33%). The pollutant with smaller weight in this index is the NH3, (23%). Let s take look as these indicators were calculated (Tables 2 and 3): Tableo 2 - GWP calculation (CO2,N2O,CH4) Total Emissions GWP GWP Equivalents tons tons of CO2 equivalents 10 6 tons CO N2O CH Total Note: GWP100 (CO2,N2O,CH4) = 1 x emissões (CO2) x emissões (N2O) + 21 x emissões (CH4) 25

26 Table 3 - PAE calculation (NOx,SOx,NH3) Total Emissions PAE PAE Equivalents tons tons of SO2 equivalents 10 3 tons SOx / NOx / NH / Total Note: PAE (SO2,NOx,NH3) = 1/32 x emissões (SO2) + 1/46 x emissões (NOx) + 1/17 x emissões (NH3) Table 4 - Economic Sectors and Households Contribution for Greenhouse Effect (GWP 100 ) and Acidification Effect (PAE) in Economic Sectors and Households Greenhouse Effect Acidification Effect GWP (10 6 ton) GWP (%) PAE (10 3 ton) PAE (%) Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Fishing Mining and Quarrying Manufacture Electricity, Gas and Water Supply Construction Wholesale and Retail, Hotels and Restaurants Transport, Storage and Communication Other Services Households TOTAL The table 4 gave us a picture of the environmental pressure made by each one of the sectors of economy and the households. The results here presented result of the calculation of indicative GWP and PAE for each one of these agents, leading to the following conclusions: The Manufacture, besides being the sector with more weight in the total emissions (33% Graph 1) it s also the more responsible one for the problems on the greenhouse effect and of the acidification. Electricity, Gas and Water Supply sector also stands out as the second largest issuing source and as the second largest responsible for the two environmental problems here in study. The Agriculture, Animal Production, Hunting, Forests and Fishing is, although not very expressive in the total emissions (3% - Graph 1), is the third sector that weight more in the greenhouse effect and acidification phenomena. Synthesizing, for the greenhouse effect, we have as larger responsible sectors, in 1999, the following sectors (by decreasing order of importance): Manufacture (28%); Electricity, Gas and Water (21%); Agriculture, Animal Production, Hunting, Forests and Fisheries (19%); Transports, Storage and Communications (13%); Households (9%). For the acidification, the more responsible sectors are: 26

27 Industry Manufacture (30%); Electricity, Gas and Water (26%); Agriculture, Animal Production, Hunts, Forestation and he/she Fishes (21%); Transports, Storage and Communications (14%); Households (5%). To know, with larger detail, the contribution of each economic activity (according to the nomenclature NACE Rev. 1) for these environmental problems, we have the following table. 27

28 Table 5 - Contribution of economic activities (NACE Rev.1) for Greenhouse Effect (GWP100) and Acidification (PAE) in Economic activities GWP (ton) 1 GWP (%) PAE (ton) 2 PAE (%) A Agriculture, hunting and forestry Agriculture, hunting and related service activities Forestry, logging and related service activities B 05 Fishing C Mining and quarrying Mining of coal and lignite; extraction of peat Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas; service activities incidental to oil and gas extraction excluding surveying Mining of uranium and thorium ores Mining of metal ores Other mining and quarrying D Manufacturing Manufacture of food products and beverages Manufacture of tobacco products Manufacture of textiles Manufacture of wearing apparel; dressing and dyeing of fur Tanning and dressing of leather; manufacture of luggage, handbags, saddlery, harness and footwear Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials Manufacture of pulp, paper and paper products Publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media Manufacture of coke, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products Manufacture of rubber and plastic products Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products Manufacture of glass and glass products Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products n.e.c Manufacture of basic metals Manufacture of basic iron and steel Other manufacture of basic metals Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c Manufacture of office machinery and computers Manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus n.e.c Manufacture of radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus Manufacture of medical, precision and optical instruments, watches and clocks Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers Manufacture of other transport equipment Manufacture of furniture; manufacturing n.e.c Recycling E Electricity, gas and water supply Electricity, gas, steam and hot water supply Production and distribution of electricity Manufacture of gas; distribution of gaseous fuels through mains Steam and hot water supply Collection, purification and distribution of water

29 Table 5 - Contribution of economic activities (NACE Rev.1) for Greenhouse Effect (GWP100) and Acidification (PAE) in Economic activities GWP (ton) 1 GWP (%) PAE (ton) 2 PAE (%) F 45 Construction G Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles and personal and household goods Sale, maintenance and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of automotive fuel Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of personal and household goods H 55 Hotels and restaurants I Transport, storage and communication Land transport; transport via pipelines Transport via railways Other land transport Transport via pipelines Water transport Sea and coastal water transport Inland water transport Air transport Supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies Post and telecommunications J Financial intermediation Financial intermediation, except insurance and pension funding Insurance and pension funding, except compulsory social security Activities auxiliary to financial intermediation K Real estate, renting and business activities Real estate activities Renting of machinery and equipment without operator and of personal and household goods Computer and related activities Research and development Other business activities L 75 Public administration and defence; compulsory social security M 80 Education N 85 Health and social work O Other community, social and personal service activities Sewage and refuse disposal, sanitation and similar activities Activities of membership organization n.e.c Recreational, cultural and sporting activities Other service activities TOTAL (1) O indicador GWP é expresso em toneladas de CO2 equivalente. (2) O indicador PAE é expresso em toneladas de SO2 equivalente. We can evaluate, through the values of GWP the activities at NACE Rev.1 that more pressure put on the problem of the greenhouse effect are (by decreasing order of importance): 29

30 NACE 40.1: Production, transport and electricity distribution; NACE 01: Agriculture, animal production, hunting and activities of the related services; NACE 60.2: Other terrestrial transports; NACE 26.2: Production of ceramic products non-refraction and refraction ceramics; NACE 23: coke Production, products refined petroleum and nuclear fuel. Through the values of PAE it is verified that the economic activities that more contribute to the acidification are (by decreasing order of importance): NACE 40.1: Production, transport and electricity distribution; NACE 01: Agriculture, animal production, hunting and activities of the related services; NACE 60.2: Other terrestrial transports; NACE 23: Production refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel; NACE 24: Production of chemical products. 30

31 6. ECONOMY AND ENVIRONMENT. Employment Production Graph 18 - Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Fishing. VAB NOx SOx CH4 CO Unit: (%) Graph 19 - Mining and Quarrying. Employment 0.3 VAB Production NOx SOx CH4 13 CO2 0.3 Unit: (%) Graph 20 - Manufacture. Graph 21 - Electricity, Gas and Water. Employment 21 Employment 1 18 VAB 3 Production 29 Production 3 15 NOx 22 SOx 50 SOx Unit: (%) CH4 1 Unit: (%) CO2 37 CO Graph 22 - Construction. Employment 10 VAB 8 Production 11 NOx 4 SOx 1 CH4 12 CO2 3 Unit: (%) Employment Production Graph 23 - Wholesale and Retail, Hotels and Restaurants. VAB NOx SOx CH4 CO Unit: (%) Employment VAB Production NOx SOx CH4 CO2 Graph 24 - Transports, Storage and Communications Unit: (%) Employment VAB Production NOx SOx CH4 CO2 Graph 25 - Other services Unit: (%) One of the main characteristics of NAMEA is the combination of the economic values with the physical data on the atmosphere, what show and allow measure the interaction between the economic flows and the transformations in the natural 31

32 atmosphere. The Graphs 18 to 25 summarize some statistical data on economics and environmental, extracted of the Tables NAMEA, giving us an idea synthesis of the emissions-share of each sector in terms of social-economic and environmental trends. The data of the employment, VAB and production (bars on red) were obtained from the Table 1a of NAMEA and the data of the emissions of NOX, SOx, CH4 and CO2 (bars on blue), retrieved from the Table 1b. We calculate the proportion of each variable on each economic sector economic, relatively to the total sectors of the economy (excluding the import of emissions from the rest of the world). In those graphs were included the emissions of four pollutants, the ones that generally present a larger contribution for the environmental themes as the acidification (SOx and NOx) and the greenhouse effect (CO2 and CH4). Of the analysis of these graphs we can account several conclusions for 1999, which are valid for the year 1998: The sector Other Services are the one that presents a larger weight in economic terms (VAB 43%; Production 32%) and of employment absorption (33%), however, its contribution for the emissions of these four pollutants is not very significant when compared with the remaining sectors. The sector of the Trade, Lodging and Restaurants presents a behavior similar to the previous sector. Reveals a significant weight in terms of VAB, of total production and of employment, even so, it is one of the sectors with a smaller percentage contribution for the total emissions of these pollutants. The Production and Distribution of Electricity, Gas and Water is, on the contrary, a not very expressive sector in economic terms (it just represents 3% of total VAB and of the total Production) and of employment (1% of the total employment), but it is one of the largest issuing sources of CO2 (32%) and of SOx (45%), two of the main pollutants for the greenhouse effect and for the acidification. The Manufacture is, as we have been to evaluate before, the predominant sector, whether in terms of economic performance plus employment 32

33 absorption or in terms of atmospheric emissions. This sector contributes in 29% to the total production of the economy, in 18% for total VAB and in 21% for the total employment and, on the other hand, it represents half of the total emissions of SOx and more than 1/3 of the total emissions of CO2. Mining and Quarrying results are not very significant it s just to point out its contribution in the total emissions of CH4 (13%). Relatively to the Construction expressive results can be verified at social-economic level, as well as emitted atmospheric pollutants. It is the fourth sector with a larger contribution for VAB (8%) and for the production (11%) and it is responsible for a significant part of the total emissions of an acidification gas CH4 (12%). The Agriculture, Animal Production, Hunting, Forests and Fishing highlight itself as sector that absorbs a great employment percentage (11%), although its contribution for the production and VAB totals is reduced, and stands out for its weight in the total emissions of CH4 (47%). In the relative graph to the Transports, Storage and Communications, it is especially pointed out NOx, which results in 45% of this sector. It constitutes the fifth sector with better economic performance, situation that, in this case, it is accompanied by a high contribution in the emissions of atmospheric pollutants in particular of NOx and CO2. 33

34 Graph 26 - Tons of CO2 / 10 6 Escudos VAB Graph 27 - Tons of SOx / 10 6 Escudos VAB

35 Graph 28 - Tons of emissions total / 10 6 Escudos VAB The 3 previous graphs present more a form of crossing the environmental statistics with the statistical economics, contained in the tables of NAMEA. In this case, several ratios were calculated among the total emissions (of a certain pollutant or of all the pollutants) and the gross value added (VAB) generated by the economic activities. In this case, we opted for selecting the CO2 and SOx, regarding are these 2 the most responsible pollutants for the problem of the greenhouse effect and of the acidification, respectively. Were selected the six activities that presented larger ratios with the following approach: In the Graph 26: the activities with a ratio greater than or equal to 10; In the Graph 27: the activities with a ratio greater than or equal to 0,8; In the Graph 28: the activities with a ratio greater than or equal to 12. Of the analysis of these three graphs, we can conclude the following: Refineries (NACE 23) it s the sector that presents the largest values in the 3 ratios. For each 1 million of escudos (former Portuguese currency corresponding to, approximately 5000 euros) of generated VAB, it emits about 208 tons of CO2, 5 tons of SOx and 217 tons of total atmospheric pollutants. 35

36 For the ratio (Emissions of CO2/VAB), the activities that presented a higher value was the following ones (by decreasing order of importance): 1) NACE 23: Refineries; 2) NACE 40: Production and electricity distribution, gas, vapor and hot water; 3) NACE 26: Production of other mineral products not metallic; 4) NACE 60: Terrestrial transports; 5) NACE 24: Production of chemical products; 6) NACE 62: Aerial transports. For the ratio (Emissions of SOx/VAB), the activities that presented a higher value were the following ones (by decreasing order of importance): 1) NACE 23: Refineries; 2) NACE 40: Production and electricity distribution, gas, vapor and hot water; 3) NACE 21: Pulp, paper and cardboard and its goods; 4) NACE 24: Production of chemical products; 5) NACE 26: Production of other mineral products not metallic; 6) NACE 61: Transports by water. These last 3 activities presents the same ratio 0,08. For In the ratio (Total Emissions / VAB) the activities that presented a larger value were the same ones that in the ratio (Emissions of CO2 / VAB) on the same order of importance. The following table presents the economic activities economics that presented a larger variation of the three ratios referred previously, between 1998 and This is an indicator that allows to evaluate the environmental efficiency of each economic activity: if we verify, for example, that a certain activity improves its economic performance (example. growth of VAB), but that improvement is accompanied by an increase of the level of emissions, then we can talk on a decrease in the environmental efficiency of such activity. 36

37 Table 6 - Economic activities with major variations on ratios (Emissions of CO 2 / VAB); (Emissions of SO x / VAB) e (Emissions Totals / VAB) between 1998 and NACE Ratio variation CO2 / VAB Ratio variation Sox / VAB Ratio var. Total Emissions / VAB Variation Emissionsof CO 2 Variation VAB NACE Variation Emissions of Sox Variation VAB NACE Variation Emissions Totals Variation VAB In these pictures were included the first three activities that presented a larger decrease (values on green) and the first three activities that presented a larger increment (values the red) in the ratios CO2 / VAB, Sox / VAB and Total Emissions / VAB, between 1998 and The results reveal the following: The activity that stands out in terms of environmental inefficiency it s the Refineries (NACE 23), the one that register the largest positive variation in any of the calculated ratios. It is verifiable that, in spite of its VAB to have decreased of one year to the other, the level of emissions of CO2, of SOx and of the totality of the pollutants increased substantially, for that is concluded that this activity decreased its environmental efficiency. Relatively to the ratio Total Emissions / VAB the values on red reveals that NACE 23 increased, between 1998 and 1999, about 72 tons of total emissions for each million of escudos (5000 euros, approximately) of VAB. The second place activity showing a larger increment in the three ratios, that is to say, that decreases its environmental efficiency, was the Production and distribution of electricity, gas, vapor and hot water (NACE 40). In this case, the increase of VAB was accompanied by an increase of the emissions of CO2, of SOx and of the pollutants in general (about -1,8 tons for a million escudos of VAB, in both ratios). NACE 26 (Production of other mineral products not metallic) it is the third activity that stands out in terms of positive variation, in both ratio CO2/VAB and Total Emissions / VAB. Increased about 4 tons in the emissions of CO2 and in the total emissions, for a million escudos of VAB. 37