2015 GEOGRAPHY ATTACH SACE REGISTRATION NUMBER LABEL TO THIS BOX. Core Topic: Population, Resources, and Development

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "2015 GEOGRAPHY ATTACH SACE REGISTRATION NUMBER LABEL TO THIS BOX. Core Topic: Population, Resources, and Development"

Griffin Brown
5 years ago
Views:

1 External Examination GEOGRAPHY FOR OFFICE USE ONLY SUPERVISOR CHECK ATTACH SACE REGISTRATION NUMBER LABEL TO THIS BOX RE-MARKED Wednesday 11 November: 1.30 p.m. Time: 2 hours Pages: 20 Questions: 21 Core Topic: Population, Resources, and Development Examination material: one 20-page question booklet one two-sided sheet of additional material one SACE registration number label Approved dictionaries and calculators may be used. Instructions to Students 1. You will have 10 minutes to read the paper. You must not write in your question booklet or use a calculator during this reading time but you may make notes on the scribbling paper provided. 2. This paper consists of twenty-one short-answer and extended-answer questions. Answer all questions in the spaces provided in this booklet. Remove the tear-out sheet on pages 3 and 4. Refer to page 3 when answering Question 2 on page 5. Refer to page 4 when answering Question 16 on page The total mark is Attach your SACE registration number label to the box at the top of this page. SACE Board of South Australia 2015

2 STUDENT S DECLARATION ON THE USE OF CALCULATORS By signing the examination attendance roll I declare that: my calculators have been cleared of all memory no external storage media are in use on these calculators. I understand that if I do not comply with the above conditions for the use of calculators I will: be in breach of the rules have my results for the examination cancelled or amended be liable to such further penalty, whether by exclusion from future examinations or otherwise, as the SACE Board of South Australia determines. page 2 of 20

The free encyclopedia, viewed 3 May 2015, Wolmadrian Photograph B This photograph cannot be reproduced

3 Remove this page from the question booklet by tearing along the perforations. Refer to the following photographs when answering Question 2 on page 5: Photograph A Source: Wikipedia: The free encyclopedia, viewed 3 May 2015, Wolmadrian Photograph B This photograph cannot be reproduced here for copyright reasons. Source: Photograph C Source: Jeremy Francis page 3 of 20 PLEASE TURN OVER

4 Refer to the following information when answering Question 16 on page 14: Figure 1: Mean rainfall distribution, Jamaica ( ) N kilometres Legend Rainfall (mm) Source: Jamaica Meteorological Service, Jamaica: Mean rainfall ( ), Jamaica Rainfall Analysis (mm), Map produced from mean station rainfall January 1971 to December 2000, Meteorological Service of Jamaica, viewed 5 August 2015, Figure 2: Average annual wind directions for Jamaica 3 KEY Wind direction is blowing towards the centre. Number in centre: percentage of calm days. Frequency of wind proportional to length of line (% of days in the year). N W 5 E S 0 10% Source: Data from Atlas of Pilot Charts North Atlantic Ocean, 2002, publication 106, page 4 of 20

5 Answer all the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided after each question. Refer to the topographic maps JAMAICA (Map 1), scale 1: , and MONTEGO BAY (Map 2), scale 1:50000, on Side 1 of the separate sheet of additional material, where appropriate, when answering Questions 1 to 7 and Question (a) The length of Jamaica s coastline is closest to which one of the following values? Tick the appropriate box. 100 km 200 km 1000 km 2000 km (1 mark) The extent of latitude covered by the island of Jamaica is closest to which one of the following values? Tick the appropriate box. 0 15ꞌ 0 45ꞌ 2 15ꞌ 2 45ꞌ (1 mark) (c) Which one of Jamaica s parish administrative cities and towns lies most closely to north-west of the national capital, Kingston? 2. Refer to Map 1 on Side 1 of the separate sheet, to photographs A, B, and C, on the tear-out sheet (page 3), and to the following map: Photographs A, B, and C are views in the locations and directions indicated by the numbered arrows on the map above. Match each photograph to the correct location by writing the appropriate numbers 1, 2, and 3 in the boxes below. Photograph A Photograph B Photograph C (2 marks) 3. Different methods are used to indicate height above sea level on Map 1 and Map 2 on Side 1 of the separate sheet. State one method that is used on Map 1 but not Map 2. page 5 of 20 PLEASE TURN OVER

6 4. Refer to Map 2 on Side 1 of the separate sheet. Railways generally do not operate on gradients greater than 1:40. State two distinctly different strategies that enable the railway line between Gordons Crossing (grid reference ) and Anchovy (grid reference ) to maintain a sufficiently low gradient. (2 marks) 5. Refer to the following diagram, which shows a cross-section along the line X Y in Box S on Map 2: 300 X E F G H Y Key watercourse metres L kilometres 2 (a) Which part of the cross-section above shows a slope that is concave in shape? Tick the appropriate box. E F G H (1 mark) Refer to Map 2 on Side 1 of the separate sheet. (i) On the cross-section above, accurately mark the position where the Class D road crosses the line X Y. (1 mark) (ii) Name the type of land use that occurs in the part of the cross-section labelled L. (1 mark) 6. Geographic information systems (GIS) can be used to analyse relationships between various features in the landscape. To do this, two types of data are collected for each feature. Identify both types of data and explain why topographic maps such as Map 2 can be used as a source of these data. (2 marks) page 6 of 20

7 7. Refer to the following satellite image, which shows the area in Box S on Map 2 on Side 1 of the separate sheet: Key 200 contour lines (metres) river road This map cannot be reproduced here for copyright reasons. The material can be found at Source: (a) Which is more recent, the satellite image or Map 2? Give specific evidence to support your answer. Determine the scale of the satellite image as a ratio and complete the ratio in the box below. 1: (1 mark) page 7 of 20 PLEASE TURN OVER

8 8. Refer to the following information: BAUXITE Bauxite is the ore from which aluminium is extracted. Bauxite is formed by rock weathering over millions of years. Some bauxite is currently too low grade to be economically mined. Worldwide, known deposits of high-grade bauxite total approximately 29 billion tonnes. Geologists estimate this will last about another 100 years. However, more deposits of high-grade bauxite are likely to be discovered, which will extend this time to about 300 years. (a) Is bauxite a renewable or a non-renewable resource? Support your answer with reference to the information provided. State one reason that low-grade bauxite could become a resource in the future. 9. Refer to Sources 1 to 5 on Side 2 of the separate sheet of additional material. Explain two different ways that bauxite mining within the Cockpit Country may affect the river systems fed by its underground aquifers. (a) page 8 of 20

9 10. Refer to the following diagram: A food web for the Cockpit Country This diagram cannot be reproduced here for copyright reasons. The material can be found at Biodiversity_Manual_Cockpit-Country_Acknowlegdement.pdf Source: Adapted from Southern Trelawny Environmental Agency, Cockpit Country Biodiversity Manual, Canada Jamaica Green Fund/World Bank Small Grants Programme, p. 7, viewed 8 July 2015, uploads/biodiversity_manual_cockpit-country_acknowlegdement.pdf (a) What term would correctly label the group of organisms shown at trophic level X in the diagram above? What is represented by the red arrows in the diagram above? Tick the appropriate box. Energy leaving the system Nutrients recycling in the system Water entering the system All of the above (1 mark) (c) How can snakes occupy more than one trophic level in the food web? page 9 of 20 PLEASE TURN OVER

10 11. Refer to Sources 1 to 5 on Side 2 of the separate sheet. Use the information provided to draw a labelled diagram of an ecosystem model, illustrating the possible impacts of bauxite mining in the Cockpit Country. (5 marks) No further questions refer to Side 2 of the separate sheet of additional material. page 10 of 20

11 12. Refer to the following graph: Income and carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions per person for selected countries (2010) Income per person ($) Niger Australia China Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions per person (tonnes) Source: Gapminder, Income per person vs CO 2 emissions (tonnes per person) 2010, viewed 11 August 2015, (a) Describe the relationship between income per person and CO 2 emissions per person shown in the graph above. State how each of the following factors may have contributed to CO 2 emissions in more economically developed countries (MEDCs). (i) Diet : (1 mark) (ii) Housing : (1 mark) page 11 of 20 PLEASE TURN OVER

12 13. (a) Suggest how changes to oil prices may affect the uptake of renewable sources of energy. State one disadvantage of a renewable energy source of your choice. Energy source : Disadvantage : 14. (a) Refer to the following map: Parishes of Jamaica with selected population data, 2011 Census Key number of persons Hanover Westmoreland Saint James Trelawny Saint Ann Saint Mary N Saint Elizabeth Manchester Clarendon Saint Catherine Saint Andrew Kingston Portland Saint Thomas kilometres Source: Data from Statistical Institute of Jamaica, Population Usually Resident in Jamaica, by Parish: 2011, viewed 20 July 2015, Which one of the following parishes had the lowest population density in 2011? Tick the appropriate box. Hanover Saint James Trelawny Manchester (1 mark) What term is used to refer to the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths in a census period? page 12 of 20

13 15. (a) Refer to the following table: Components of water balance Annual water balance for Jamaica Amount (billion cubic metres per year) Percentage of total Surface water run-off % Groundwater % Component X % Rainfall % Source: Data from Water Resource Authority, Water Balance Summary, Jamaica s Water Balance, viewed 20 July 2015, In addition to surface water run-off and groundwater, there is a third component in the water balance, which is labelled Component X in the table above. What does Component X represent? Explain how two factors may affect the rate of surface water run-off. (i) Factor 1 : Explanation : (1 mark) (ii) Factor 2 : Explanation : (1 mark) page 13 of 20 PLEASE TURN OVER

14 16. Refer to Map 1 on Side 1 of the separate sheet and to Figures 1 and 2 on the tear-out sheet (page 4). Use the information provided and your knowledge of the water cycle to describe, and account for, Jamaica s rainfall distribution. Refer to specific areas of the island and use one or more appropriately labelled diagrams to support your answer. You may use the box on page 15 for your diagram(s). page 14 of 20

15 You may use this box to draw your diagram(s) when answering Question 16. No further questions refer to Side 1 of the separate sheet of additional material. (5 marks) 17. Explain how two factors have caused a decline in the infant mortality rate in less economically developed countries (LEDCs). (a) Factor 1 : Explanation : Factor 2 : Explanation : page 15 of 20 PLEASE TURN OVER

16 18. Refer to the following diagram: Distribution of stored water worldwide 97.5% 10% 30% 2.5% W 60% Key Total water: Saltwater Fresh water Within fresh water: W Groundwater Rivers and lakes Source: Based on data from National Geographic Society, A Freshwater Story, viewed 11 August 2015, (a) State the type of water storage represented by W in the diagram above. State one way that saltwater can be used to increase supplies of fresh water. page 16 of 20

17 19. Using examples, explain how population trends in more economically developed countries (MEDCs) over the last 20 years have affected global migration flows. (5 marks) page 17 of 20 PLEASE TURN OVER

18 20. Refer to the following graph: Actual and projected global child-dependency and old-age-dependency ratios This graph cannot be reproduced here for copyright reasons. Source: Adapted from E. Chen & W. Cox, Six Adults and One Child in China, New Geography, 10 October 2011, Figure 9, viewed 18 August 2015, (a) Explain the meaning of the term dependency ratio. Calculate the difference between the child-dependency ratio in more developed countries and less developed countries in (c) State one reason for the difference in the child-dependency ratios of more developed countries and less developed countries before page 18 of 20

19 (d) Outline three issues that may arise for governments in more economically developed countries (MEDCs) by the year 2060 as a result of the dependency ratio trends shown in the graph. (i) (1 mark) (ii) (1 mark) (iii) (1 mark) Question 21 is on page 20. page 19 of 20 PLEASE TURN OVER

20 21. Refer to the following map: 2007 Ecological creditor/debtor countries C B D A Footprint more than 150% larger than biocapacity Footprint % larger than biocapacity Footprint % larger than biocapacity Footprint 0 50% larger than biocapacity Insufficient data Biocapacity 0 50% larger than footprint Biocapacity % larger than footprint Biocapacity % larger than footprint Biocapacity more than 150% larger than footprint Source: Adapted from B. Ewing et al., Ecological Footprint Atlas 2010, Global Footprint Network, California, p. 35, Map 4, viewed 19 August 2015, (a) (i) Which one of the countries labelled A, B, C, and D on the map above is using resources most sustainably? Tick the appropriate box. A B C D (1 mark) (ii) State one reason for your choice. (1 mark) Some countries are using more than 100% of their biocapacity. Explain how this is possible. page 20 of 20 end of question booklet

21 GEOGRAPHY 2015 ACKNOWLEDGMENT Question 12, page 11, Graph: Free material from The SACE Board of South Australia has made every effort to trace copyright holders. If however, any material has been incorrectly acknowledged, we apologise and invite the copyright holder to contact us.

2011 GEOGRAPHY ATTACH SACE REGISTRATION NUMBER LABEL TO THIS BOX. Monday 7 November: 9 a.m. Time: 2 hours

2011 GEOGRAPHY ATTACH SACE REGISTRATION NUMBER LABEL TO THIS BOX. Monday 7 November: 9 a.m. Time: 2 hours External Examination 11 11 GEOGRAPHY ATTACH SACE REGISTRATION NUMBER LABEL TO THIS BOX Monday 7 November: 9 a.m. Time: 2 hours Pages: 19 Questions: 24 Core Topic: Population, Resources, and Development