Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary Level

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1 Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary Level * * ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 8291/21 Paper 2 Hydrosphere and Biosphere May/June 2015 Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. 1 hour 30 minutes Electronic calculators may be used. You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units. Section A Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. Section B Answer one question from this section. Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided. At the end of the examination, 1. fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper; 2. enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite. Section A 1 For Examiner s Use 2 Section B Total This document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page. DC (KN/SW) 91776/3 [Turn over

2 2 Section A Answer all questions in this section. 1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows three different types of aquifers. Key permeable layer recharge area water table artesian well water table well water table well impermeable layer aquifer water table artesian well ground surface A water table B C Fig. 1.1 (i) Identify the type of aquifer at positions A, B and C in Fig Choose from the list below. unconfined confined perched A... B... C... [2]

3 3 (ii) With reference to Fig. 1.1, describe the characteristic features of each of these three different types of aquifers. perched... confined... unconfined... [6] (iii) Outline the benefits of extracting water from the aquifers located at A and C in Fig [2] [Turn over

4 4 (b) Fig. 1.2 is adapted from a water cycle report for the Great Artesian Basin in Australia. It shows losses, gains, stores and flows of water in the area. evapotranspiration precipitation from irrigated land surface water runoff ground surface from non-irrigated land from groundwater aquifer recharge gain extraction from groundwater loss from river channels to river Key gains to groundwater losses due to evapotranspiration other losses from groundwater groundwater store seepage from irrigation channels in million litres inflow gain outflow loss Fig. 1.2 (i) With reference to Fig. 1.2, explain what is meant by the term aquifer recharge....[2]

5 5 (ii) With reference to the information in Fig. 1.2, describe how natural processes and human activity are causing an overall loss of million litres from the groundwater store. In your answer refer to losses, extraction and natural recharge....[8] [Total: 20] [Turn over

6 6 2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows a food web for some of the organisms living on part of the Galapagos Islands. Fig. 2.2 shows the locations of some native species on the islands. sea land coastal water organisms land plants marine iguana land iguana tortoise herbivorous insects herbivorous finches lava lizard predatory insects arachnids snake mockingbird insectivorous birds centipede hawk Fig. 2.1 Isla Isabela N Pacific Ocean Isla Santiago Galapagos Islands 960 km Ecuador Equator Isla Fernandina 0 20 km Isla Santa Cruz Key Galapagos Island native species marine iguana Galapagos penguin flightless cormorant giant tortoise Fig. 2.2

7 7 (i) With reference to Fig. 2.1, complete the four-stage food chain. land plants [2] (ii) With reference to Fig. 2.1 and Fig. 2.2, explain how the terms habitat and niche can be applied to the location of species in the Galapagos Islands. habitat... niche... [4] (iii) A marine reserve has been established with a 64 km radius around the islands. With reference to Fig. 2.1 and Fig. 2.2, explain the need to conserve the Galapagos Islands habitats and protect their coastal waters....[4] (b) (i) Suggest one way in which tourism can pose a threat to the species in the Galapagos Islands....[2] [Turn over

8 8 (ii) Fig. 2.3 shows the Galapagos Island of Santa Cruz. Describe how the strategy shown in Fig. 2.3 can protect the island s most vulnerable species. N Key core area Pacific Ocean 0 10 Santa Rosa Bella Vista Puerto Ayora Charles Darwin Research Station buffer zone developed zone roads settlements km Fig [8] [Total: 20]

9 9 Section B Answer one question from this section. 3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows the number of threatened tree species in three categories for different regions. Africa Asia Europe North and Central America Oceania South America number of tree species Key vulnerable tree species endangered tree species critically endangered tree species Fig. 3.1 Briefly describe the regional differences in the data shown in Fig [10] (b) Using an example of a biome you have studied, describe the threat to both the extent and ecological quality of its forest ecosystems. Evaluate the measures that can be used to sustain the biodiversity of these forest ecosystems. [30] [Total: 40] [Turn over

10 10 4 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows a lake which is enriched with nutrients in A and has subsequently suffered from the effects of eutrophication in B. algae A algal mat input of nutrient plant and animal life B dead plants and animals organic sediment Fig. 4.1 With reference to Fig. 4.1, describe the process of eutrophication and its effects. [10] (b) Describe the sources of nutrient enrichment of rivers and lakes. For a river with which you are familiar, evaluate the measures that have been used to prevent or reduce pollution. [30] [Total: 40]

11 5 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows the net primary productivity (NPP) of ecosystems and agricultural land. 11 agricultural land coniferous forest temperate forest tropical forest wetlands NPP / kcal per m 2 per year Fig. 5.1 With reference to the data in Fig. 5.1, outline three factors that affect the variations in primary productivity of ecosystems and agricultural land. [10] (b) Fig. 5.2 shows the hectares of productive land and sea needed to resource the lifestyle of one person. country productive land and sea / ha United States of America 9.6 Brazil 2.1 China 1.6 India 0.8 Fig. 5.2 Using examples of countries at different levels of economic development, assess the extent to which the sustainable use of resources can help to resolve issues arising from the increasing demands of populations. [30] [Total: 40]

12 12 BLANK PAGE Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at after the live examination series. Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.