Turbidity-Induced Changes in Prey Selection by Largemouth Bass
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1 Turbidity-Induced Changes in Prey Selection by Largemouth Bass Daniel E. Shoup W. Drew Lane Oklahoma State University Department of Natural Resource Ecology & Management David H. Wahl Illinois Natural History Survey Center for Aquatic Ecology Kaskaskia Biological Station
2 Introduction Most lakes have highly variable turbidity. Effects of turbidity on predators are not well understood.
3 Introduction Most lakes have highly variable turbidity. Effects of turbidity on predators are not well understood. Effects of turbidity on planktivores/insectivores. Foraging return typically decrease (but species specific). Possibly change anti-predation behavior.
4 Introduction Effects of turbidity on piscivores studied very little: Contrast Degradation Theory Turbidity effects most pronounced for predators eating large prey. Quicker to strike at prey (less discriminating). Become less active. Do largemouth bass select different prey types at different turbidities?
5 Methods 3 prey types: Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) Gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) Northern crayfish (Orconectes virilis) 4 turbidity levels: 0 NTU 5 NTU (49 cm Secchi) 10 NTU (30 cm Secchi) 40 NTU (12 cm Secchi) m
6 1.8-m diameter tanks (58-cm deep) 1 predator (largemouth bass, mm, TL) 5 of each of the three prey types size matched by optimal size (handling time/prey mass) Trial conducted until 1-3 prey were consumed
7 N = 14 largemouth bass-tank units Chesson s Selectivity (not effected by depletion effects) Repeated measures MANOVA design
8 Results
9 Summary Crayfish selected against except at 10 NTU (where all 3 prey had similar selectivity). Gizzard Shad or Bluegill positively selected at 0 and 5 NTU. Only bluegill selected for at 40 NTU apparently due to change in antipredatory behavior. Time required for predator to eat 1 prey item increased with turbidity. Different rates of decline for different prey? Could this be mechanism for change in prey selection?
10
11 Summary Crayfish selected against except at 10 NTU (where all 3 prey had similar selectivity). Gizzard Shad or Bluegill positively selected at 0 and 5 NTU. Only bluegill selected for at 40 NTU apparently due to change in antipredatory behavior. Time required for predator to eat 1 prey item increased with turbidity. Different rates of decline for different prey? Could this be mechanism for change in prey selection? EXPERIMENT 2: quantify effects of turbidity on foraging return of largemouth bass.
12 Methods experiment 2 2-m diameter circular tanks. 10 prey of same type / trial (bluegill or gizzard shad). 24-h trials with 1 predator. Each predator (N=16 for bluegill, N=12 for gizzard shad) tested once at each of 6 turbidity ranges 0-3 NTU > 60 cm 3 7 NTU cm 7 11 NTU cm NTU cm NTU cm > 25 NTU < 15 cm
13 Slopes not significantly different. >25 NTU (15 cm Secchi), foraging return < 1 fish/d This is less than typical daily ration (1-2.2 fish/d)
14 Summary Experiment 1: Turbidity changes prey selection in lab. Experiment 2: Turbidity reduces foraging return in lab. EXPERIMENT 3: Do these patterns occur in the field?
15 Methods field Study Electrofish largemouth bass in field at different turbidities Samples 6 week during spring prey assemblage similar Diet tubes extracted diet of all largemouth bass Quantified diet as % by number of each major prey type Used multivariate linear regression to test for patterns between secchi depth and diet.
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17 Conclusions Experiment 1: Turbidity changes prey selection in lab. Eat mostly fish prey at low turbidity. Ate fish and crayfish at similar rates at intermediate turbidity. Ate mostly bluegill at high turbidity. Experiment 2: Turbidity reduces foraging return in lab. >25 NTU (15-cm Secchi Depth) eat less than typical daily ration. Experiment 3: Field data Diets are highly variable. Where patterns exist, they typically support results of experiment 1. Future research: Do bluegill use cover (vegetation) less at higher turbidity.
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