Ponds: Careful of the Fish!
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1 Ponds: Careful of the Fish! Dr. Chuck Cichra Extension Fisheries Specialist University of Florida / IFAS SFRC - Program of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences
2 All Plants Need Water, Light, and Nutrients
3 Aquatic Plants are No Different
4 Algae are simply small plants!
5 New Ponds are Clean Clear Water Few Algae / Plants
6 Over Time Ponds Become More Fertile, Plants Become More Abundant Green Water (Algae) Lots of Plants Eutrophication = Enrichment ( increased nutrients P and N ) of a water body
7 Unacceptable Looks Bad!
8 Where Do the Nutrients Come From????
9 Natural Phosphate Deposits in Florida (soils)
10 Well Water is Often Full of Phosphorus
11 Stormwater Ponds are Built to Catch Storm Runoff / Nutrients (P and N) Lawn fertilizers, leaves, sticks, grass clippings,
12 Fish Feed
13 Livestock and Other Agriculture
14 Human Waste
15 Nutrients = Plants Macrophytes ( large plants ) Algae ( phytoplankton )
16 Water clarity and algae Secchi Disk Water clarity decreases as algae (phytoplankton) increases
17 Amount of Chlorophyll (algae) in the Water is Closely Related to the Amount of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in the Water Data from 60 Florida Lakes
18 Fertilization Purposeful Addition of Nutrients to the Water
19 Blocknet Total Fish (kg/ha) Fish blocknet data on 60 Florida lakes Oligotrophic Mesotrophic Eutrophic Hypereutrophic Trophic State (chlorophyll)
20 Bird Abundance (kg/km 2 ) Bird survey data from 48 Florida lakes Oligotrophic Mesotrophic Eutrophic Hypereutrophic Trophic State (Chlorophyll)
21 Observed Alligators/km Alligator survey data from 60 Florida lakes Oligotrophic Mesotrophic Eutrophic Hypereutrophic Trophic State
22 So, is Eutrophication Good or Bad? A natural process Can be spend up by humans Results in more plants (large / small) and more animals (inverts, fish, birds, etc.) Good or Bad depends on our personal perspective / view / goal So, eutrophication does not mean that a water body is dead!
23 Water vs Macrophytes Greener - less macrophytes Browner (more color) less macrophytes More clay and suspended bottom sediments - less macrophytes Plants grow to ~1.7 x the Secchi depth Pond construction / Pond dyes
24 Macrophytes vs Water More macrophytes less planktonic algae More macrophytes less suspended matter Macrophytes affect fish community composition
25 Role of Plants as Fish Habitat? Spawning areas Refuge - cover from predators (fish/birds) Refuge - places for predators to hold Food / Feeding areas - Fish may eat the plants directly - Many fish can shift their diets from invertebrates that live on plants to those that live in/on the bottom
26 Can get shifts in fish community composition (plants algae) Warmouth Gizzard Shad Golden Shiner Blue Tilapia
27 How Many Plants are Needed? Just Enough! Too many!
28 So if nutrients don t kill fish, then what causes fish kills?
29 A lot of People Believe that Toxins Cause Most Fish Kills
30 Aquatic Herbicide Toxicity (ppm) Expected application rate Bluegill 96-hr LC-50 Copper low alkalinity Endothall alkylamine salt Copper high alkalinity ,4-D Diquat Endothall dipotassium salt Fluridone Carfentrizone >1000 Glyphosate NA >1000 Imazapyr NA >1000
31 Humans Can Directly Cause Fish Kills However, Most Fish Kills are Natural Generally due to Low Dissolved Oxygen in the Water
32 Sources of Oxygen: Diffusion Agitation Photosynthesis
33 Diffusion of Oxygen Into Water
34 Response of Fish to Low Oxygen
35 Agitation Speeds up Diffusion of Oxygen into Water
36 Natural Agitation = Waves
37 Man-Made Agitation = Aerators
38 ( 85-95% of oxygen in ponds / lakes )
39
40
41
42 So how much oxygen is enough?
43 Sometimes the Algae Die! Lots of Dead Fish!
44 Too Many Floating Plants can Block Sunlight and Prevent Pond Mixing
45 Effect of Submersed Plants on the Vertical Distribution of Oxygen in the Water Column
46 Density Differences due to Water Temperature Differences Prevent Mixing
47 Cross-sections of Deep and Shallow Lakes Bad Water: High H 2 S, Low Dissolved Oxygen, High CO 2, High BOD
48 Summer Thunderstorm! Pond turnover water is turbid
49 So, How do we use this Information in Aquatic Plant Management?
50 Algae - Should We Spray? How Much? -- Watch the Weather! Education If you kill the plants, the nutrients are still there!
51 Submersed Plants Spray Portion of Plants, Herbicide Selection, Time of Year, Aerate -- Weather
52 Floating Plants - Use of Herbicides: Partial Treatments, Herbicide Selection, Weather Bite the Bullet and Spray?
53 Floating Plants Grass Carp: Aerate & Use Herbicides to Improve Efficacy
54 Shift between large plants and phytoplankton (algae) be careful! Herbicides Grass Carp Nutrients still in the pond!
55 Effects of Drought? No Water: No Fish! ( Fish stir up bottom sediments and water is hot )
56 For more information: UF/IFAS Extension Circulars
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