THE ROLE OF MICROGENERATION IN IRELAND S ENERGY FUTURE. Survey of Microgeneration Technologies ~ Definitions and Potential

Transcription

1 THE ROLE OF MICROGENERATION IN IRELAND S ENERGY FUTURE Dublin Institute of Technology 13 th November 2009 Survey of Microgeneration Technologies ~ Definitions and Potential Keith Sunderland Electrical Power Research Group School of Electrical

2 Overview Context for Microgeneration Range and operation of technologies Performance of technologies Role of microgeneration in domestic context Overview of microgeneration in Ireland to Date International Comparisons Alternatives to microgeneration: solar thermal/gshp, energy efficiency and insulation 7 November

3 Defining Microgeneration Heat generation: solar water heating, ground source heat pumps, air source heat pumps, biomass stoves and boilers (e.g. wood and energy crops e.g. willow) Electricity generation: Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, micro-wind turbines, microhydro systems (in hilly areas or river valleys) Combined Heat and Power: MicroCHP (provides heat and electricity together; many technologies can be used including gas, Stirling engines, internal and external combustion engines, and fuel cells). 7 November

4 The Context for Micro Generation in Ireland European Position Electrical energy from renewable sources ( RES Directive 2009/28/EC [1] ) Directive on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (23 rd April, 2009) Ireland s target being 15% by 2010 Directive 2002/91/EC on Energy Performance of Buildings [2] Article 5 Recast proposal Directive 2006/32/EC on Energy end-use efficiency and energy services EU Action Plan for Energy Efficiency Incentives? Reliance/Reliability/Cost/Sustainability ~ issues for current energy usage Environmental/Social Responsibilities 7 November

5 The Context for Micro Generation in Ireland Policy Stakeholders Commission for Energy Regulation (CER) Arrangements for Micro Generation (CER/06/190) [3] Demand Side Management and Smart Metering (CER/07/038) [4] ESB Networks Connection Protocol Compliancy issues concerning EN [5] The Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources Energy White Paper (March 07): Delivering a Sustainable Energy future for Ireland [6] Sustainable Energy Ireland (SEI) Your Guide to Connecting Micro-generation to the Electricity Network, 2009 [7] 7 November

6 The Context for Micro Generation in Ireland Energy in Ireland Key Statiscs 2008 [8] In 2007, renewables accounted for 5.1% of the energy inputs to generate electricity with wind contributing 3.3% of total inputs. Wind accounted for 71% of the renewable energy used for electricity generation Electricity generated from renewable energy accounted for 9.4% of gross electricity consumption in 2007 Ireland s target being 15% for 2010! This implies a 74% growth of electricity generation from renewables is required over the period November

7 Domestic Micro Generation Utility connection Consumer Interface Equipment Distribution Board 7 November

8 Micro Generation Wind Generation Utility connection Power [W] WIND TURBINE CHARACTERISTIC P[Elec] Wind Speed [m/s] 7 November

9 Micro Generation Wind Generation Micro Wind issues [9] : HAWT / VAWT HAWT ~ most common technology in Ireland Start generating electricity at c3m/s and depending on the machine will reach rated output at between 8 and 12m/s. Power ratings from hundreds of Watts up to 11kW (3-phase). Domestic wind turbines are predominantly rated up to 2.5kW (although the costs become preclusive with increased power ratings due to civil and building works) If prevailing wind is constant, this could be an efficient, clean energy solution Micro Wind issues: Performance Coefficient can range from 0.18 to 0.41 (speculatively based on manufacturers data) Cost effectiveness Consensus and uniformity in technology parameters 7 November

10 Wind Generation Market Status System Losses Reduction in demand supplied from network, SEI Report (2008) on the energy in the Domestic Sector, suggests hence reduction in losses that wind energy accounts for the Voltage electricity Regulation needs of over 647,000 homes [10] Planning issues can be significant, Voltage e.g. Unbalance noise, shadow flicker, land Background voltage unbalance present take, impact on flight paths and radar, Unequal access connection/operation roads of for connected installation and maintenance. Obstacles (such as high buildings) can Both real reduce and reactive wind power flow speeds Wind speed estimates for area topology transformer (cognisant operation of turbulence Fault Levels and shearing issues) must be established Unlikely to be significant increase in fault currents Must be a minimum distance from other buildings Integration into electrical supply network? [11] Injection of power reduces voltage drop or leads to voltage rise which needs to be maintained with network limits generation, leading to voltage unbalance in network Reverse Power Flow Possibly leading to problems with protection and 7 November

11 Micro Generation Solar PV Front Contact LOAD LIGHT n-type p-type Module Current [A] PV MODULE CHARACTERISTIC Back Contact Sunny Partially Cloudy Utility connection Cloudy Consumer Interface Equipment Max Power Range Module Voltage [V] Distribution Board 7 November

12 Micro Generation Solar PV Photovoltaics concerns the technology converting light directly into electrical energy Two types: Wafer-based silicon; and Single crystal and polycrystalline wafer based (Si) is the most common material used in manufacture and accounted for c85% of total production in 2004 Thin films Building orientation and angle of incidence is important The electricity is DC and is normally converted to AC for direct use The efficiency of PV is normally quoted between 13% to 18% - being low in efficiency when compared with other clean energy solutions Any potential shading can reduce benefit significantly At present even with grants, payback is long but can be reduced where PV panels are replacing alternative expensive facades 7 November

13 Solar PV Market Status The current use of solar technologies in Ireland is predominantly low temperature application such as water heating and space heating which do not requires direct sunlight. Electricity generation from solar technologies is not fully commercialised or competitive and so this energy is predominantly applied to navigational aids (road/water) in Ireland As of 2006, the installed photovoltaic capacity was 0.3 MW [12] The average global insolation values for Ireland range from 2.6kWh/m 2 /day [12] A surface area of 1m 2 receives approximately kWh of solar energy per year [13] 7 November

14 Micro Generation Micro CHP Exhaust 5-15% Micro-CHP fuels: Gas Oil Biomass Wood-Chip Hydrogen (Fuel Cells) Utility connection Gass 100% Micro CHP Elec 30% Heat 70% 7 November

15 Micro Generation Micro CHP Micro-CHP (combined Heat and Power) involves a gas/oil/biomass/wood-chip or Hydrogen fired (e.g. stirling) engine driving an electrical generator that allows individual homes to generate a proportion of their own electricity supply, whilst also supplying heat and hot water. It is not a clean energy solution but it is highly fuel efficient and has good carbon displacement properties Definition: Micro-CHP, maximum capacity 50kWe Small-scale CHP, installed capacity below 1MWe Market Application: Market Micro Small Scale Large Scale <50kWe 50kWe and 1MWe 1MWe Industrial Services Commercial District Heating Domestic 7 November

16 Micro CHP Market Status CHP in Europe is about 10% presently with Denmark leading the way at 50% and the Netherlands with 40% In Ireland CHP accounts for about 5% share of electricity generation mainly industrial 26% of sites but 88% of capacity SEI, CHP in Ireland, February 2006 [14] 7 November

17 Micro CHP Market Status SEI Grant Support The Programme will provide the following grant levels depending on the nature of the project and the technologies involved: Up to 40% funding for qualifying CHP feasibility studies; Up to 30% investment grant support to eligible small-scale ( 50kWe and <1MWe) fossil-fired CHP projects, limited to the maximum cost per kwe as defined below: 7 November

18 Domestic Micro Generation Utility Connection EN50438 In 2004, CENELEC began to draft very similar to G83 (UK Standard) ESBN Document: Conditions Governing Connection and Operation of Microgeneration Definition of Microgeneration: source of electrical energy and all associated equipment, rated to and including 25A at low voltage [230V], when the DSO network connection is single-phase 16A at low voltage [230/400V], when the DSO network connection is three-phase 7 November

19 Domestic Micro Generation Utility Connection Exhaust 5-15% Utility connection Consumer Load Consumer Interface Equipment Distribution Board Gass 100% Micro CHP Elec 30% Heat 70% 7 November

20 I? n = 30mA I? n = 30mA School of Electrical Domestic Micro Generation Utility Connection Utility connection Consumer Load Consumer Interface Equipment Distribution Board Main Neutral Bar Supplementary Neutral Bar Isolation Supply Authority Main Fuse Unit N Utility Metering 1 0 6A 6A Main Fuse MCB MCB RCD 1 63A 0 TEST 20A 20A 20A MCB MCB MCB RCBO A TEST P Main Protective Conductor Earthing Conductor Earth Electrode Main Earthing Terminal Consumer Distribution Board Technology Connection Protection (electrical) Inverter & Interconnects 7 November ~ + ~ Utility Metering Isolation

21 Connection Standards Is the chosen technology <5.75kW (1-ph) 0r 11kW (3-ph) Yes? NO? See separate guide on conection of generation onto the Electricity Grid Interface REquirements? ~ EN50438?? Obtain interface test compliance from manufacturer/supplier Complete Notification Form (NC6) and submit to ESBN (with interface compliance certificate) Instlation can proceed if no instruction to the contrary is received within 20 days of submission to ESBN Installation (RECI/ECSSA to ET101:2008 standards) Microgeneration technology operational 7 November

22 The Irish Position Microgeneration Field Trial 2 million budget provision by DCENR Approximately 50 trials to be conducted nationwide Grant support to contribute to the initial start-up costs for the installation of microgeneration systems Ground work for consideration of a set of feed-in-tariff fro electricity produced through microgeneration Smart Metering EU Directive EC 2006/32 Article 13 CER desk-top study, 2007 ESB Networks Pilot Two separate trials Scopes Fuel Customer behaviour Jul 09 Dec 09 / Jan Dec 10) Prepayment Load Control Microgeneration 7 November

23 The Irish Position Planning Exemptions [15] 7 November

24 The Irish Position Feed-in-Tariff Interim offering which will expire at the end of c/kWh roughly equivalent to forecast average wholesale price of electricity in 2009 Further to the9c/kwhr offering from ESBCS, a further 10c/kWh payment from ESB will be available to a portion of the output from the first 4,000 microgenerators connecting in the next 3 years. The payment will be available to all microgenerators and not just ESB Customer Supply customers. The 10c/kWh payment will apply to the first 3,000 kwh exported each year for the next 5 years. 7 November

25 International Comparison Energy Micropower Europe is a broad-based grouping of companies and organizations with an interest in the promotion of microgeneration. Set up to raise the profile of the EU microgeneration sector and to campaign for improvements in the legislative and regulatory framework to support the growth of this important industry. Commissioner Piebalgs (Energy Commissioner ) announced that microgeneration will be a key part of the EU s future energy mix at the launch of Micropower Europe. Covenant of Mayors committed to urban sustainable energy Microgeneration Promotion Germany Share of electricity produced from renewable energy sources has almost doubled from 6.3 % in 2000 to 12.0 % in Success largely attributed to FiT 7 November

26 International Comparison FiT [16,17, 18] Germany France Spain Italy Anyone generating electricity from Solar PV, Wind or Hydro gets a guaranteed payment of four times the market rate c per unit for 20 years! The government doubled the base feed-in tariff from 0.15 to 0.30 /kwh with an added 50% tax credit for the cost of the installation Initially the Feed in tariff of 0.42 encouraged rapid market growth. This has been normalised to c 0.32 so as to achieve a steadier rate of growth Introduced in 2006, ranging from to 0.449/kWh with funding of up to 80% of capital costs United Kingdom. 36.5p/kWh for small solar photovoltaic systems up to 4kW and 28p/kWh for systems up to 10kW. 23.0p/kWh for small wind turbines between 1.5kW and 15kW. 7 November

27 Heating & Micro-Generation: Ground Source Heat Pumps Heat Pump Compressor Evaporator Condensor Utility connection Ground Heat Exchanger Heat Distribution System Heat Pump Compressor Evaporator Condensor Ground Heat Exchanger Heat Distribution System Ground Heat Exchanger Ground Heat Exchanger 7 November

28 Heating & Micro-Generation: Solar Thermal Hot Water Taps Evacuated Tube PV Solar Thermal Utility conn Using a thermal store offers the following key benefits: Mains pressure hot water tank from an open-vented low-pressure tank (via brazed plate heat exchanger) Can accept heat from secondary sources such as wood stove or gas burners Pump From Central Heating 7 November

29 Micro-Generation: Broader Comparisons Domestic Efficiency Measures estimated costs and savings [19] 7 November

30 Barriers to Micro-Generation With regard to Microgeneration, terminology trial is preclusive Implies that technologies are not-tested equipment and that consumers may be in effect gambling Poor awareness of the benefits of micro generation technologies Poor market dissemination Funding of 30% for mini CHP and 40% for qualifying CHP feasibility studies is currently available Microgeneration Scheme Improved forecasting for load and generation Carbon incentives VAT rates incentives provided in other countries Network inertia Momentum of adoption of principals in terms of infrastructure/supply chain Technical Issues FiT. Normalisation towards European standards? 7 November

31 Barriers to Micro-Generation Barrier importance vs. mitigation action timescales. Energy Saving Trust: Potential for Micro generation Study and analysis, November [20] 7 November

32 REFERENCES 1. DIRECTIVE 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources 2. DIRECTIVE 2002/91/EC on the energy performance of buildings, December Arrangements for Micro Generation (CER/06/190) 4. Demand Side Management and Smart Metering (CER/07/038) 5. CENELEC EN Requirements for the connection of micro-generators in parallel with public low-voltage distribution networks 6. Department of Communications, Marine and Natural Resources, Towards a Sustainable Energy Future for Ireland, Your Guide to Connecting Micro-generation to the Electricity Network, Energy in Ireland Key Statiscs 2008 (SEI Energy Policy Statistical Support Unit) 9. Domestic Energy Supply Technology Review: Current Status and Future Potential, Energy Policy Research in Domestic Building (DIT) 10. Energy in the Domestic Sector, 2008 Report 11. Cost and Benefits of Embedded Generation in Ireland, Report prepared for SEI by PB Power, September T.E. Agency. Solar Energy Resource report S.E. Ireland. Irish Solar Energy Facts, SEI, CHP in Ireland, February November

33 REFERENCES 15. The Idiots Guide to Renewable Energy Electricity? What you NEED to know!, John Quinn Integration and Optimisation of Renewables for UK dwellings, Dr. Tony Sun (Barrats Homes 20. Energy Saving Trust: Potential for Micro generation Study and analysis, November November