Multidisciplinary approach of ergonomic risks at the workplace

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1 Ergonomics Milkoc version b Multidisciplinary approach of ergonomic risks at the workplace Helmut Krueger Krueger ergonomics Milkoc

2 2 Content Ergonomics: Self-Concept Human Factors / Ergonomics: Objectives Ergonomics - Occ. Hygiene, Occ. Medicine, Occ. Psychology Human Factors / Ergonomics: Risks Human Factors / Ergonomics: Risk Assessment Human Factors / Ergonomics: Risk Management Human Factors / Ergonomics: Concluding Remark

3 3 Content Ergonomics: Self-Concept Human Factors / Ergonomics: Objectives Ergonomics - Occ. Hygiene, Occ. Medicine, Occ. Psychology Human Factors / Ergonomics: Risks Human Factors / Ergonomics: Risk Assessment Human Factors / Ergonomics: Risk Management Human Factors / Ergonomics: Concluding Remark

4 Human Factors / Ergonomics: Definition of the International Ergonomic Association Human Factors / Ergonomics (HFE) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions

4 4 Human Factors / Ergonomics: Definition of the International Ergonomic Association Human Factors / Ergonomics (HFE) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. Ergonomists contribute to the design and evaluation of tasks, jobs, products, environments and systems in order to make them compatible with the needs, abilities and limitations of people. IEA /

5 5 Evolution of HFE Safety and health, W. Jastrzebowski Productivity, F. Taylor Maximum performance, World War II Multifactorial approaches Managerial responsibilities Integration of community oriented goals ICT-based changes HFE historic time ICT: Information and communication technologies HFE: Human Factors / Ergonomics according to Menozzi M (2014)

6 Human Factors / Ergonomics: Domains: IEA Physical Ergonomics is concerned with human anatomical, anthropometric, physiological and biomechanical characteristics as they relate to physical activity.

6 6 Human Factors / Ergonomics: Domains: IEA Physical Ergonomics is concerned with human anatomical, anthropometric, physiological and biomechanical characteristics as they relate to physical activity. Relevant topics: working postures, materials handling, repetitive movements, work related musculoskeletal disorders, workplace layout, safety and health. Cognitive Ergonomics is concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system. Relevant topics: mental workload, decision-making, skilled performance, human-computer interaction, human reliability, work stress and training as these may relate to human-system design. Organizational Ergonomics is concerned with the optimization of sociotechnical systems, including their organizational structures, policies, and processes. Relevant topics: communication, crew resource management, work design, design of working times, teamwork, participatory design, community ergonomics, cooperative work, new work paradigms, virtual organizations, telework, quality management nn

7 Human Factors / Ergonomics: Training Requirements of CREE (Centre for Registration of European Ergonomists) Principles of ergonomics Populations and general human characteristics Design of

7 7 Human Factors / Ergonomics: Training Requirements of CREE (Centre for Registration of European Ergonomists) Principles of ergonomics Populations and general human characteristics Design of technical systems Research, evaluation and investigative techniques Professional issues Ergonomics: activity and/ or work analysis Ergonomic interventions Ergonomics: physiological and physical aspects Ergonomics: psychological and cognitive aspects Ergonomics: social and organisational aspects Laboratory exercises are essential and include hands-on experiences with ergonomics measuring equipment and tools. A practical project of at least the equivalent of six weeks of full-time work must be included. This project must include carrying out an ergonomics intervention and demonstrate the ability to integrate knowledge from different areas nn

8 8 Human Factors / Ergonomics: CREE (Centre for Registration of European Ergonomists) CREE Juli

load Human Constitution disposition work system result performance

9 9 Human Factors / Ergonomics: Objectives: dynamic feedback system additional loads environment psychosocial context requirement primary load Human Constitution disposition work system result performance strain physiological psychophysiologic cognitive psychosocial costs a

10 10 Human Factors / Ergonomics: Ergonomics / Human Factors = Fitting tasks / processes to the abilities of man There are no ergonomic products per se!

11 11 Content Ergonomics: Self-Concept Human Factors / Ergonomics: Objectives Ergonomics - Occ. Hygiene, Occ. Medicine, Occ. Psychology Human Factors / Ergonomics: Risks Human Factors / Ergonomics: Risk Assessment Human Factors / Ergonomics: Risk Management Human Factors / Ergonomics: Concluding Remark

12 12 Human Factors / Ergonomics: Objectives: performance and well-being Performance e.g. productivity, efficiency, effectiveness, quality, innovativeness, flexibility, (systems) safety and security, reliability, sustainability, empowerment to work Health and well-being e.g. health and safety, satisfaction, pleasure, learning, personal development, aesthetics HFE design Fitting the environment to humans Performance Health & Well-being according to Dul J, Bruder R, Buckle P, Carayond P, Falzone P, Marras W S, Wilson J R and van der Doelen B (2012) A strategy for human factors/ergonomics: developing the discipline and profession. Ergonomics 2012, nn

13 Human Factors / Ergonomics: Comfort versus discomfort Comfort: more than absence of discomfort, relief, relaxation, impression, adapted to one's own behaviour Discomfort: perception of fatigue,

13 13 Human Factors / Ergonomics: Comfort versus discomfort Comfort: more than absence of discomfort, relief, relaxation, impression, adapted to one's own behaviour Discomfort: perception of fatigue, pain, stress reactions, and... Model of Zhang, Helander and Drury (1996) Comfort and discomfort are two different dimensions: discomfort is mainly associated with physiological and biomechanical factors, comfort mainly with aspects of aesthetics. Model of Oborne (1978): "Comfort is an optimal condition in which a person does not take any further steps to avoid discomfort" nn

14 14 Human Factors / Ergonomics: Product quality Pragmatic quality: Usability / user experience and the benefit of a product for the consumer. It is a task-related quality in which useful and usable functions are assessed. Hedonic quality It is a perceptual quality: whether the needs of the consumers, e.g. according to challenge, creativity, communication, whether the product is perceived as pleasant, in its "originality" or "exclusivity". Hassenzahl nn

15 15 Human Factors / Ergonomics: System performance and well-being System performance yes no Well-being no yes True Ergonomics poor Ergonomics Just performance poor Ergonomics Just worker protection bad product or process 3628

16 16 Human Factors / Ergonomics: Impact of HFE Increased productivity more efficient movements less fatigue better Motivation less personnel turnover fewer temporary workers easier to assemble products Improved competitiveness improved production increased flexibility of production improved product quality improved worker's satisfaction improved clients' satisfaction higher reliability of delivery better position on the labour market Lower operational costs fewer lost working days fewer cases of disability easier and quicker return to work fewer temporary workers lower costs to assist sick workers fewer rejected products Company's values and standards health and safety taken seriously "we are proud of our workers" improved safety: lower accident rate sustainable production sustainable products Potential core business effects of ergonomics interventions Ernst A.P. Koningsveld (2008) The Impact of Ergonomics in: Schlick (Ed) (2008) Engineering and Ergonomics, p

17 17 Content Ergonomics: Self-Concept Human Factors / Ergonomics: Objectives Ergonomics - Occ. Hygiene, Occ. Medicine, Occ. Psychology Human Factors / Ergonomics: Risks Human Factors / Ergonomics: Risk Assessment Human Factors / Ergonomics: Risk Management Human Factors / Ergonomics: Concluding Remark

Shackel 31-10-00 1486 Swiss Federal Institute of

18 18 Human Factors / Ergonomics: Onion Model of Brian Shackel Environment Tasks Tools User according to B. Shackel Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) - IHA Ergonomics / Work + Health H. Krueger

19 Work + Health Human Factors-Ergonomics / Occupational Hygiene / Occupational Medicine Prevention Diagnosis Occupational Hygiene Occupational Medicine

19 19 Work + Health Human Factors-Ergonomics / Occupational Hygiene / Occupational Medicine Prevention Diagnosis Occupational Hygiene Occupational Medicine Hazards Deseases Human Factors / Ergonomics Design according to M. Guillemin, Institut Universitaire de Médicine du Travail et Hygiéne, Lausanne nn

20 20 Human Factors / Ergonomics paradigms Paradigms of HFE: Optimization of Systems exposure - effect -model Design of systems Quantitative and qualitative aspects of design Objectives: performance, health & well-being

21 Occupational Medicine Paradigms Paradigms of Occupational Medicine: Diseases and health of individuals Diagnosis and prevention of occupational diseases using clinical methods Exposure - effect -

21 21 Occupational Medicine Paradigms Paradigms of Occupational Medicine: Diseases and health of individuals Diagnosis and prevention of occupational diseases using clinical methods Exposure - effect - model Occupational associated disorders of health and condition Evaluation of old and new risks basis of 8 hours working time "Zero risk" strategy Assessment of individual workability mostly using "clinical" methods..... Objectives: health & well-being

22 Occupational Hygiene Paradigms Paradigms of Occupational Hygiene: Exposure - effect - model Measurement of exposure to ever more precise methods Development of methods for measuring the individual

22 22 Occupational Hygiene Paradigms Paradigms of Occupational Hygiene: Exposure - effect - model Measurement of exposure to ever more precise methods Development of methods for measuring the individual exposure Standardization and accreditation of measurement methods Development and testing of protective equipment and PPEs Development models for risk assessments Development of measure to reduce risks Objectives: health, environmental risks

23 Work + Health Individual Occupational Medicine

Ergonomics Performance Well-being Environment

11-08-04 3368 b Basics Physiology, Anatomy,

23 23 Work + Health Individual Occupational Medicine Health Promotion System Design Human Factors - Ergonomics Performance Well-being Environment Occupational Hygiene Human Factors / Ergonomics b Basics Physiology, Anatomy, Biomechanics, Toxicology Psychophysics, Psychophysiology, Psychology, Cognitive Sciences, Sociology

24 24 Content Ergonomics: Self-Concept Human Factors / Ergonomics: Objectives Ergonomics - Occ. Hygiene, Occ. Medicine, Occ. Psychology Human Factors / Ergonomics: Risks Human Factors / Ergonomics: Risk Assessment Human Factors / Ergonomics: Risk Management Human Factors / Ergonomics: Concluding Remark

25 25 Risk Definition Risk is the potential of gaining or losing something of value. Values (such as, emotional well-being, or financial wealth) can be physical health, social status gained or lost when taking risk resulting from a given action or inaction, foreseen or unforeseen. can also be defined as the intentional interaction with uncertainty. Uncertainty is a potential, unpredictable, and uncontrollable outcome; risk is a consequence of action taken in spite of uncertainty. Risk perception is the subjective judgment people make about the severity and probability of a risk, and may vary person to person. Any human endeavor carries some risk, but some are much riskier than others nn

26 26 Human Factors / Ergonomics Examples of risks: Rapid change in the world of work (automation, industry 4.0,..) Automation includes the risk of unemployment Automation might be subjectively perceived as life insecurity Introduction of ICT leads to more and more "intelligent" complex systems. Operating models of those systems might be incomplete or missing at all. Physical work load shifts to mental load (i.e. from assembling things to monitoring of automatic processes) Loss of the border between working time and leisure time (i.e. homework) New environmental risks nn

27 3582 Process ergonomics (driving and controlling):

compatibility principle of ergonomics is fulfilled if the

moving a control element up or to the right means more.

wheel of a pipe valve to the right - decrease of the flow.

27 Process ergonomics (driving and controlling): compatibility principle Compatibility principle: The compatibility principle of ergonomics is fulfilled if the control element and the manipulated variable behave in the same way as the common cognitive model. Compatibility example Turning a control element right, moving a control element up or to the right means more. Example of incompatibility Door latch which opens when moving upwards. Example of accustomed incompatibility Turning the setting wheel of a pipe valve to the right - decrease of the flow. Example of hard-to-realize compatibility Driving direction of an excavator with rotary attachment Violation of compatibility principle is a high risk

28 Model of actions according to Rassmussen aims training - practice velocity - safety knowledge based behaviour up to 30 min rule-based behaviour about min

28 28 Model of actions according to Rassmussen aims training - practice velocity - safety knowledge based behaviour up to 30 min rule-based behaviour about min skills-based beaviour up to 3 s sensory information actions H. Krueger Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) - Zentrum Arbeitsmedizin-Ergonomie-Hygiene (AEH) Juli 2008

29 3583 Process ergonomics (driving and controlling): compatibility principle Effects of violating the compatibility principle: The accident risk is significantly increased!

29 Process ergonomics (driving and controlling): compatibility principle Effects of violating the compatibility principle: The accident risk is significantly increased! The accident risk increases with the time pressure! In emergency situations the accident risk is particularly high! In emergency situations, an accident is practically unavoidable!

30 Ergonomics: communication is risky How the customer explained it. How the Project leader understood it How the analyst designed. How the programmer wrote it.

30 30 Ergonomics: communication is risky How the customer explained it. How the Project leader understood it How the analyst designed. How the programmer wrote it. How the business consultant described it How the project was documented. What operations installed. How the customer was billed. How it was supported. What the customer really needed. Interaction between customer and manufacturer

31 31 Content Ergonomics: Self-Concept Human Factors / Ergonomics: Objectives Ergonomics - Occ. Hygiene, Occ. Medicine, Occ. Psychology Human Factors / Ergonomics: Risks Human Factors / Ergonomics: Risk Assessment Human Factors / Ergonomics: Risk Management Human Factors / Ergonomics: Concluding Remark

32 32 Relocation of the objectives of HFE from mortality and morbidity to stress and discomfort (well-being) traditional objectives current objectives mortality morbidity pathological changes physiologic stress of homeostatic feedback systems discomfort / annoyance number of person affected 1701-a AEH - Zentrum für Arbeitsmedizin, Ergonomie und Hygiene ZfA - Zugang für Alle H. Krueger November 2013

33 33 Software ergonomics classification of evaluation methods Dimension of interest design functionality performance Task analysis Cognitive walkthrough Checklist Heuristics Performance Dual task Log file Monitor Thinking aloud Interview Questionnaire Video observation eye movement recording Retrospection Semantic differential none before during after Interaction with users Mussgnung J, Stowasser S, GC-UPAC, Paderborn, 2004

34 34 Software ergonomic notes User Profile - Activity Who uses the system? What should be achieved?... Information Output Positioning of the screen (important for spectacle wearers)! Sufficient character size and contrasts, especially for older employees! Choice of colours! Amount of information as low as possible! Information at "one glance" corresponds to the area of palm of your hand in reading distance! "Know" where you are or view guidance according to the requirements of the workflow! Redundant coding of important, safety-related information! a

35 Software ergonomic notes 18-09-15 4866-b Cognition Avoid load of short-term memory! Computer-related actions (commands) should be necessary as less as possible!

35 35 Software ergonomic notes b Cognition Avoid load of short-term memory! Computer-related actions (commands) should be necessary as less as possible! Computer-related actions are expensive with respect to system changes (new operating system, updates, upgrades)! How does the ICT-System handle user errors? Are the response times adapted to the expectations of users? Consideration of the special requirements of adaptive systems.... Information Input Users like to build motor macros, e.g. mouse double click. Consider the characteristics of the motor system when selecting the input device with regard to a special task. Assess the requirements for the fine motor system. Hand-eye coordination with respect to "active" input devices. Take into account static and dynamic load of holding motor skills and fine motor skills....

36 Human Factors / Ergonomics Habits (Haller) Habits Are behaviours that we regularly exercise in a stable context - without thinking much about it.

36 36 Human Factors / Ergonomics Habits (Haller) Habits Are behaviours that we regularly exercise in a stable context - without thinking much about it. Habits guarantee that the world around us and the ego remain the same % of daily activities is determined by routine. The brain saves energy, e.g. fold the handkerchief, tuck the shoes, slip into the jacket. The body memory makes us what we are. Chances of habits Habits are very convenient (cerebellum is enough to cope with life). When habits fit our goals, they are useful, even survival-critical nn

37 Human Factors / Ergonomics Habits (Haller) Characteristics of habits Unconsciously acquired, unconsciously employed Alternative behavior patterns are not used and are thus no longer available.

37 37 Human Factors / Ergonomics Habits (Haller) Characteristics of habits Unconsciously acquired, unconsciously employed Alternative behavior patterns are not used and are thus no longer available. (Use it or loose it) Problems with habits If habits do not match our job requirements, they often interfere with them, rob time, energy or harm our health. Habits restrict our perception. They make us inflexible and rigid. Characteristics of motor skills Consciously acquired, often repeated, they become unconscious. Awareness is necessary to adapt habits and skills to the job requirements nn

38 38 Ergonomics: goals of design ergonomic assessment of systems with regard to performance quantity quality faults risks learning teach ability velocity of working processes fluctuation range of performance, complexity of processes, no built-in error sources, possibilities to correct errors, easy to correct errors, frequency of occurrence of faults risks resulting from faults of use, system stability, financial, safety, and environmental consequences of faults effort of learning, self explanatory characteristics, easy to retain in memory easy to teach

39 39 Ergonomics: goals of design ergonomic assessment with regard to health and well-being feasibility tolerability anthropometric, biomechanical, physical, psycho-mental limits temporary limited load (maximum strain) occupational and physiological limits during long lasting work (limit of continuous performance) reasonableness psychological and sociological limits of work load health promotion promotion of health-preserving and health promoting factors and conditions promotion of personality diversity of requirements for developing social competence, promotion of selfdetermination promotion of performance capability creating optimal working conditions for a subjective satisfactory performance

40 40 Content Ergonomics: Self-Concept Human Factors / Ergonomics: Objectives Ergonomics - Occ. Hygiene, Occ. Medicine, Occ. Psychology Human Factors / Ergonomics: Risks Human Factors / Ergonomics: Risk Assessment Human Factors / Ergonomics: Risk Management Human Factors / Ergonomics: Concluding Remark

41 Human Factors / Ergonomics: Risk Management Government: regulations setting Standards effective control continuous education public education.

41 41 Human Factors / Ergonomics: Risk Management Government: regulations setting Standards effective control continuous education public education... Employer: administrative controls of hazards isolation or containing the hazards anticipation of hazards during introduction of new technologies... Employee: continuous learning change of behaviour social networks self monitoring of work conditions (tools, work organization,...) nn

42 42 Ergonomics: Self-Concept Human Factors / Ergonomics: Objectives Ergonomics - Occ. Hygiene, Occ. Medicine, Occ. Psychology Human Factors / Ergonomics: Risks Human Factors / Ergonomics: Risk Assessment Human Factors / Ergonomics: Risk Management Human Factors / Ergonomics: Concluding Remark

43 Design ISO 9241-210:2010 Human centered design process

design Designed solution meets user requirements understand

requirements specify the user & Organisational requirements

43 43 Design ISO :2010 Human centered design process for interactive systems identify the need for human-centered design Designed solution meets user requirements understand & specify the context of use evaluate designs against requirements specify the user & Organisational requirements produce design solutions to meet the user requirements

44 44 Human Factors / Ergonomics Virtual Reality and Digital Engineering / Schüffler Application of Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Product Design Process Planning Maintenance Training nn

45 Human Factors / Ergonomics: Fundamental characteristics of HFE HFE takes a systems approach. HFE has a fundamental design approach. HFE focuses on two related outcomes: performance and well-being.

45 45 Human Factors / Ergonomics: Fundamental characteristics of HFE HFE takes a systems approach. HFE has a fundamental design approach. HFE focuses on two related outcomes: performance and well-being. according to Dul J, Bruder R, Buckle P, Carayond P, Falzone P, Marras W S, Wilson J R and van der Doelen B (2012) A strategy for human factors/ergonomics: developing the discipline and profession. Ergonomics 2012, nn

46 HFE design approach HFE must be involved in all stages of planning, design, implementation, evaluation, maintenance, redesign and continuous improvement of systems HFE specialists must have

46 46 HFE design approach HFE must be involved in all stages of planning, design, implementation, evaluation, maintenance, redesign and continuous improvement of systems HFE specialists must have competencies regarding methods for analyzing and acting on situations, methods for designing and assessing technical and organizational environments, methods for organizing and managing participatory approaches, and methods for redesigning and continuously improving systems nn

Human Factors Engineering HHP8102

Human Factors Engineering HHP8102 Professor Mare Teichmann Copyright 2010 Mare Teichmann, Tallinn University of Technology, Institute of Industrial Psychology. All rights reserved The course: Human Factors