Human Factors. Design and Evaluation. Central Control Room Operations

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1 Human Factors in the Design and Evaluation of Central Control Room Operations Neville A. Stanton Paul Salmon Daniel Jenkins Guy Walker CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

2 Contents List of Figures List of Tables Preface The Authors xvii xxiii xxvii xxix Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Factors and Ergonomics 1 Chapter 2 Competencies Outline Key Issues Individual Operator Competencies Team Competencies Competence Identification Competency-Based Training Competence Assessment Competence Management Systems Standards and Guidelines Managing Competence for Safety-Related Systems Developing and Maintaining Staff Competence Competence Assessment for the Hazardous Industries Control of Major Accident Hazard Regulations Human Factors Literature Competence Team Competencies Identifying Competencies Competence Management Systems Guidance and Recommendations Assessment and Evaluation Competence Identification Competence Assessment Establish Competence Performance Standards and Assessment Criteria Select Appropriate Competence Assessment Methods Select Remedial Measures and Undertake Competence Assessments Example 35 Bibliography 40 v

3 vi Human Factors in the Design and Evaluation of Control Room Operations Chapter 3 Training Outline Key Issues Training Needs Analysis Training Preconditions Training Design Training Content Training Delivery Methods Team Training Transfer of Training Training Evaluation Standards and Guidelines Managing Competence for Safety-Related Systems Developing and Maintaining Staff Competence Competence Assessment for Hazardous Industries Control of Major Accident Hazard Regulations Human Factors Literature Definitions Training Theory Training Needs Analysis Introduction Training Needs Training Needs Analysis Methods Training Design Pretraining Conditions Training Delivery Methods Introduction Training Media Team Training Crew Resource Management Transfer of Training and Post-Training Conditions Transfer of Training Post-Training Conditions Training Evaluation Summary Guidelines and Recommendations Assessment and Evaluation Training Needs Analysis Organizational Analysis Task Analysis Person Analysis 78

4 Contents vü 3.7 Example TNA Training Needs Analysis Organizational Analysis Task Analysis Person Analysis 80 Bibliography 85 Chapter 4 Procedures Outline Key Issues Identification of Procedure Requirements Development of Procedures Training Staff in Procedures Review, Maintenance, and Update of Procedures Format of Procedures Compliance with Procedures Efficacy of Procedures Procedural Flaws Standards and Guidelines Revitalizing Procedures for Major Hazards Inspectors Toolkit: Human Factors in the Management of Major Accident Hazards Control of Major Accident Hazard Regulations Successful Health and Safety Management Human Factors Literature Defining Procedures Models of Procedures Developing Procedures When Procedures Fail Procedural Noncompliance Guidance and Recommendations Identify Tasks Requiring Procedures Determine Level of Procedural Aid Required and Format of Procedure Write and Review Procedure Approve Procedure Train Procedure Monitor Procedure Assessment and Evaluation Example Procedure Development Process Evaluation of Existing Procedures 108 Bibliography 110

5 viii Human Factors in the Design and Evaluation of Control Room Operations Chapter 5 Communication Process Outline Key Issues Standards and Guidelines Human Factors Literature The Control Room as a Sociotechnical System The Purpose of Communication: Teamwork and Shared Awareness Guidance and Recommendations Minimum Requirements Human Factors Best Practice Social Network Analysis Communications Usage Diagram Team Communications Assessment and Evaluation Example 124 Bibliography 125 Chapter 6 Manning and Workload Outline Manning Workload Mental Workload Physical Workload Key Issues Manning Workload Standards and Guidelines Manning Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations Workload Mental Workload ISO Standards Physical Workload ISO Standards Human Factors Literature Manning Workload Mental Workload Physical Workload Guidance and Recommendations Manning Mental Workload Personnel Guidelines and Recommendations (ISO 9001:2008) 143

6 Contents ix Task Guidelines and Recommendations (ISO 9001:2008) Workspace and Environment (ISO 9001:2000) Social Factors (ISO 9001:2008) Time Factors (ISO 9001:2008) Organizational Factors (Tsang and Vidulich, 2006) Assessment and Evaluation Manning Workload Mental Workload Examples NASA-TLX Procedure and Advice Physical Workload Example 156 Bibliography 159 Chapter 7 Automation Outline Key Issues Standards and Guidelines Human Factors Literature History of Automation Ironies of Automation Out-of-the-Loop Performance Problems Sociotechnical Considerations Dynamic Allocation of Function Guidance and Recommendations Assessment and Evaluation Functional Analysis Mandatory Assignments Preliminary Assignments Allocation of Function Fitts' List Core Job Characteristics Example Marsden and Kirby's Allocation of Function Analysis Constraints-Based Approach to Functional Analysis Dynamic Allocation of Function 187 Bibliography 190

7 x Human Factors in the Design and Evaluation of Control Room Operations Chapter 8 Supervision Outline Key Issues Supervision Type Supervisor's Role, Responsibilities, and Functions Staff Roles and Responsibilities Supervision Assessment Weaknesses Associated with Supervisory Approach Supervision Weakness Countermeasures Supervisor Competence Supervisor Workload Relationship between Supervisor and Subordinates Relationship between Management and Supervisor Communication Interaction between Team Members and Management Standards and Guidelines Successful Health and Safety Management Different Types of Supervision and the Impact on Safety in the Chemical and Allied Industries: Assessment Methodology and User Guide Human Factors Literature Supervision Different Forms of Supervision Note on Leadership Styles Status Quo Teams and Teamwork Study of Supervision Consequences of Inadequate Supervision Guidance and Recommendations Assessment and Evaluation Example 218 Bibliography 221 Chapter 9 Shift Patterns Outline Key Issues Standards and Guidelines Working Time Regulations Health and Safety Legislation 227

8 Contents xi 9.4 Human Factors Literature The Body Clock Sleep Sleep Patterns for the Day Worker Sleep Patterns for the Shift or Night Worker Effects of Sleep Deprivation Social Challenges Health and Weil-Being Heart Problems Mental Well-Being Appetite and Digestion Handover Summary Guidance and Recommendations Employer's Checklist Health Questionnaire Shift Handovers Assessment and Evaluation Strategies for the Employer Strategies for the Employee Coping with the Shift and Managing Fatigue Traveling Home Sleep Lifestyle Additional Assessment Materials Fatigue and Risk Index Tool Epworth Sleepiness Scale The Standard Shiftwork Index Shift Handover Example Best Practice Guidelines Risk Assessment Fatigue Assessment Handover 246 Bibliography 247 Chapter 10 Control Room Layout Outline Key Issues Standards and Guidelines Relevant Standards 251

9 xii Human Factors in the Design and Evaluation of Control Room Operations 10.4 Human Factors Literature Dimensions of the Workstation The Seat Seat Height Seat Depth Seat Width Lateral Clearance between Armrests Workstation Desk Design Desk Height Leg Room Size of the Work Surface Display Screens Number of Displays Other Aspects Affecting Room Layout Layout Analysis Social Organization Access Auxiliary Functions Safety Considerations Flexibility Guidance and Recommendations Methods Layout of the Room Physical Layout of the Workstation Assessment and Evaluation Example The Chair Calculating Sitting Postures for Population Extremities 269 Bibliography 270 Chapter 11 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Outline Key Issues Standards and Guidelines Human Factors Literature Control Task Categories Category 1. Abnormal Situation Handling Category 2. Normal Operation Category 3. Optimization Visualization Display Design Elements 280

10 Contents xiii Grouping of Data Elements Information Density Guidance and Recommendations Assessment and Evaluation HCl Checklist Visual Clarity Consistency Compatibility Informative Feedback Explicitness Appropriate Functionality Flexibility and Control Error Prevention and Correction User Guidance and Support Overall System Usability EEMUA User's Questionnaire Physical Arrangement Access to Displayed Information Navigation through Information Hierarchy Example 290 Bibliography 292 Chapter 12 Alarms Outline Key Issues Standards and Guidelines Human Factors Literature Guidance and Recommendations Assessment and Evaluation Example 302 Bibliography 305 Chapter 13 Environment Outline Accepted Definition Brief Description Key Issues Standards and Guidelines Relevant Standards Human Factors Literature Objectively Measurable States vs. Subjectively Felt States Regulatory Processes 310

11 xiv Human Factors in the Design and Evaluation of Control Room Operations Systems Perspective Latest Thinking Guidance and Recommendations Assessment and Evaluation Ambient Temperature Minimum Requirements Human Factors Best Practice Ambient Temperature Example Air Quality Minimum Requirements Human Factors Best Practice Air Quality Example Lighting Minimum Requirements Human Factors Best Practice Lighting Example Acoustics Minimum Requirements Human Factors Best Practice Acoustics Example Vibration Minimum Requirements Human Factors Best Practice Vibration Example Interior Design and Aesthetics Minimum Requirements Human Factors Best Practice Aesthetics Example Summary 334 Bibliography 335 Chapter 14 Human Error Outline Key Issues Slips and Lapses Mistakes Violations Human Factors Literature Person Approach Systems Approach Guidance and Recommendations Assessment and Evaluation SHERPA Example 348 Bibliography 367

12 Contents xv Chapter 15 Safety Culture Outline Key Issues Standards and Guidelines Guide to Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems Occupational Health and Safety Zone Human Factors Literature Defining Safety Culture Models of Safety Culture Characteristics of an Efficient Safety Culture Building a Safety Culture Collecting Safety-Related Data Accident Investigation and Analysis Incident Reporting Systems Guidelines and Recommendations Assessment and Evaluation Example 386 Bibliography 392 Author Index 395 Subject Index 403

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