Real Time Quality Assurance Indexes for Residential Houses Construction Processes

Transcription

1 Real Tme Qualty Assurance Indexes for Resdental Houses Constructon Processes L ZHANG, Volker CHIEGER, Germany Key words: qualty model, qualty assurance ndex, real tme, constructon process UMMARY The EU-proect Development of a Real Tme Qualty upport ystem for the Houses Constructon Industry (QuCon) was ntroduced n chweger et al. (2010). thn ths proect, the Insttute of Engneerng Geodesy (IIG) s developng a real tme qualty assurance system together wth further partners from Cyprus. A constructon process model and a qualty model whch consders both process and product qualty was developed and defned for resdental houses constructon processes. In ths artcle an adopted qualty model wll be ntroduced whch s more applcaton-orented. Respectng ths adopted qualty model, a real tme qualty ndex can be determned by a sng system usng so-called checkponts. The sng and the weghtng of the checkponts wll be dscussed. Usng the developed constructon process model and the sng system the small and medum enterprses (MEs) of dfferent countres can montor the current proect states, document the processes and the acheved qualty, so that reasonable decsons and rectve can be ntated and the qualty can be mproved and assured n real tme. T04F - Proect and Organsaton Management L Zhang, Volker chweger 1/17

2 Real Tme Qualty Assurance Indexes for Resdental Houses Constructon Processes L ZHANG, Volker CHIEGER, Germany 1. INTRODUCTION In the constructon ndustry everyone s well aware that qualty control gets more and more mportant, because neffcent or lack of qualty management or qualty assurance leads to needless tme and money consumpton. There are nowadays numerous researches on the mprovement of constructon processes, whch deals ndrectly wth the topc qualty. For example, new technologes were ntegrated nto the constructon process to montor the process and enhance the muncaton among the partcpants. thn the EU-proect Development of a Real Tme Qualty upport ystem for the Houses Constructon Industry (QuCon), the mprovement and the assurance of the qualty n constructon process s realzed by usng a qualty model. The qualty model s part of the qualty management concept and mproves the qualty drectly throughout the process. In chweger et al. (2010) a qualty model was developed and defned for resdental house constructon whch takes both process and product qualty nto ount. Besdes, the constructon process for resdental house constructon s modeled by means of flow charts, n whch the relatonshps among processes and task groups were ncluded. Those flow charts help the proect manager to coordnate the whole constructon process. For more nformaton about the proect QuCon, the qualty model and the constructon process model for resdental house constructon are referred to chweger et al. (2010), Cornet (2010) and QuCon (2010d). In ths artcle, the qualty model s mproved to match the requrements of the users at frst. The focus s on the algorthms for the determnaton of a real tme qualty ndex and ths s realzed by a sngs system whch s developed wth respect to the adopted qualty model. 2. QUALITY CONTROL IN CONTRUCTION 2.1 Exstng Qualty Control ystems n Constructon Process Acdng to DIN EN IO 9000, qualty s defned as degree to whch a set of nherent characterstcs fulfls requrements. Concretely, the qualty n the constructon ndustry s the fulfllment of requrements of constructon product and process. Many proects are dong research on the modelng and montorng of the process. For nstance, n the proect BauKom (BauKom 2010), the descrpton of the processes s done by means of workflow, whch shows dependences among the processes and task groups and serves as a model. In ths way, the coordnaton among the related partcpants can be mproved. In Km et al. (2008) and Leung et al. (2008), t was ntroduced that new technologes are ntegrated nto the constructon process. uch as the PDA, wreless network, web based collaboratve platform, nformaton management are exerted n the constructon process to collect the data of defects on ste and transfer the nformaton to the offce n real tme. In such a way, the T04F - Proect and Organsaton Management L Zhang, Volker chweger 2/17

3 muncaton n the constructon process can be enhanced. They focus usually on the mprovement of the muncaton durng the process and the qualty s mproved ndrectly. thn the proect CONQUA 21 n ngapore (BCA 2005), a constructon qualty assessment system was developed to assure the qualty, but only the product qualty wll be assessed and a qualty model s not appled. Hence, none of the proects n the reference lst provdes a plete qualty model for the constructon process. 2.2 Qualty Model n Constructon The qualty model s part of qualty management concept. It conssts of the qualty characterstcs whch realze the general qualty model for the process and product. Moreover, the qualty characterstcs should match the user s requrement, whch means they are applcaton-orented. Because of the prmarly success of qualty models n the manufacturng ndustry, more and more qualty models are defned, developed and utlzed n dfferent scences (chweger et al and chwetzer & chweger 2010). The qualty model can also be appled to mprove and assure the qualty n constructon processes. thn the proect QuCon, a qualty model for resdental houses constructon processes was developed and defned at IIG n chweger et al. (2010). Another qualty model wthn constructon process was developed also at the IIG wthn the proect EQuP (German: Effzenzoptmerung und Qualtätsscherung ngeneurgeodätscher Prozesse m Bauwesen), whch s demanded by the DFG (German Research Foundaton). For more nformaton s referred to the Berkhahn et al. (2010) and Equp (2010). In contrast to QuCon, Equp focuses on the engneerng geodesy processes n cvl engneerng and the respectve qualty modelng on parameter level. The QuCon qualty model and sng system should be utlzed throughout the whole constructon process and the qualty s modeled on characterstcs level. An overall qualty ndex needs not to be developed wthn the Equp. In concluson, t exsts untl now no real tme sng system regardng the qualty model for the whole constructon process. 2.3 Adopted Qualty Model n QuCon The developed qualty model n chweger et al. (2010) contans both process und product related qualty characterstcs, whch descrbe the nherent characterstcs of constructon processes. ome of the qualty characterstcs (resources, synchronzaton and processrectness) were elmnated after takng the requrements of the users nto consderaton, because these characterstcs were already consdered by checkponts and constructon process model. Hence, the adopted qualty model s smple, more practcal and applcatonorented. Fgure 1 s the basc element of the adopted qualty model. The avalablty shall be equvalent to an overall qualty characterstc, whch takes all other characterstcs nto ount and t s defned dfferently n ltschko & Kaufmann (2005). In ths paper the determnaton of the avalablty wll be dscussed. For more detals, especally the plete structure of the qualty model and the respondng reasons for these mprovements s referred to QuCon (2010a) and engert & chweger (2010). T04F - Proect and Organsaton Management L Zhang, Volker chweger 3/17

4 Fgure 1: Basc structure of adopted qualty model 3. REAL TIME QUALITY AURANCE INDEXE 3.1 Basc dea The so-called checkponts are ntroduced n chweger et al. (2010) as the crtcal ponts n the constructon processes, whch should be checked to avod damage or fnancal losses. Because these checkponts are chronologcally ntegrated n the constructon process, they can be used for the calculaton of qualty ndexes n real tme. As shown exemplarly n fgure 2, the nspector has gone through the checkponts ste nstallaton and wants to know the qualty ndex at that pont of tme. Carcass constructon: earthwork Checkpont before earthwork te nstallaton survey: measurement for excavaton Checkpont ste nstallaton Checkpont heght measurements of excavaton Qualty Index at ths pont of tme? Earth works: excavaton Checkpont excavaton Excavaton contanment, dewaterng and underpnnng work f necessary Connecton shafts urvey: algment stage Earth works: ground ppes (connecton to sewer) Foundaton trench, ol mprovement Checkpont algment stage Checkpont ground ppes, dranage T04F - Proect and Organsaton Management L Zhang, Volker chweger Fgure 2: ub-process wth checkponts The necessary nformaton for the determnaton of qualty ndex s the ses and weghtng factors of the checkponts up to ths pont of tme. It s assumed that J checkponts have been done up to ths pont of tme (checkpont J), 4/17

5 Each checkpont up to checkpont J has the se, Each checkpont up to checkpont J has the weghtng factor o the real tme qualty ndex up to checkpont J Q J 1 J J 1 QJ can be calculated as: (1) It means that the real tme qualty ndex Q J s dependent on all the ses and weghtng factors up to the checkpont J. Q J can be regarded as a weghted mean for the se of checkponts. In ths way, the qualty ndex s ndependent from the number of checkponts that have been done (or the stage of the constructon process). The ses and weghtngs of the checkponts are nputs for the determnaton of the real tme qualty ndex. In the next sectons, the basc elements of the checkponts wll be llustrated and then the determnaton of the weghtngs and the ses of checkponts wll be explaned. 3.2 Element of the checkponts Categores and check tems Usually, a constructon process has lots of dfferent task groups such as the structural work, carpenter s work, electrcal work, pantng work etc, whch can be called categores. In practce, there are qualty control lsts for dfferent categores. In general, those qualty control lsts are derved from the lterature (Metzger 2010, Meyer 1999), the needs and requrements of the contract, standards, gudelnes, general recognzed code of practce as well as laws. In Metzger (2010), qualty control lsts of dfferent categores are gven for the resdental house constructon (see table 1). 1. Qualty control lst for earthwork 2. Qualty control lst for structural work. 17. Qualty control lst for floor coverng Table 1: Extract of qualty control lst n resdental house constructon (Metzger 2010) Each category contans so-called check tems, whch should be checked by the nspector to ensure the qualty. In table 2, some check tems of the category structural work are presented. 2. Qualty control lst for structural work T04F - Proect and Organsaton Management L Zhang, Volker chweger 5/17

6 (2.1) Is the ste duly secured? (2.2) Is the constructon sgn (also the one for the authorty) nstalled?. (2.63) Are the delvered materals (partcularly tles) pared wth the statcs (ppe densty, pressve resstance)? Table 2: Extract of qualty control lst: structural work (Metzger 2010) As shown n table 1 and table 2, the categores and the check tems can be numbered. For nstance, the category structural work has the number 2 and the check tems (as presented n table 2) are numbered wth the format X.Y. X s the number of category and Y s the number of the tems. For example, frst tem n the second category structural work has the number 2.1. The numberng of check tems s necessary and prepared for the checkponts (see secton 3.3). The appled qualty control lsts n QuCon are manly based on the Metzger (2010) and extended by the practtoners. They can be defned by the users ndvdually and updated contnuously to match the expectatons of users and the market Relatonshp among the categores, check tems, checkponts and processes Check tems 1.1 Checkpont 1. Category 1 ub-process 1 Check tems 1.X Checkpont 2 Check tems 2.1. Category 2 Total process ub-process 2 ub-process..... Checkpont N-1 Check tems 2.M1. Check tem X.Y Category X Check tems M.1 ub-process 7 Checkpont N. Category M Check tems M.X Fgure 3: Relatonshp among the categores, check tems, checkponts and processes Fgure 3 shows the relatonshp among the checklsts, check tems and checkponts as well as the processes. The checkponts consst of the check tems, too. Instead of classfcaton n categores, the check tems are chronologcally ranged n checkponts. That means, f the nspecton of several check tems can be done at the same tme, those check tems can be then defned as one checkpont. Hence, one checkpont can contan check tems that belong to dfferent categores. The checkponts wll be chronologcally ntegrated nto the processes. th those the qualty can be checked and controlled n real tme. 3.3 Determnaton of eghtng Factor for Checkponts T04F - Proect and Organsaton Management L Zhang, Volker chweger 6/17

7 3.3.1 eghtng factor for categores nce the check tems are the basc elements of the checkponts, the weghtng factor of the checkpont can be calculated from ts check tems. The weghtngs of check tems can be determned from the category, whch they belong to. After the dscusson wth the MEs, t es to a decson that the weghtng factors shall base on the constructon cost. It means that the more one category costs, the hgher t wll be weghted. The German team has appled ths method for the weghtng system. The Cyprus team has defned the weghtng factor acdng to the dscusson wth the Cyprus MEs. The followng table s the fnal result of the cost analyss of the German team, whch shows the cost percentage for each category on average. (For more nformaton about the cost analyss s referred to the QuCon 2010c, DIN , DIN , BKI Baukosten 2010). Category No. Category Name Cost Quotent [%] 1 Earthwork tructural ork Floor Coverng 4.2 um 100 Table 3: Extract of cost quotents / weghtng factors of categores eghtng factor for check tems e assume that all the check tems n one category have the same weghtng; t means they are of the same mportance. The weghtng factor for the check tems can be named as m, to be dffered from that of categores. o f the category has the weghtng factor and the total number of ts check tems s M, then each check tem has the weghtng of: m, M (2) o the weghtng factor of one check tem depends on the category t belongs to. However, we know that some of the crtcal actvtes should be fulflled, for example the basement wall should be water proofng, the entrance door should be there etc. Those kll process or kll actvtes should be more mportant than the other actvtes, so that they should theoretcally have hgher weghtng. After dscusson wth the MEs and the other partners, t was decded to realze the mportance of the kll process by an alarm functon n the software, whch helps the user to solve ths problem, snce a hgher weghtng would not reflect the mportance enough eghtng factor for checkponts T04F - Proect and Organsaton Management L Zhang, Volker chweger 7/17

8 The weghtng factor of one checkpont s calculated from ts check tems. As the check tems may belong to dfferent categores, t s assumed that: the checkpont has N check tems from the category, T04F - Proect and Organsaton Management L Zhang, Volker chweger the check tems n category have the weghtng factor m,, then the checkpont has the weghtng factor : N N M numer _ of _ categores numer _ of _ categores, m 1 1 (3) For example: the checkpont has 5 check tems from category 1, the category 1 has the weghtng factor 10% and contans 10 check tems, and 3 check tems from category 2, the category 2 has the weghtng factor 5% and contans 20 check tems, 10% 5% then the weghtngs of the checkpont can be calculated as % Concept of the ng ystem ng of check tems Not only the weghtng but also the sng of checkponts s based on the check tems, because the check tems are sed drectly durng the nspecton. The sng scales are defned from 1 to 5: se 1 represents a fal to pass standard/specfcaton s threshold; se 2 s the threshold; ses 3 to 4 wll have a check-specfc range of values and fnally se 5 wll be the maxmum qualty se (QuCon 2010b). There are dfferent types of check: vsual, functonal and measurable check. The numercal threshold can be clearly defned for the measurable check acdng to the standards, as the vsual and functonal check can only be evaluated as fal or pass. Hence, for the measurable check the se 1 to 5 s possble and for the vsual and functonal check tems only the se 1 or 5 s possble. In the second case, 1 stands for falure and 5 stands for pass ng and weghtng factor step by step In the next sectons, the algorthms for the sng of checkponts wll be explaned step by step. Before the detals are presented, an overvew of ths sng system s shown n fgure 4. Frst of all, the check tems of each checkpont wll be classfed acdng to ther characterstcs. Acdng to the product related characterstcs, all the check tems wll be separated n 3 famles: check tems for the pleteness, for rectness and for uracy. The characterstc uracy s only sutable for the geodetc measurement. The check tems can be sed acdng to the method, whch has been descrbed n the secton (step 1). 8/17

9 On one hand the se of the product related characterstcs can be determned on the bass of the check tems se; on the other hand the se of the process related characterstcs expense and tmelness (pare fgure 1) can be calculated from the planned and actual expense as well as the tme consumpton. nce the algorthms for the sng of the product and process related qualty characterstcs are dfferent, they wll be explaned separately (step2). For the next step, we can determne not only general ses for product and process related characterstcs separately, but also one overall se, whch takes both of them nto ount. Ths wll be the se of one checkpont (step3). ng ystem of Checkpont tep 1 tep 2 tep 3 ng eghtng eghtng Planned and actual expense, tme for checkpont Expense Tmelness _exp _tme _process Check tems.1 Classfy& ng pleteness _ Checkpont Check tems... rectness product Check tems.m uracy _ Fgure 4: Concept of sng system for one checkpont 3.5 ng of Qualty Characterstcs ng of product related qualty characterstcs Items & e Vsual Functonal Measurable Completeness.1 (1 or 5),.2 (1 or 5),.4 (1 to 5), Correctness.3 (1 or 5),.7 (1 or 5),....6 (1 to 5),... Accuracy.5 (1 to 5), Table 4: Classfcaton of check tems As presented n table 4, the check tems of one checkpont should be at frst classfed nto pleteness, rectness and uracy. econdly, those check tems should be classfed nto vsual check, measurable check and functonal check n order to fx the se scale. It s assumed that: T04F - Proect and Organsaton Management L Zhang, Volker chweger 9/17

10 , n, and n, are the ses of check tems (n checkpont ) for pleteness, n, rectness, uracy, they are between 1 and 5, they wll be nput by the nspector durng the ste nspecton, n, and, n, n are the weghtng factors of check tems (n checkpont ) for pleteness, rectness, uracy, they can be calculated as m, acdng to the equaton (2), that means: N, N and n,, m n, n, N are the total numbers of the check tems for pleteness, rectness and uracy n the checkpont, and are the product related qualty se of checkpont (between 1 and 5), they wll be determned n the sng system after the equaton (5) to (7): f the check tem measures the pleteness f the check tem measures the rectness (4) f the check tem measures the uracy nn n, n, n1 nn n, n1 (5) nn n, n, n1 nn n, n1 nn n, n, n1 nn n, n1 (6) (7) Determnaton of se for process related qualty characterstcs In the last secton, the ses of product related qualty characterstcs of one checkpont were determned. As shown n fgure 5, the se of product related qualty characterstcs expense and tmelness can be determned by the parson of actual and planned expense and tme consumpton: T04F - Proect and Organsaton Management L Zhang, Volker chweger 10/17

11 exp tme E (8) E b a T (9) T b a a E s the actual expense and a T s the actual tme consumpton and checkpont -1 and b E J s the budget between checkpont -1 and b T J s the planned tme consumpton between As the dfference between actual and planned expense and tme consumpton should not be very large, the and wll be around 1. The bgger they are, the better s the qualty. exp tme Ths s the same for the product related characterstcs (pare secton 3.5.2) Determnaton of overall qualty ndex eghtngs of qualty characterstcs Instead of ses of qualty characterstcs, t s practcal and mportant for the user to have an overall qualty ndex as an overvew. Acdng to the adopted qualty model (see fgure 1), the avalablty can be regarded as an overall qualty ndex, whch takes both product and process characterstcs nto consderaton. As shown n fgure 4, the weghtng and se of each other characterstc are necessary for determnaton of the avalablty. Besdes, the ses of product characterstcs are between 1 and 5, but the ses of the process characterstcs are around 1. For ths reason, the se of product characterstcs should be dvded by 5, so that they are also around 1. The generc se avalablty can be calculated as: exp exp tme tme (10) ava exp tme, and (dvded by 5), exp,,, are the ses of product characterstcs, they are normalzed tme are the ses of process characterstcs exp and tme are the weghtngs of the qualty characterstcs, those for the product related qualty characterstcs are defned as: nn n, n1 nn nn nn n, n, n, n1 n1 n1 (11) T04F - Proect and Organsaton Management L Zhang, Volker chweger 11/17

12 nn n, n1 nn nn nn n, n, n, n1 n1 n1 (12) nn n, n1 nn nn nn n, n, n, n1 n1 n1 The weghtngs of the product characterstcs depend on ther percentage of the check tems. They are dfferent from checkpont to checkpont. But ther sum s constant: 1. The weghtngs exp and (13) tme can be defned by the users, because each user has hs own opnon of the mportance of the expense and tmelness pared to the product characterstcs. The se gves the users ust an overvew of the qualty, so t s no problem f the weghtng factors are dfferent from user to user or from the pany to pany. e exp tme exp tme propose for 0.5 (so that 1 ) to make the same weghtng for product and process related characterstcs. Determnaton of separate qualty ndex for product and process Two separate ses for the process and product related characterstcs should be gven consderng the requrements of the MEs. Product related overall se of checkpont : product (14) snce 1, t can be mpled to: product (15) Process related overall se of checkpont : process exp exp tme tme exp tme (16) In ths way, each checkpont has one general qualty se product product and one for the process ava process. As the se of avalablty, one qualty se for the ava s an overall T04F - Proect and Organsaton Management L Zhang, Volker chweger 12/17

13 qualty ndex of checkpont, t s equvalent to the se of checkpont n equaton (1). As shown n fgure 5 and equaton (1), each checkpont has a se, they should be weghted to determne the real tme qualty ndex Q J. Addtonally, f the checkpont s the last checkpont n the whole constructon process, then the Q J s the qualty ndex for total process and fnal product (the house). To summarze, as presented n fgure 5, by usng the checkponts the constructon process wll be closely bned wth the sng system. The user/ nspector can se the check tems wthn the checkponts on ste and put the planned and actual expense and tme consumpton n the system, and then the sng system can run automatcally. After the sng, the alarm wll be shown by the falure of the kll process and the most mportant output s the real tme qualty ndex Q, and then the proect manager can go back to the general se of the checkpont J and to the process and product related ses process and product. Usng the alarm functon and the sng system, the reasonable and necessary acton can be carred out. By ths means the qualty of the constructon can be mproved and assured n real tme. Constructon Process ng ystem of Checkponts & Real Tme Qualty Index Checkpont 1 _process 1 ubprocess 1 Checkpont 2 _product 1 _process 2 _product Q 1 Q 2 Total process ubprocess 2 ubprocess..... Checkpont -1 Checkpont Checkpont... Planned and actual expense, tme for checkpont Check tems.1 Check tems... Check tems.m _process -1 _product -1 _process _product eghtng factors of the checkponts. Q J-1 Q J... ubprocess 7 Checkpont N Input by Inspector _process N _product N N Output for proect manager Fgure 5: Constructon process and sng system Q N Real Tme Qualty Index T04F - Proect and Organsaton Management L Zhang, Volker chweger 13/17

14 4. CONCLUION AND OUTLOOK thn ths paper, an adopted qualty model for the resdental house s defned and an algorthm for the determnaton of the real tme qualty ndex s descrbed wth respect to ths adopted qualty model. The constructon process model serves an overvew for the proect manager n the software, whch wll be developed. The checkponts that contan concrete check tems enable the users to document the current proect state on ste. th ths nput, the sng system wll run automatcally. The results are the real tme qualty ndexes, whch wll be reported and vsualzed for the users. The reasonable decson and remedaton can be carred out, because the qualty of the constructon can be documented, checked and essed n a smple and fast manner, so that t can be mproved and assured n real tme. The ntegraton of constructon process model nto the software was realzed by the proect partner ynectcs. They are proceedng wth the mplementaton of qualty sng system at the moment. The system s web based and the German and Cyprus team as well as the MEs are gong to test the prototype of ths system on the web server. thn the proect CONQUA 21, dfferent weghtng factors are defned for dfferent buldng types. mlarly, the developed QuCon sng system s not restrcted on the resdental house. It can be also appled on the other constructon processes, such as hghbuldng, road constructon etc. But some adaptatons, such as the constructon process model, the checkponts as well as the check tems should be respondngly matched. The qualty characterstcs can also be ftted to the new constructon process, f necessary. In the future, the checkponts and check tems as well as ther weghtng factors should be contnuously upgraded by the feedback from the end users. Furthermore, many qualty checks are based on the contract, generally recognzed codes of practce, laws and specally the generally epted standards, such as IO, EN and DIN standards. For example n CONQUA 21, the mnmum standards for each constructon ponent are gven. GAEB (2010) gves also lsts of the standards (most of them are DIN standards), whch are classfed acdng to the categores. Many relevant standards n the housng constructon can be found n the proect delverable (QuCon 2009a, 2009b, 2010c). But the collecton of all standards s not acplshed n QuCon, because t exceeds already the scope of ths proect. However, t wll be helpful for the users, f the mnmum standards can be derved from the dscusson wth the end users, the developers, consultants as well as contractors etc. It may be a massve, challengng but meanngful work for the future. In one word, the system needs strong and contnuous feedback, experence, suggestons from exporters and the users n order to match ther expectatons and have better performance. ACKNOLEDGEMENT The nvestgatons publshed n ths artcle are granted by the AIF (German Federaton of Industral Research Assocatons) under the sgn AIF No 14 EN/1. Therefore the authors dal thank the fundng agency. T04F - Proect and Organsaton Management L Zhang, Volker chweger 14/17

15 REFERENCE BAUKOM (2010): Homepage of proect BauKom: Last essed: November BCA (2005): CONQUA the BCA Constructon Qualty Assessment ystem. xth Edton. Buldng and Constructon Authorty, ngapore. BERKHAHN, V., BERNER, F., KUTTERER, H., CHIEGER, V., HIRCHNER, J., REHR, I., RINKE, N., CHEIZER, J. (2010): Effzenzoptmerung und Qualtätsscherung Ingeneurgeodätscher Prozesse m Hochbau, Baungeneur Nr. 85, Heft 11/2010, , BKI BAUKOTEN (2010): BKI BAUKOTEN Tel 1 statsche Kostenkennwerte für Gebäude. Baukostennformatonszentrum Deutscher Archtektenkammern GmbH -BKI-, tuttgart. CORNET (2010): Homepage of EU-Cornet programme: Last essed: November DIN (2008): Buldng costs- Part 1: Buldng constructon. Normenausschuss m Bauwesen (NABau) m DIN (Deutsches Insttut für Normung e.v.), Beuth Verlag GmbH. DIN (2009): Buldng costs- Part 4: Cvl constructon. Normenausschuss m Bauwesen m DIN (Deutsches Insttut für Normung e.v.), Beuth Verlag GmbH. DIN EN IO 9000 (2005): Qualty management systems- Fundamentals and vocabulary, Trlngual verson. Normenausschuss Qualtätsmanagement, tatstk und Zertfzerungsgrundlagen (NQZ) m DIN(Deutsches Insttut für Normung e.v.), Beuth Verlag GmbH. EQUIP (2010): Homepage of proect EQuP: Last essed: November GAEB(2010): Überscht der n TLB-Bau zterten Normen, Vorschrften und technschen Regeln (LB-bezogen). Aufgestellt von Gemensamer Ausschuss Elektronk m Bauwesen(GAEB) n Verbndung mt der Dr. chller& Partner GmbH- Dynamsche BauDaten. Herausgaben vom DIN (Deutsches Insttut für Normung e.v.). KIM,.Y., OH,..., CHO, K.Y., EO,.J. (2008): A PDA and wreless web-ntegrated system for qualty nspecton and defect management of apartment proects. Automaton n Constructon, 17, pp LEUNG,., MAK,., LEE, L.P.B (2008). Usng a real-tme ntegrated muncaton system to montor the progress and qualty of constructon works. Automaton n Constructon, 17, pp METZGER, B. (2010): Bauherren-Handbuch. chlüsselfertg bauen vom Archtektenhaus bs zum Bauträgerobekt. 9. erweterte und ergänzte Ausgabe. Rudolf Haufe Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, Planegg/München. MEYER, R. (1999): Das selbst gebaute Haus: Innenausbau. Egenlestung vom Keller bs zum Dach. Eberhard Blottner Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, Taunussten. T04F - Proect and Organsaton Management L Zhang, Volker chweger 15/17

16 QUCON (2009a): Analyss of Avalable Qualty Crtera, Parameters as well as Qualty Assurance Indexes. QuCon Delverable D2.1, tuttgart, eptember 2009, unpublshed. QUCON (2009b): Defnton of processes nherent qualty model and respectve parameters. QuCon Delverable D2.2, tuttgart, December 2009, unpublshed. QUCON (2010a): Report on Qualty Measurement and Analyss Methods. QuCon Delverable D2.3, tuttgart, July 2010, unpublshed. QUCON (2010b): Report on Qualty Experments, Ther Analyss and Results. QuCon Delverable D3.2, Ncosa, August 2010, unpublshed. QUCON (2010c): Report on Algorthms for Qualty Assurance Indexes n Real Tme. QuCon Delverable D2.4, tuttgart, November 2010, unpublshed. QUCON (2010d): Last essed: November, CHEIZER, J., CHIEGER, V. (2010): Modelng of Qualty for Engneerng Geodesy Process n Buldng Constructon Processes. Journal of Appled Geodesy, alter de Gruyter (submtted) CHIEGER, V., ZHANG, L. ENGERT, M. (2010): A Qualty Model for Resdental Houses Constructon Processes. XXIV FIG Internatonal Congress, ydney, Australa, Aprl ENGERT, M., CHIEGER, V. (2010): En Qualtätsmodell für ohnhausbauprozesse. 16. Internatonaler Ingeneurvermessungskurs, Munch, February ILTCHKO, T., KAUFMANN, T. (2005): Qualty assured road nformaton for ITapplcatons the qualty concept of EuroRoad. Proceedngs on 12th orld Congress and Exhbton on Intellgent Transport ystems and ervces. an Francsco, 6-10 November BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE Prof. Dr.-Ing. habl. Volker chweger tudes of Geodesy n Hannover 1989 Dpl.-Ing. Geodesy (Unversty of Hannover) 1998 Dr.-Ing. Geodesy (Unversty of Hannover) 2004 Habltaton (Unversty of tuttgart) 2010 Professor and Head of Insttute of Engneerng Geodesy, Unversty of tuttgart Dpl.-Ing. L Zhang tudes of Geodesy n Chna (Unversty of uhan) tudes of Geodesy n Germany (Unversty of tuttgart) 2009 Research Assocate at Insttute of Engneerng Geodesy, Unversty of tuttgart T04F - Proect and Organsaton Management L Zhang, Volker chweger 16/17

17 CONTACT Dpl.-Ing. L Zhang / Prof. Dr.-Ing. habl. Volker chweger Unversty of tuttgart Insttute of Engneerng Geodesy Geschwster-choll-tr. 24 D D tuttgart GERMANY Tel. + 49/ Fax + 49/ Emal: l.zhang@ngeo.un-stuttgart.de / volker.schweger@ngeo.un-stuttgart.de eb ste: T04F - Proect and Organsaton Management L Zhang, Volker chweger 17/17