RECENT REVIEW ON STANDARDS RELATED TO RISK ASSESSMENT FOR CONFINED SPACES

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1 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 9, Issue 1, January 2018, pp Article ID: IJMET_09_01_103 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed RECENT REVIEW ON STANDARDS RELATED TO RISK ASSESSMENT FOR CONFINED SPACES Zamree Amin, Roslina Mohammad, Norazli Othman, Astuty Amrin and Saárdin Abdul Aziz Department of Engineering UTM Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur, 54100, Malaysia Advanced Informatics School (AIS), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur, 54100, Malaysia ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to identify, review and carry out comparisons to five Standards where the main interest is on its risk assessment elements related to activities. This is due to lack of specific approach of the Standards for such as entry procedure requirements, risk assessment method, current practice of risk assessment is rather general and additional references are required for conducting risk assessment which would lead to non-compliance by industries. The selected Standards will be summarized on its requirements, followed by a review of review of Standard contribution factors towards (i) practical application (ii) enhancing a safe system of work (iii) suitability as elements of risk assessment and finally the comparison of Standards will be carried out. The results from the study would be used as a contribution factor to promote an ideal method in developing an effective risk working safely in. Furthermore, literature that has been referred to gives additional input for developing the risk assessment tools. Keywords: ISO Standard, Australian Standard, Risk Assessment, Confined Space Cite this Article: Zamree Amin, Roslina Mohammad, Norazli Othman, Astuty Amrin, Saárdin Abdul Aziz and, Recent Review on Standards Related to Risk Assessment for Confined Spaces, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology 9(1), pp editor@iaeme.com

2 Zamree Amin, Roslina Mohammad, Norazli Othman, Astuty Amrin, Saárdin Abdul Aziz and 1. INTRODUCTION Working in s requires extensive controls over risks which are usually observed as primary issues faced in industries. For example, the risks might arise from the type of work carried out, equipment or tools being used, substance utilization and the nature of the confined spaces environment. By definition, a is an enclosed or partially enclosed space that is at atmospheric pressure during occupancy and not intended or designed primarily as a place of work and it is liable at any time to have an atmosphere which contains potentially harmful levels of contaminants, have an oxygen deficiency or excess, cause engulfment and have restricted means for entry and exit (Standards Australia, Safe Working in Confined Space). Examples of s are storage tanks, tankers, boilers, silos, pipes, sewers, tunnels, shafts and ducts (Standards Australia, Safe Working in Confined Space). Due to its nature of risk, all organization involved in activities should be aware of requirements that need to adhere to ensure safety and health of their employees. The definition of risk assessment can be described as a process of evaluating the risks to safety and health arising from hazards at work (Guidelines for Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control, Ministry of Human Resource, Malaysia). The review of five Standards which are to be carried out is from the International Organization for Standardization: Switzerland and Australia. The Standards are ISO 31000:2009 (Risk Management-Principles and Guidelines), ISO 31010:2009 (Risk Management-Risk Assessment Techniques), ISO 12100:2010 (Safety of Machinery-General Principles for Design-Risk Assessment and Risk Reduction), ISO 14120:2002 (Safety of Machinery-Guards-General Requirements for the Design and Construction of Fixed and Movable Guards) and Australian Standard 2865:1995 (Safe Working in Confined Space). The selection of Standards is observed through the main elements presented being able to assist in developing effective risk s. Besides that, the present issues in risk assessment required further enhancement on its risk assessment tools due to lack of specific approach of works such as entry procedure requirements, risk assessment method, existing practice of risk assessment is too general and additional references are required for conducting risk assessment which would lead to noncompliance from industries. As such, the aim of this paper is to identify, review and carry out comparison to five Standards where the main interest is on its risk assessment elements related to activities. The outcomes of the study will be used as a contribution for developing an effective risk working safely in. Moreover, various literature are being referred to with regards to the implementation of Standards, risk assessment and safety. In designing effective risk assessment tools for entries, ISO and ISO were mainly used as well as other Standards such as ISO 31000, ISO and AS 2865 which referred as additional references (Vienney et al., 2015). For the Malaysian Standard, a comparison study between OHSAS and MS 1722 has been carried out to identify the main and sub-elements of the Standard by Abidin et al., (2015), to identify the advantages and weaknesses of both Standard, and the outcomes from the study could provide useful information for risk. There was also a review study on the risk assessment techniques using ISO for identifying the methods used for the assessment and risk analysis (Luko, 2014). In ensuring all workers are safe while working in s, an effective entry permit has to be developed by considering all the risk associates prior entry such as sub-contractors management, risk reduction audit and prevention through design (Vienney et al. 2015) editor@iaeme.com

3 Recent Review on Standards Related to Risk Assessment for Confined Spaces The Standards being selected focus on the risk assessment concept either directly or indirectly specific to works. It will cover risk management principles, risk assessment techniques, risk assessment in designing of machinery and risk assessment for working in. The list of Standards in Table 1 will illustrate its objectives and application, similarity, differences and significance of its content. Table 1 Summary of Five Standards Standards ISO (ISO 31000: 2009, Risk Management- Principles and Guidelines) ISO (ISO 31010: 2009, Risk Management- Risk Assessment Techniques) ISO (ISO 12100: 2010, Safety of Machinery- General Principles for Design-Risk Assessment and Risk Reduction) Objective and Application To provide principles and generic guidelines on risk management by showing the relationship of the Risk Management Principles, Framework and Process. It is not specific and can be used to any industry or sector, can be applied throughout the life of an organization and any range of activities. To Support ISO Standard but not intended for certification, regulatory or contractual use. It provides guidance on selection and application of systematic technique for risk assessment. To provide designers with an overall framework and guidance to make decision during machinery development process to ensure the machine being designed are safe for their intended use. This type- A Standard specifies basic terminology, principles and methodology for achieving safety in machinery design Scope Scope Scope Similarities Differences Significance Terms and Definition Terms and Definition Terms and Definition None Normative References Normative References Principles, Framework, Process Risk Assessment concept, Risk assessment process and Selection of risk assessment techniques. Risk management process activities Risk assessment process and selection of risk assessment techniques Strategy for risk assessment and risk Strategy for risk reduction, assessment and Risk assessment, risk risk reduction, reduction and hazard documentation of risk identification and assessment and risk risk estimation reduction editor@iaeme.com

4 Zamree Amin, Roslina Mohammad, Norazli Othman, Astuty Amrin, Saárdin Abdul Aziz and To specify the principles and general requirements for the design and construction of guards including ISO fixed and movable (ISO 14120: 2002, guards, to protect Safety of Machinery- persons from Guards-General mechanical hazard. It is Requirements for the intended for use by Design of Fixed and manufacturers, Movable Guards) designers, standard makers and other interested parties and does not cover for guards which actuate interlocking device. AS 2865 (Australian Standard 2865:1995, Safe Working in Confined Space) To set out the particular requirements and procedures for designers, manufacturers, suppliers, modifiers, employers, person in control and employees to ensure the health and safety of persons who required carrying out work in. It is applicable to being specified in this Standard except for underground mining, tunneling construction and any space which other than normal atmospheric pressure. Scope Terms and Definition Normative References Scope None None Risk assessment, principle requirements for the design and construction of guards, additional design and construction consideration, verification of the safety requirements for guards and information for use. Principle requirements for the design and construction of guards. Safe working in, objectives, application, reference documents, definitions, design, manufacture, supply Hazard and modification, identification, risk consultation, hazard assessment, identification, risk control measures assessment, control and risk control. measures, safety of the atmosphere, risk control, education and training, rescue and first aid and record keeping. From the summary of content listed in Table 1, the Standards requirements will be identified and will be followed by a review of Standards with respect to risk assessment elements of s. The review of Standards is according to the current industrial practical approach and it will provide an overall conclusion on its suitability and practicability in enhancing health and safety standard for works. 2. STANDARDS All the Standards which have been summarized will further be elaborated on their requirements and contributing factors towards risk assessment editor@iaeme.com

5 Recent Review on Standards Related to Risk Assessment for Confined Spaces 2.1. ISO 31000:2009, Risk Management-Principles and Guideline The Standard requirements for ISO is illustrated in Table 2 Table 2 Standards Requirements of ISO NO Requirements 1 Principles 2 Framework 3 Process Contributing Factors Concept Suitability Relevance Explains the risk management principles need to be complied by all organization. Describes the necessary components of the Framework for managing risk such as mandate and commitment, design of framework for managing risk, implementing risk management, monitoring and review of framework and continual improvement of the framework. Describes the risk management process which comprises of communication and consultation, establishing the context, risk assessment and monitoring and review. The principles being listed are practical to be used by organizations as a basis of developing a risk management plan and procedures. Using the components of the framework, the risk management plan in any organization is practical to implement. It covers all aspects need to be adhered and the commitment is clearly defined. The management is observed as a practical approach to be used in implementing risk management plan in organization. It could be referenced as part of the method to develop risk activities. The sub-elements being described in the framework is a good basic reference for developing risk works. The step of risk assessment process in the most useful method to be referred in developing risk activities A Review of ISO A review on the ISO 31000: 2009, Risk Management-Principles and Guidelines (ISO 31000) is according to the identified requirements being outlined in Table 2 where the review approach is based on the most practical implementation that relevant to the assessment for For instance, ISO requirements to be reviewed are principles, framework and process. The principles of risk management has been listed and explained in order for risk management to be effectively implemented in an organization. Examples of risk management principles are decision making, tailored and systematic, structured and timely. Most of the principles being presented are beneficial to be referred and applied for the planning in establishing risk management to any type of organization and relevant to any nature of business. The overall framework for managing risk gives valuable input for the organization where the components being presented have been clearly explained. Examples of components are design mandate and commitment and design of framework for managing risk. The input from the framework also provide an input in the practical implementation for managing risk in. On top of that, the risk management process elements being provided has editor@iaeme.com

6 Zamree Amin, Roslina Mohammad, Norazli Othman, Astuty Amrin, Saárdin Abdul Aziz and been described comprehensively such as communication and consultation, establishing the context, risk assessment and monitoring and review. For example, the risk assessment which consists of risk identification, risk analysis, risk evaluation and risk estimation is observed as significant input for risk assessment process. The review of ISO and its related materials (ANSI/ASSE Z ) which has been carried out by Luko (2013) provides useful information on the content of the ISO standard requirements. The review explained in detail about the three fundamental concepts of ISO which is principles, framework and process. The principles are broad statements explaining about the importance of certain activity, the framework is about inclusion of overall activities that one would employ in developing risk management process in organization and the process is including all the activities that might be engaged in the risk management process. Furthermore, ISO requirements which have been discussed will be reviewed further on its three factors that contribute to the assessment for as follow: a. Practical application to safety activities The principle requirement outlined in ISO is observed as not having much elements that could contribute to the practical application for safety activities. All the elements stated are towards the concept of management of risk. For the framework requirement, components being outlined only describes activities that should be carried out for risk management application in organization such as mandate and commitment, design of framework for managing risk, implementing risk management, monitoring and review of the framework and continual improvement of the framework which it does not have any practical elements that could be included. However, in the risk management process requirement, the activities being described is observed as practicable to be implemented throughout confined space entry program such as communication and consultation, risk identification, risk analysis, risk evaluation and risk treatment. b. Opportunity to enhance the safe system of work for s In the principles and framework requirements, some elements observed have the potential to enhance the safe system of work especially for safe work procedure for contractors, reporting procedures, communication plan, responsibilities of key personnel and reporting system. The elements of continual improvements, full accountability for risk and continual communication are suitable to be included in the safe systems of work as part of contribution for improvise the existing safe system of work. In the process requirements, elements being observed could be included in the safe system of work is under risk assessment stage which consists of risk identification, risk analysis, risk evaluation and risk treatment. Those elements would be included in hazard identification, risk assessment and risk control procedure where further assessments need to be conducted to suit the present workplace requirements. c. Suitability to include in the elements of risk assessment for Since ISO Standard is towards the risk management principles and guidelines, it does not contain any practical elements of risk assessment especially in the principle and framework requirements. Even though the process requirements mention risk assessment, it only discusses the theoretical part of risk assessment which is more suitable to be included in the procedure. However, in risk assessment processes, the explanation of each elements such as risk identification, risk analysis and risk evaluation could be included in risk assessment elements as additional information during the development assessment tools editor@iaeme.com

7 Recent Review on Standards Related to Risk Assessment for Confined Spaces From the above review, it can be concluded that, ISO is to provide the guidelines in the management of risk and it does not have many elements that could directly contribute to the development. The most significant requirements are on the assessment which are the main contributor for the practical application in, enhancing safe system of work and suitability to include in the elements of risk assessment ISO 31010:2009, Risk Management-Risk Assessment Techniques The Standard requirements for ISO is illustrates in Table 3 Table 3 Standards Requirements of ISO NO Requirements Risk assessment concepts Risk assessment process Selection of risk assessment techniques Contributing Factors Concept Suitability Relevance It stresses the purpose and benefit, risk assessment and risk management framework and risk assessment and risk management process. It consists of risk identification, risk analysis and risk evaluation which is supported by proper documentation, monitoring and reviewing risk assessment and application of risk assessment during life cycle phases. Provide the selection of techniques, availability of resources, the nature and degree of uncertainty, complexity, application of risk assessment during life cycle phases and types of risk assessment techniques. The basic approach on risk assessment is presented and the concept of risk management framework could be used as a basis for applying risk assessment for confined space. The approach towards the assessment includes method of documentation, reviewing and monitoring risk assessment which is beneficial for any organization implementing it. Types of risk assessment techniques listed include detailed explanation on each technique. This is useful for organizations to select which risk assessment technique to be practiced. It is related to basic information in conducting risk assessment for works. The complete assessment described is related to the purpose of conducting risk assessment for s. It provides the option of selecting the most relevant risk assessment techniques for works A Review of ISO A review on the ISO 31010: 2009, Risk Management-Risk Assessment Techniques (ISO 31010) is according to the identified requirements outlined in Table 3 where the review approach is based on the most practical implementation that relevant to the assessment for s. For instance, ISO requirements to be reviewed are the risk assessment concept, risk assessment process and selection of risk assessment techniques. The description of the editor@iaeme.com

8 Zamree Amin, Roslina Mohammad, Norazli Othman, Astuty Amrin, Saárdin Abdul Aziz and concept of risk assessment is to provide a clear understanding on the basic elements of risk assessment for organizations to ensure the implementation strategy is effective and beneficial to be practiced. For example in works, the process of jobs to be carried out requires appropriate instruction to ensure all workers are well versed with the job sequence and safety requirement that needs to be followed. In the risk assessment process, every subelement of the process is described adequately. All the information provided will be used to implement on-site risk assessment specifically for the task being assigned such as working in s. Incorrect strategy in conducting risk assessment would lead to ineffectiveness in controlling risk in the workplace. The list of risk assessment techniques to be selected is useful for organizations in determining the best method in assessing risk suitably for their task. For critical activities such as works, the selection of techniques would give a significant impact on the assessment results where the strategy in risk control might be affected and less effective. In addition, in the selection of tools, the practicality of tools also contributes to the effectiveness of risk assessment results. Due to that, a study by Reinhold (2015) had mentioned about the possibility to explore and use suitable and practical tools and procedures for workplace risk assessment in SMEs. This study focuses on the simplest ways of applying risk industries such as SMEs where resources such as knowledge and technology are limited. Through identification of main hazards that are commonly exposed to workers, a flexible risk assessment tool has been developed where these tools do not require any special knowledge to use. From the study, the approach being presented is practical to be used in any entry which has limited resources. Examples of works related to this discussion are tasks involving one-off cleaning or inspection of tanks. Furthermore, ISO requirements which have been discussed will be reviewed further on its three factors that contribute to the process of risk assessment for as follow: a. Practical application to safety activities The risk assessment concepts requirements are described in general about all the elements where part of the elements included are from ISO Most of the safety activities are towards practical approach before, during and after entry. For that reason, not all elements being described are practical to be applied in safety activities but they could be used as valuable information prior to carrying out jobs in order to enhance the knowledge of every personnel. Same goes to risk assessment process requirements where it is stated in general about the management of risk, but the explanation related to risk assessment process such as risk identification, risk analysis, risk evaluation, and risk treatment are beneficial information to be shared to all personnel. In the selection of risk assessment techniques, the approach is practical to be applied in confined space activities. Several risk assessment techniques which have been listed need to be selected according to the nature of jobs in and the purpose application. Examples of risk assessment techniques that could be practiced are the Fishbone Diagram and Cause and Effect Analysis. Those techniques however require skill and knowledge to practice and the management could be able to plan the most practical ways in conducting risk assessment in their workplace. b. Opportunity to enhance the safe system of work for In all the requirements stated in ISO 31010, it observed as having a possibility to be included in safe system of work for. Example of Safe system of work is hazard identification, risk assessment and risk control (HIRARC) procedure, performance measurement such as audit and inspection and project safety and health plan. For example, the explanation on the core and benefits of risk assessment could be an input in the project safety editor@iaeme.com

9 Recent Review on Standards Related to Risk Assessment for Confined Spaces and health plan whereas the elements of risk management process could be included in the HIRARC procedure. Same to the selection of risk assessment techniques requirements where the explanation on the techniques being selected could be included in the HIRARC procedure and project safety and health plan. Besides that, the management of organization needs to consider the best method in inserting all the relevant requirements in their safe system of work in order to suit to their working environment. c. Suitability to include in the elements of risk assessment Generally, all requirements stated in ISO are relevant to the process of developing risk s especially in the selection of risk assessment techniques. The input on the explanation of risk assessment concept and risk assessment process could be used as reference information in the process of developing risk assessment tools. For the selection of risk assessment techniques, the applicability of tools used for risk assessment would assist in the correct selection of risk assessment tools and at the same time could able to create the best techniques in developing risk. From the review being conducted, it is observed that ISO Standard is practical to be used as reference documents in the planning of implementing risk management and risk assessment in organization due to their detailed explanation of each element being applied. However, for the determination of risk level, it depends on the management decision in determining the best approach base on the potential hazard in workplace ISO 12100:2010, Safety of Machinery-General Principles for Design-Risk Assessment and Risk Reduction The Standard requirements for ISO is illustrates in Table 4 Table 4 Standard Requirements of ISO NO Requirements Contributing Factors Concept Suitability Relevance 1 Strategy for risk assessment and risk reduction 2 Risk assessment Provides a strategy for risk assessment and risk reduction by illustrating the risk reduction process flow chart, specifically the iterative three-step method and risk reduction process flowchart from the point of view of the designer. Describes a risk assessment process during the design stage of the machinery which consists of information for risk assessment, determination of limits of machinery, hazard identification, risk estimation and risk evaluation. The strategy of risk assessment and risk reduction process flowchart are suitable to be used as a basis in developing risk The method of risk assessment processes such as hazard identification, risk estimation and risk evaluation could be used as a basis in developing risk It is much related and could be used as a valuable input in the development The elements of risk assessment are relevant to be referred and included in the development editor@iaeme.com

10 Zamree Amin, Roslina Mohammad, Norazli Othman, Astuty Amrin, Saárdin Abdul Aziz and 3 Risk reduction 4 Documentation of risk assessment and risk reduction Explains the method of risk reduction through three step approach which is inherently safe design measures, safe guarding or complementary protective measures and information for use. Explains the documentation related to risk assessment and risk reduction which have been carried out during the design stage of machinery according to the procedure being followed and the result being achieved. The three-step approach is a useful method to be used for developing risk s. Suitable to be referred as a guidance in the documentation process of risk assessment Elements of the three-step approach could be used and related to the development s. The approach in documentation is not much related in the design of risk s A Review of ISO A review on the ISO 12100: 2010, Safety of Machinery-General Principles for Design-Risk Assessment and Risk Reduction (ISO 12100) is according to the identified requirements outlined in Table 4 where the review approach is based on the most practical implementation that relevant to the assessment for. For that instance, the ISO requirements to be reviewed are strategy for risk assessment and risk reduction, risk assessment, risk reduction, documentation of risk assessment, and risk reduction. In identifying any hazards which might be present at the workplace, strategy in the assessment of risk and the reduction of risk is required. The correct strategy might contribute to an accident free workplace and lead to a safe workplace environment. On top of that, co-operation among all personnel in furnishing the related information would make the assessment smooth and more effective practical implementation. In works, all key personnel being appointed need to work as a team and mutual understanding on the type of tasks to be carried out would lead to a safe work culture. The task would be easier to execute when a hands-on assessment and risk reduction conducted is well-prepared by every personnel. In addition, all the risk assessment records need to be documented accordingly for review purposes when there are any changes in process, substance usage and technological innovation. Apart from that, failure in designing a machinery would contribute to workplace accident from the hazard presented by the machinery such as rotating parts, hot surface and noise. In managing the occupational risk which directly owes to moving parts of machinery, the problems on these issues has been studied through the principles of quantified risk assessment (Aneziris et al., 2013). The initial stage of the study showed that, there are two possibilities that worker might get in contact to moving parts of machines, which are hit by moving parts when the machine is ON and hit by moving parts when the machine is OFF but starts moving unexpectedly. The results from the study reveal that in order to prevent any fatality risk, a properly functioning emergency stop switch must be in place and operation of machinery is to be carried out within the designed safety limit during maintenance works. This study approach is also suitable to be applied during carrying out works in where at certain workplace condition, the provision in implementing safe system of work such as a buddy system and Lock Out Tag Out is crucial to prevent any machinery accident. Furthermore, ISO requirements editor@iaeme.com

11 Recent Review on Standards Related to Risk Assessment for Confined Spaces which have been discussed will be reviewed further on its three factors that contribute to the assessment for as follow: a. Practical application to safety activities The elements in the ISO that are observed as practical to be implemented in confined space safety activities are the strategy for risk assessment and risk reduction. The requirements which consist of the identification of hazards, estimating the risk, evaluating the risk and estimating the hazard could be inserted as additional requirements in the permit to work documents. Other requirements in this standard could be used as information to all personnel prior occupancy such as toolbox briefing, safety audit and safety inspection. Examples of useful information is about the human interaction during the whole life cycle of the machine include setting, testing, programming, preventive maintenance and cleaning. Moreover, a list of examples of hazards, hazardous situation and hazardous events could serve as valuable information and could be practiced and included in permit to work and safety inspection checklist. b. Opportunity to enhance the safe system of work for The strategy for risk assessment and risk reduction requirements being provided could be used as a basis to enhance the safe system of work specifically for s. The flowchart representing the risk reduction process includes an iterative three-step method, which is a good example of the risk reduction process. Another flowchart also shows a risk reduction process but from the point of view of the designer which is found useful to be referred and include in the safe system of work. The explanation about risk assessment especially on the risk estimation is a beneficial input to be added in enhancing the safe system of work. Examples of the important requirements is the description of elements of risk which consist of severity of harm and the probability of occurrence of that harm. Another point to be considered is the listing of hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous events which could be include in the relevant procedure in enhancing the safe system of work for such as project safety and health plan and safe work instruction. c. Suitability to include in the elements of risk assessment for The strategy in assessing risk for is important to ensure safety of all entrants. The requirements stated in ISO which are about machinery design are observed useful to be referred to for the development of risk assessment tools. The elements described in the strategy for risk assessment and risk reduction, risk assessment and risk reduction requirements are beneficial as inputs for developing risk assessment tools. The approach for each requirement is described in detail where the flowchart of risk reduction process includes an iterative three step method that could be used as an additional important criteria in developing risk assessment tools. On top of that, the explanation on the hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous events would enhance the method of conducting risk assessment specifically for works related to mechanical hazards in. From the review, even the ISO approach is more towards the safe design of machinery, the risk assessment strategy information that could be used and referred to as valuable input for practical application for safety activities, enhancing safe system of work and improvise the process of developing risk confined space editor@iaeme.com

12 Zamree Amin, Roslina Mohammad, Norazli Othman, Astuty Amrin, Saárdin Abdul Aziz and 2.4. ISO 14120:2002, Safety of Machinery-Guards-General requirements for the design and construction of fixed and movable guards The Standard requirements for ISO is illustrates in Table 5 Table 5 Standards Requirements of ISO NO Requirements Contributing Factors Concept Suitability Relevance 1 Risk assessment Principle requirements for the design and construction of guards Selection of types of guards Additional design and construction consideration States the requirements to conduct risk assessment in selecting and designing of guards for a machinery in order to identify the hazards present to that machinery and foreseeable of persons at risk. Explains the considerations to be made prior to the design and construction of guards such as the machine aspects, human aspects, guard design aspects, guard construction aspects, selection of materials, containment, resistance to corrosion, resistance to micro-organism, nontoxicity, machine viewing, transparency, stroboscopic effects, thermal stability, flammability, noise and vibration reduction, radiation protection. Selection criteria in selecting types of guards plus additional factors which are a combination of different guards or of guards with other devices, selection of guards according to the number and location of the hazards, selection of guards according to the nature and frequency of access required. Factors that consider additional design and constructions of guards, including climbing, retained fastenings, vibration resistance, warning signs, colour and aesthetics It states the importance of risk assessment that needs to be carried out in designing a machinery guarding The factors that apply prior to the design stage of machinery guarding could be used as a basis for a preparation stage in the assessment for confined space The selection criteria could be used as a guide for the process of risk assessment for The approach could be used as a basis in the process of conducting risk assessment for s. The risk assessment approach in designing a machinery guarding is also applicable to the initial stage in designing a risk entry. The elements considered for the planning of guard construction could be related to the development process of risk assessment tool for confined space. It could be considered as relevant input in the development It gives an idea in considering additional input for the development process of risk assessment tools for confined space editor@iaeme.com

13 Recent Review on Standards Related to Risk Assessment for Confined Spaces 5 Verification of the safety requirements for guards 6 Information for use Elements of verification such as impact strength, safety distances, containment, noise, guard opening forces and visibility Information for use which related to guard hazards, installation, operation, removal of guards and inspection and maintenance The approach could be used as a basis in the process of conducting risk assessment for s. The information provides an example in applying to safe work instruction prior occupancy. It gives an idea in considering additional input for the development process of risk assessment tools for confined space It is not much related in the assessment tools but could be used as a tool for safe working in s A Review of ISO A review on the ISO 14120: 2002, Safety of Machinery-Guards-General Requirements for the Design of Fixed and Movable Guards (ISO 14120) is according to the identified requirements being outlined in Table 5 where the review s approach is based on the most practical implementation that relevant to the assessment for For instance, ISO requirements to be reviewed are risk assessment, principle requirements for the design and construction of guards, selection of types of guards, additional design and construction consideration, verification of the safety requirements for guards and information for use. The recommendation to conduct risk assessment on any type of jobs at the place of work is part of safety requirements that need to be adhered especially in the design of guards. In works, the risk assessment is compulsory to be carried out prior to occupancy to ensure all risks are controllable. In the requirements for design and construction of guards, a lot of factors need to be considered prior to designing to ensure the guards being constructed are durable and safe. For works, close observations and assessment such as type of jobs, duration and type of tools or substances to be used is part of factors to be considered. Additionally, the correct selection of type of guards designed would need to suit the machine to be operated and safe to use. Additional design of guards is also important due to the impact from machine operation such as vibration and further verification on the safety requirements of the guards such as impact strength has to be conducted. Another element is the information on the maintenance of the guards such as installation and removal of guards. When dealing with machinery, the users do not avoid exposure to mechanical hazards such as puncturing or ejecting of materials. Nowadays, almost all machinery are equipped with safe devices which function as an additional guard to protect users from injuries. Caputo et al. (2013) conducted a study on the methodology for selecting safety devices for industrial machines in order to reduce exposure to mechanical hazards. In this study, Analytic Hierarchy Process model has been used to select the most appropriate safety device for the machines. For working in, the tools and machine being used might also contribute to accident if no proper control on risk while carrying out jobs. The approach in the study is preferred as valuable input for the development of risk. Furthermore, ISO requirements which have been discussed will be reviewed further on its three factors that contribute to the assessment for as follow: a. Practical application to safety activities The requirements stated in this Standard are especially related to designing and construction of guards might be useful to be applied in the activities. Routine safety editor@iaeme.com

14 Zamree Amin, Roslina Mohammad, Norazli Othman, Astuty Amrin, Saárdin Abdul Aziz and practices such as toolbox meeting and safety inspection are among the main safety activities at work site and all relevant requirements pertaining machine guards is suitable to be included as additional information to all personnel. For example, types of guards such as fixed guard, self-adjusting guard and distance guard which being listed is suitable to be used in the inspection checklist whereas the maintenance and function of guards could be shared during toolbox meeting. Moreover, it also could be included in the permit to work documents as additional input to prevent any overlooking of basic safety requirements. b. Opportunity to enhance the safe system of work A brief explanation on the guards design requirement could promote a positive input in enhancing the safe system of work for. The most important procedure to be considered is risk management procedure which include the element of hazard and risk. The inclusion of the hazards that generated from the machines and tools in risk assessment work sheet would reflect on the important of machine guards requirements. Additionally, the flowcharts related to the selection of guards against hazards generated by moving parts selection of guards and according to the number and location of hazards are useful to be included in the project safety and health plan as valuable information. Moreover, the provision in displaying signage as hazard communication could be practiced to all hazardous or critical work areas. c. Suitability to include in the elements of risk assessment for During carrying out risk assessment, all hazards and risk related to jobs to be conducted will be included for evaluation and risk control. It is including all machineries which commonly being designed to ensure safety to all personnel. By adding several elements of machine guards design requirements such as machine aspect; access to danger zone, containment of ejected parts, containment of hazardous substances, noise, radiation, explosion and human aspect; safety distances, control of access to the danger zone, viewing, ergonomic aspects, size and weight, operating force, it would further improve the present risk assessment practices, specifically for works. The most obvious requirements of guards to be included are the verification of the safety requirements for guards, inspection and maintenance. From the above review, the requirements on designing and construction of guards are useful documents to refer and practice especially on certain important aspects related to the contribution towards practical application, enhancing safe system of work and suitability to include in risk AS , Safe Working in Confined Space The Standard requirements for AS 2865 is illustrates in Table 6. Table 6 Standards Requirements of AS 2865 NO 1 Requirements Design, manufacture, supply and modification Contributing Factors Concept Suitability Relevance The requirements for a person who designs, manufactures, supplies and modifies to ensure it is safe for any entry including safe means for entry and exit Suitable to be used as guidance in the management of external parties involve with regards to the development process of risk assessment tools Relevant and valuable input to be added in the development editor@iaeme.com

15 Recent Review on Standards Related to Risk Assessment for Confined Spaces 2 Consultation Requirements for employer to consult employees on any safety and health matters The approach could be used in gathering required information in workplace hazard during initial stage of risk assessment process It is part of communication strategy to be applied and could be included in the process of developing risk 3 Hazard identification 4 Risk assessment 5 Control measures 6 Safety of the atmosphere 7 Risk control The requirements for employer to carry out hazard identification and provide factors such as signposting, list of possible hazards and additional factors of hazards. Requirements for employers to appoint competent persons to carry out risk assessment and provide list of risk factors to consider during risk assessment process. Consideration also to conduct generic assessment and determine assessment frequency. List of hierarchy of control and implementation of control. Describes all aspects of safety requirements such as isolation, ventilation, cleaning prior to entry and other relevant requirements. Provisions to ensure the working space is safe and entry with permit. Testing of atmosphere is required and according to the exposure Standard. The risk control measures to be taken by employers for working in such as suitable emergency equipment. The process of hazard identification is suitable to be used for the process of risk The assessment is suitable to be referred as valuable information in conducting and developing risk The control measure approach is suitable for references in the process of risk assessment tools development Suitable to be used as important reference in the assessment tools development Suitable to be used as reference in the process of risk assessment for confined space Relevant input to be included in the development The input in the assessment being approach is relevant to be include in the development It is relevant and valuable elements to be included in the development of risk. It is relevant to be included in the risk assessment tools development for The approach is much related and is valuable input for the process of developing a risk editor@iaeme.com

16 8 Zamree Amin, Roslina Mohammad, Norazli Othman, Astuty Amrin, Saárdin Abdul Aziz and Education and training 9 Rescue and first aid 10 Record keeping The training requirements for all persons involved in entry by giving a minimum training content example. The requirements for rescue team to be available during occupancy for effective response during emergency. Record keeping for entry permit, risk assessment records, training records and others relevant documents. Suitable to be referred as part of useful element in the development process of risk assessment tools. It is a suitable reference in the assessment for confined space The approach could be used as reference for record keeping process The training requirements could be served as valuable input to include in the The element of rescue is relevant input to be included in developing Not relevant to be include in the risk assessment tools development process A Review of AS 2865 A review on the Australian Standard 2865:1995, Safe Working in Confined Space (AS 2865) is according to the identified requirements being outlined in Table 6 where the review approach is base on the most practical implementation that relevant to the assessment for For instance, the requirements of AS 2865 to be reviewed are responsible person in supplying, designing and modifying, consultation, hazard identification, risk assessment, control measures, safety of the atmosphere, risk control, education and training, rescue and first aid and record keeping. For the person who involve in supplying, designing and modifying, they should ensure safety in all aspects related to entry prior deliver and install it at workplace. Examples of those responsibilities are the process of supplying hazardous substances and modifying of tools for working in. In consultation approach, employer need to continuously communicate with their employees on the tasks to be carried out in order to get feedback regarding any hazards and risks that might be faced during occupancy. During a process of hazard identification and risk assessment, all the information obtained through observation towards the tasks to be carried out will be included prior proceed with the detail process of hazard and risk assessment. Participation from all key personnel is required to ensure effectiveness of the process. For control measures approach, the list of hierarchy of control will be selected according to the suitability of the risk being listed in the assessment. In addition, the condition of atmosphere need to be measured by competent personnel such as Authorized Gas Tester. The result from the measurement will determine the condition of the including type of control to be taken. On top of that, the responsibilities of contractors who are executing the job is required in controlling the risk at their designated work area in order to ensure the safety of every personnel involve in entry. Besides that, the requirements for training is compulsory to all personnel prior occupancy. It is followed by rescue and first aid where these requirements are part of important elements to be complied with prior to occupancy. The record keeping requirements also has been mentioned where all documents related to risk assessment need to be kept for review purposes. Apart from that, the numbers of entrant for would contribute to the factor of rescuing in editor@iaeme.com

17 Recent Review on Standards Related to Risk Assessment for Confined Spaces case of emergency occurred. According to a study by Peg Wilson and Qingsheng Wang (2013), the determination of occupant load in hazardous is vital and lack of this procedure would lead to poor emergency response and preparedness in case of any emergency situation. Based on the study, the occupant load for s is determined by its exit size, distance to opening, internal structures and ratings of hazards involved with the. From this point of view, the formula by NFPA 101 has been changed to suit to the study being conducted. By using a simple worksheet, the protocol for determining the occupant load has been identified. From the approach of the study, the practical implementation in determining the occupant load could be applied to and it also could be incorporated in the development. Furthermore, AS 2865 requirements which have been discussed will be reviewed further on the three factors that contribute to the assessment for as follow: a. Practical applications to safety activities As 2865 provides a comprehensive approach for safe working in where from the Standard we could identify the requirements which could be applied for the practical application for safety activities. The risk assessment requirements are suitable and compulsory to be practiced prior occupancy and it will be carried out by competent person. It is followed by a consultation by employer to their employee in order to get relevant feedback about hazard and risk generated from the assigned task. The flowchart diagram being provided also gives a clear picture about entry procedures which could be included in the permit to work document or sharing during toolbox meeting. Moreover, education and training need to be conducted regularly for all personnel either using a sharing session platform or short briefing method. On top of that, examples of risk assessment and permit to work documents could be integrated with current practices documents for further raise the compliance towards safety. b. Opportunities to enhance the safe system of work for In enhancing the safe system of work, hazard identification, risk assessment and control measures requirements could be used as an additional input to the current risk assessment procedure. Another requirement could be included is the responsibilities of designer, manufacturer, supplier and modifier towards any plant, materials or substances to be installed or use. The rescue and first aid requirement also suitable to be added in enhancing the safe system of work for. Besides that, improvement on the education and training system is recommended. It could be carried out by listing all the training to be conducted in advance and serve it as an annual program. Several examples of formats being provided could also give valuable input to safe system of work such as sample of risk assessment, additional recommendation for the cleaning of, additional recommendation for the conduct of hot work in, sample permit to work, additional recommendation for atmospheric monitoring and additional recommendation for provision and use of protective and safety equipment. c. Suitability to include in the elements of risk assessment for Risk assessment is observed as part of important measures to be conducted prior occupancy. For that, several requirements being stated in AS 2865 are identified as suitable elements to be added in the assessment for. Referring to AS 2865, hazard identification, risk assessment and control measures requirements is suitable as a beneficial input to the element of risk assessment. This is due to the brief explanation of each requirement including the factors to be considered such as hazards, signposting, additional factors, risk factors and assessment frequency. Safety of atmosphere also might contribute to editor@iaeme.com