Systems and Technologies for Enhanced Coastal Maritime Security

Transcription

1 Systems and Technologies for Enhanced Coastal Maritime Security Edward M. Carapezza a* and Ann Bucklin a a University of Connecticut-Avery Point, Groton, CT, USA ABSTRACT This paper describes a design for an innovative command and control system for an intelligent coastal maritime security system. The architecture for this intelligent coastal maritime security system is derived from the forth generation real-time control (RCS) system architecture 1 developed by the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) over the past twenty years. This command and control system is a decision support system for real-time monitoring, response and training for security scenarios that can be hosted at various locations along the coast of the United States where homeland security surveillance and response activities are required. Additionally, this paper describes the design for a derivative real-time simulation based environment that can be used as a state-ofart test bed for developing new hardware and software components to be integrated into previous versions of deployed real-time control systems. Keywords: command and control systems, intelligent systems, unattended sensors, homeland security, maritime coastal security, sensor networks, detection, classification, and tracking 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The coastal areas of United States form a porous and vulnerable border that is of national strategic interest. Our maritime coastal border is over 95,000 miles long, dwarfing the only 7,500 mile land border with Mexico and Canada. The United States also has more than 361 ports and over 7,000 foreign-flag ships make 51,000 calls in U.S. ports annually. These areas require a sustainable security system to detect anomalous behaviors and operations and to provide technologies and assets to respond to these threats. The military has developed complex, intelligent command and control systems, using distributed agents and networks of unmanned and unattended sensor platforms and devices to provide continuous regional surveillance and detection, classification, and integrated response to emerging threat situations. Our maritime coastal border areas require such command and control systems, with a persistent presence, to ensure the security of heavily populated coastal regions and important infrastructure related facilities, such as power plants, chemical plants, and harbors. 1.2 System Requirements There is a need to develop an integrated, state-of-the-art architecture and intelligent coastal maritime security systems for real-time monitoring, event response and first responder training. This intelligent, networked system must be portable for hosting at coastal user community sites around the country. This system must be adaptable to support the management of complex response activities over a range of different types and scales of terrorist incidents as such events inevitably evolve and change in scale over time. The system must be modular and distributed to enable sustained operations through significant and geographically distributed terrorist incidents. Conjunctive with the development of these real-time systems, a state-of-art test bed must also be developed. This test bed, a simulation/stimulation based environment, is required to enable new components and subsystems to be tested and evaluated prior to implementation on existing, deployed systems. This test bed must be designed to support first responder training, exercise rehearsals and reconstructions and will be useful to promote national collaboration between maritime homeland security researchers, developers, and user organizations. * carapezz@engr.uconn.edu; phone Sensors, and Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence (C3I) Technologies for Homeland Security and Homeland Defense VII, edited by Edward M. Carapezza, Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6943, , (2008) X/08/$18 doi: / SPIE Digital Library -- Subscriber Archive Copy Proc. of SPIE Vol

2 Figure 1 depicts the typical phases and major command and control system functions that must be supported. Prior to the occurrence of any terrorist event, the coastal maritime security system must support the functions of protecting coastal targets, monitoring significant threat related indications and warnings, deterring an event if enough actionable intelligence is available prior to the event, and training and preparing first responders for post event consequence management activities. If and when a coastal terrorist event occurs, the system must available provide an intelligent consequence management capability over the event duration. Prepare to Respond Deter & Prevent Threat Indications & Warnings Responder Equipment, Simulation and Training Respond to Event Intelligent Consequence Management Protect Coastal Targets Neutralize Threat Coastal Terrorist Event Search & Apprehend Perpetrators Primary Phases Requiring Intelligent Decision Support & Integrated Sensor Networks Figure 1: Functions and Phase Relationships for Coastal Maritime Terrorist Events 2. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE The architecture for this class of intelligent command and control systems is depicted in figure 2 below and is modeled after the Real-Time Control System (RCS) architecture developed over many years by scientists and engineers in the Intelligent Systems Laboratory at the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST). This RCS architecture extended and implemented for a wide variety of challenging applications by numerous government labs and companies over the past twenty years. Using the basic RCS representation as a model, the high level architecture and associated functional requirements for an intelligent security system for coastal maritime homeland security applications are depicted in figure 2. Proc. of SPIE Vol

3 Intelligent Maritime S ecurity S ys tem Tes t B ed for Intelligent C oas tal Maritime S ecurity S ys tem Development (R &D tool for S ystem Development/E valuation, Modeling, S imulation,training,e xercise P lanning & Reconstruction) Legacy Systems Intel/C ollec tion Systems Resource Systems (FEMA/USCG/Fire/DoD) Sensory Processing Legacy System Inputs Intelligence & Threat Conditions Resource Readiness Processed Sensor Info World Model Real-time Dbas es: threa ts sensor environment resources legacy etc Historical Dbases : threats sensor environment resources legacy etc Mis s ion (Goal) Associate Behavior S ituational Generation Awareness Tactical Planner Tactical Response Internal World Repres entation E xternal World Representation Sensors (space,air,ground, u/w, surface) Real World Actuators /E ffectors (responders/equipment deployed) Figure 2: High Level Architecture and Functions for Intelligent Coastal Maritime Security System 3. PHASED DEVELOPMENT APPROACH After the specific system requirements are developed, design documentation for the coastal maritime security domain specific architecture will be developed. Once this domain specific architecture is developed and simulated using realistic maritime security scenarios, individual component and system technologies will be developed and integrated into this system. Legacy systems, existing or emerging maritime security related databases, devices and systems, will be identified and linked to this architecture to reduce redundancy and provide for cost effective development. Once developed, this integrated system architecture will be a model for national and international command and control systems for coastal maritime security. The maritime domain specific architecture will be made available to other states, regions, and international allies to enhance their readiness against homeland security threats. A prototype of this architecture and integrated system will be developed and made available for demonstration through a combination of both real system hardware and software and through simulation to homeland security users who are developing infrastructure facility or area protection maritime homeland security systems. Additionally, new system integration, unattended sensor, unmanned vehicle, fusion, communication, etc technologies will be designed or enhanced during the system development and demonstration processes. These individual technologies will be described and made available to other organizational entities that are developing state-of-art homeland security systems. A phased approach for both the security system and for the associated development test bed will be utilized to develop, demonstrate, and enhance the architecture and prototypical, domain specific systems and devices. 4. DEVELOPMENT PRODUCTS AND CONTRIBUTIONS Using the phased research and development approach, the anticipated products and contributions of this coastal maritime security system are depicted in the diagram below. Proc. of SPIE Vol

4 C oas tal Maritime S ec urity S ys tem TechnicalS olution Technical S upport Technical Coordination P olic y Standards Phased Development Approach Develop S ystem R equirements and S cenarios Identify R elevant Legacy or E merging S ystems Develop System Metrics & Measures of Effectiveness (MOEs) Develop S ystem Architecture Develop S ystem S imulation/s timulation (S IM/S TIM) C omponents Integrate & Demonstrate Performance in S im/s tim E nvironment Integrate C omponents with Legacy S ystems/inputs Demonstrate F ull S ystem P erformance in testbed environment Demonstrate Training C apabilities in testbed environment Host system & validate system performance with real distributed demonstrations in representative regions of country Upgrade system & documentation based upon lessons learned Test & E valuation site for emerging threat capabilities and incidents Test & E valuation site for emerging technologies & interoperability 1. Technical S olutions Domain-S pecific C 3 I Architecture S tate-of-a rt National T estbed P ilot demonstrations to user communities 2. Technical S upport Interoperability assistance Technical system assistance Protocol verification Training assistance S ystem implementation assistance C ase studies & scenario development S ymposiums and conferences 3. Technical Coordination Integrated system support across & for federal/s tate/local government entities Integrated system support across & for corporate/lab developers & integrators 4. Policy Technology monitoring S ecurity studies 5. S tandards Integrated S ecurity R esponse S ystems R esponder Leadership Figure 3: Phased Development Approach and Anticipated Contributions 5. SITUATIONAL AWARENESS ASSOCIATE The defense of high value coastal areas, such ports, commercial facilities, power plants requires a surveillance capability for detecting, tracking and identifying real-time air, ground, water surface 2, and submerged threats 3. Defending these high value coastal areas against individual or combinations of air, ground, surface water and submerged threats is an extremely challenging problem. An individual, a group of individuals, or even a small air, ground or submerged vehicle could easily be used to carry dangerous materials, such as explosives, chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear materials, to high value targets in our coastal areas. Transportation centers, harbors, populated residential areas, and important commercial and military facilities are vulnerable to such attacks. Each high value asset or area could have its own local distributed, networked set of multi-phenomenological surveillance sensors and signal processing subsystems. This surveillance system would have to be tailored for the specific type of facility and surrounding terrain and bathymetry. Real-time information from these local surveillance systems would be fused with information from existing legacy surveillance assets and other regional and national sensor systems. This fused, real-time information would be processed by the intelligent coastal maritime security system to develop a situational awareness context. The decision support components of the overall security system would then reason with this updated world model view to formulate conclusions about the true state of the evolving threat situation and would recommend actions to human operators to deploy consequence management resources in a quasi-optimal time sequence. The distributed surveillance subsystem would be acting as an intelligent situational awareness associate, a human-like software entity that would generate an evolving representation of the current external world and evolving problem situation to the human response team. This associate software entity would also have the capability to provide some indication of the quality of the situational picture provided, using some type of reasoning with uncertainty. A robust graphic interface and an intelligent explanation facility would enable the Proc. of SPIE Vol

5 human response team to ask the situational awareness entity questions about the quality of the fused surveillance information provided and the pedigree of the logic used to make conclusions about the current state of the external world. 6. TACTICAL PLANNING ASSOCIATE As the surveillance system is updating the current world model using stored and emerging information from legacy systems and from dedicated networked sensors, to reflect the current state of the event, a tactical planning component for the system is available to plan the recommended actions to mitigate the consequences of the terrorist actions. This tactical planning software component would reconcile all previously identified and evolving prioritized goals for the consequence management system with the assets available for deployment. The resources available for consequence management include all human assets, such as first responders, and all air, ground, and water vehicles, facilities, and other devices. This tactical planning subsystem would be acting as an intelligent tactical planning associate, a human-like software entity that would use the evolving representation of the current external world and evolving problem situation to the recommend a set of planned actions to the human response team. This associate software entity would also have the capability to provide some indication of the quality of the tactical plans provided, using some type of reasoning with uncertainty. A robust graphic interface and an intelligent explanation facility would also enable the human response team to ask the tactical plan entity questions about the quality of the detailed plans provided and the pedigree of the logic used to make conclusions about the best plan recommended for each sojourn of time. 7. TACTICAL RESPONSE ASSOCIATE As the tactical planning subsystem is updating the current set of recommended plans for action, a distributed tactical response component for the system is available to parse the high level recommended plans in tailored, discrete action tasks for each consequence management asset. This tactical response system software component would also prioritize and order tasks to available resources and report all accomplishment of these assets back to the tactical planning component. As mentioned earlier, the resources available for consequence management include all human assets, such as first responders, and all air, ground, and water vehicles, facilities, and other devices. This response subsystem would be acting as an intelligent tactical response associate, a human-like software entity that would use the evolving representation of the current response accomplishments and evolving state of resource availability to the recommend modifications and refinements to the plans and associated tasks to the human response team. This associate software entity would also have the capability to provide some indication of the quality of the event response actions provided, using some type of reasoning with uncertainty. A robust graphic interface and an intelligent explanation facility would also enable the human response team to ask this response entity questions about the quality of the consequence management actions provided and the pedigree of the logic used to make conclusions about recommendations for modified tasks for the next period of time. 8. SUMMARY Coastal maritime security is an extremely challenging problem. This paper proposes an innovative command and control system design and the use of distributed associate technology and surveillance sensor networks for an intelligent coastal maritime security system. This concept utilizes a domain specific architecture, based on the 4 th generation of the NIST Real Time Control System architecture. This domain specific architecture is distributed associate system architecture with three intelligent associates, a situational awareness associate, a tactical planning associate, and a tactical response associate. Each associate is an intelligent software entity that provides human-like recommendations to a team of humans tasked with the time critical job of responding to some terrorist event. A realtime simulation/stimulation test bed is required to develop and maintain such complex security system. 9. References 1. J.Albus, Real Time Control System (RCS) Handbook ; NIST R.Urick, Underwater Acoustics, E.Carapezza, Sustainable Coastal Sensor Networks: Technologies and Challenges, 2008 Proc. of SPIE Vol