The Transformational Potential of Mobile Money in Zambia. Iva Peša Centre for Frugal Innovation in Africa
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1 The Transformational Potential of Mobile Money in Zambia, Inclusive and Mobile Money Agents in Kitwe Iva Peša
2 Debates & Focus Mobile money innovation ( catching up & leapfrogging ) Financial inclusion ( banking the unbanked ) ICT4D debates: transformational potential Mobile money merely exacerbates existing socioeconomic inequalities within political economy Does the frugal innovation of mobile money have the potential to become an inclusive innovation for a group of mobile money agents and tellers in Kitwe, Zambia? Entrepreneurship, employment creation, local economic development
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4 Mobile Money in Kitwe, Zambia Three providers: Airtel, MTN (2012) and Zoona (2009) 2015: 14.0% use mobile money (Finscope) Focus on agents and tellers Intermediaries between network providers and customers Financial formalisation : cash and virtual economy
5 Mobile Money Agents as Entrepreneurs In Africa, there is a tremendous pool of entrepreneurs, business owners, and young people who dream of making money and serving their communities but who lack the right opportunity, resources and support to reach their full potential. Zoona is an African Start-up that offers these Emerging Entrepreneurs an opportunity to provide money transfer and other payment services to low-income consumers, while earning commissions and creating employment. We provide a mobile money platform, working capital financing, business management tools and entrepreneurial support focused on helping businesses grow and increasing financial inclusion.
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7 Methodology Survey among 52 mobile money agents and tellers in Kitwe Followed by in-depth interviews Topics discussed: background, relationship to network provider, customer relations, business strategy, future plans
8 Sandra Jere, Zoona Entrepreneur Runs 13 outlets and employs over 25 tellers First mover advantage: market creation Loan from Zoona Human capital, business skills and perseverance Entrepreneurship and employment generation No previous job experience, Grade 12 education, reliance on new customer base
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10 Franchising and Labour Relations Franchising structure Relationship between mobile money providers and agents/tellers Profit incentives, managing float and cash Agents as independent business owners & entrepreneurs vs. tellers as informal workers Market saturation and limits to growth
11 Agents as Entrepreneurs, Tellers as Informal Labour? Mobile money agents as opportunity entrepreneurs (discovery & creation opportunities) Precarious labour conditions even among agents, due to franchising Mobile money tellers and informalisation How does this affect financial inclusion and economic growth?
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13 Conclusion Mobile money generates entrepreneurship, but does not address existing socio-economic inequalities For economic transformation, changes to non-ict specific structures and power relations that limit Africa s ability to participate in the global information economy need to be addressed (Murphy, Carmody & Surborg, 2014, 264) Mobile money as a successful frugal innovation? Scaling: agents and tellers intermediation, trust and the social construction of a market, financial inclusion Mobile money as an inclusive innovation?
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