Stimulation of Fe(II) oxidation, biogenic lepidocrocite formation and arsenic. immobilization by Pseudogulbenkiania sp.

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Stimulation of Fe(II) oxidation, biogenic lepidocrocite formation and arsenic. immobilization by Pseudogulbenkiania sp."

Kelley Ray
5 years ago
Views:

1 1 2 Stimulation of Fe(II) oxidation, biogenic lepidocrocite formation and arsenic immobilization by Pseudogulbenkiania sp. strain Wei Xiu 1, 2, Huaming Guo 1, 2, *, Jiaxing Shen 2, Shuai Liu 2, Susu Ding 2, Weiguo Hou 1, Jie Ma 2, Hailiang Dong State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing , P.R. China 2 School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing , P.R. China Supporting Information (14 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables) 1 Cultivation Conditions... S2 2 Sample analysis... S2 3 Nitrate reduction during Fe(II) oxidation by strain S4 4 Controls with heat-killed cells... S5 5 Change of As species in the liquid phase... S6 6 Change of As species in the solid phase... S7 7 Uptake of As by the strain S8 8 Patterns of μ-xrd for biogenic Fe(III) mineral samples... S9 9 Characters of Fe(II) oxidation and As immobilization by strain S11 10 EXAFS analysis for As-bearing biogenic lepidocrocite...s * Corresponding author: Huaming Guo Tel.: Fax: address: hmguo@cugb.edu.cn (H. Guo) S1

2 Cultivation Conditions Strain 2002 was anaerobically cultured to the early stationary growth phase with initial 5%(v/v) incubation in freshwater basal medium (0.25 g L -1 NH 4 Cl, 0.6 g L -1 NaH 2 PO 4, 0.1 g L -1 KCl, 0.42 g L -1 NaNO 3, and 2.52 g L -1 NaHCO 3, 10 ml L 1 vitamin and 10 ml L 1 trace mineral solution). The vitamin and trace mineral solution was added from sterile stock solution. The vitamin stock solution contained: 2 mg L -1 D-biotin, 2 mg L -1 folic acid, 10 mg L -1 pyridoxine HCl, 5 mg L -1 riboflavin, 5 mg L -1 thiamine, 5 mg L -1 nicotinic acid, 5 mg L -1 pantothenic acid, 0.1 mg L -1 vitamin B12, 5 mg L -1 p-amino benzoic acid, and 5 mg L -1 D,L-6,8-thiotic acid. The trace mineral stock solution was prepared by dissolving the following in a 1.5 g L -1 nitrilotriacetic acid disodium salt solution: 3 g L -1 MgSO 4 7H 2 O, 0.5 g L -1 MnSO 4, 1.0 g L -1 NaCl, 0.1 g L -1 FeSO 4 7H 2 O, 0.1 g L -1 CaCl 2 2H 2 O, 0.1 g L -1 CoCl 2 6H 2 O, 0.13 g L -1 ZnCl, 0.01 g L -1 CuSO 4 5H 2 O, 0.01 g L -1 AlK(SO 4 ) 2 12H 2 O, 0.01 g L -1 H 3 BO 3, g L -1 Na 2 MoO 4 2H 2 O, g L -1 NiCl 2 6H 2 O, g L -1 Na 2 WO 4 2H 2 O, 0.02 g L -1 Na 2 SeO 4. 2 Sample analysis Total dissolved As and Fe concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES, icap 6300, Thermo). Immediately after sampling, concentrations of As species were measured using high performance liquid chromatography-hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrophotometer (HPLC-HG-AFS, Jitian Corp., Beijing) with a detection limit of 1.0 μg/l for both As(III) and As(V), and a detection limit of 2.0 μg/l for monomethylarsonic acid S2

3 (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). Samples were analyzed for NO and NO 2 by Ion Chromatography (ICS-1000, Dionex). The X-ray absorption spectroscopy data were recorded at room temperature at beamline BL14W1 of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), China. Prior to XAS analysis, samples were enclosed by Kapton tape in an anaerobic chamber (Coy Lab, USA) under a N 2 /H 2 (92.5/7.5, v/v) atmosphere. Repeated measurements of samples showed that As(III) oxidation by the X-ray beam was limited in this case. Beamline was equipped with a double-crystal Si(1 1 1) monochromator. Spectra were collected both in transmission mode using ion chambers and in fluorescent mode with silicon drift fluorescence detector, from 150 to 800 ev relative to the As K-edge of 11,867 ev. During the measurement, the synchrotron was operated at energy of 3.5 GeV and a current 300 ma. Each sample was calibrated along with pre-edge and post-edge normalization using the most intense peak of the first derivative at each elemental foil edge. For EXAFS analysis, E 0 was constrained at the edge inflection point for all samples studies, and the k-range was set from 3 to 12 Å 1 using Hanning windows. Theoretical fitting was performed using ARTEMIS in the real space range between 1.0 and 5.0 Å. For the As K-edge data, four scattering paths were used for the fitting (three single-scattering, one multiple scattering) with independent Debye Waller factors for each type of scatterer (O and Fe). S3

71 3 Nitrate reduction during Fe(II) oxidation by strain 2002 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 Fig.S1 Nitrate reduction and nitrite accumulation during Fe(II) oxidation by Pseudogulbenkiania sp.

4 71 3 Nitrate reduction during Fe(II) oxidation by strain Fig.S1 Nitrate reduction and nitrite accumulation during Fe(II) oxidation by Pseudogulbenkiania sp. strain 2002 as a function of time under different initial Fe(II)/ (As(III) or As(V)). For Fe/fixed As series, we fixed initial As(III) or As(V) concentration (13.3 µm) but varied initial concentrations of Fe(II) (between 0.5 and 5 mm for As(III)-treated series, and between 0.5 and 10 mm for As(V)-treated series): (a) Fe/fixed As(III) series and (b) Fe/fixed As(V) series; For fixed Fe/As series, we fixed initial Fe(II) concentration (5 mm and 10 mm for As(III) and As(V)-treated series, respectively) but varied initial concentrations of As(III) or As(V) (between 13.3 and µm for As(III)-treated series, and between 6.67 and µm for As(V)-treated series): (c) fixed Fe/As(III) series and (d) fixed Fe/As(V) series. The percentage of nitrate reduction at the end of incubation is given. S4

84 4 Controls with heat-killed cells 85 86 87 88 Fig.

5 84 4 Controls with heat-killed cells Fig. S2 Time-course change of Fe(II), nitrate, nitrite, As(V) and As(III) concentrations in heat-killed controls (dead biomass): (a) molar ratio of initial Fe(II)/As(III) = 375, (b) molar ratio of initial Fe(II)/As(V) = 375. S5

6 89 5 Change of As species in the liquid phase Fig. S3 Arsenic species of supernatant in Fe/fixed (As(V) or As(III)) series. S6

7 92 6 Change of As species in the solid phase Fig. S4 As K-edge XANES spectra of As-bearing biogenic lepidocrocite induced by strain The left panel shows the As(III) treated series, including fixed Fe/As(III) series and Fe/fixed As(III) series. The right panel shows the As(V) treated series, including fixed Fe/As(V) series and Fe/fixed As(V) series. S7

98 7 Uptake of As by the strain 2002 99 100 101 102 103 Fig. S5 The uptake of As(III) and As(V) (13.

8 98 7 Uptake of As by the strain Fig. S5 The uptake of As(III) and As(V) (13.3 µm As(III) or As(V)) by the strain 2002 as a function of incubation time (10 mm nitrate as electron acceptor and 10 mm acetate as electron donor). These experiments were conducted under growth condition without Fe(II) amendment. S8

104 8 Patterns of μ-xrd for biogenic Fe(III) mineral samples 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 Fig.

9 104 8 Patterns of μ-xrd for biogenic Fe(III) mineral samples Fig. S6 Patterns of μ-xrd for biogenic Fe(III) mineral samples produced by the Fe(II)-oxidizing strain 2002 in the absence/presence of As. For Fe/fixed As series, we fixed initial As(III) or As(V) concentration (13.3 µm) but varied initial concentrations of Fe(II) (between 0.5 and 5 mm for As(III)-treated series, and between 0.5 and 10 mm for As(V)-treated series): (a) Fe/fixed As(III) series and (b) Fe/fixed As(V) series; For fixed Fe/As series, we fixed initial Fe(II) concentration (5 mm and 10 mm for As(III) and As(V)-treated series, respectively) but varied initial concentrations of S9

10 As(III) or As(V) (between 13.3 and µm for As(III)-treated series, and between 6.67 and µm for As(V)-treated series): (c) fixed Fe/As(III) series and (d) fixed Fe/As(V) series. S10

11 Characters of Fe(II) oxidation and As immobilization by strain 2002 Table S1 Initial Fe(II) and As concentrations, remaining dissolved Fe(II) and As concentrations after Fe(II) oxidation, overall rates of Fe(II) oxidation, amount of As(V) and As(III) immobilized, ratios of As/Fe in As-bearing biogenic lepidocrocite formed during microbial Fe(II) oxidation. Exp. Series Initial Fe(II), mm Initial As, µm Remaining dissolved Fe after Fe(II) oxidation,mm Overall rates of Fe(II) oxidation, -1 mm -1 h Overall rates of Fe(II) oxidation in stage I, -1 mm -1 h Overall rates of Fe(II) oxidation in stage II, -1 mm -1 h As Free Remaining dissolved As after Fe(II) oxidation,µm molar ratio [As(removed)/ Fe(oxidized)] in precipitates Fe/fixed As(III)= Fe/fixed As(III)= Fe/fixed As(III)= Fe/fixed As(III)= Fixed Fe/As(III)= Fixed Fe/As(III)= Fixed Fe/As(III)= Fe/fixed As(V)= Fe/fixed As(V)= Fe/fixed As(V)= Fe/fixed As(V)= Fixed Fe/As(V)= S11

12 Fixed Fe/As(V)= Fixed Fe/As(V)= S12

13 EXAFS analysis for As-bearing biogenic lepidocrocite 121 Table S2 Parameters of EXAFS fitting for biogenic lepidocrocite formed under 122 different initial Fe(II)/(As(V) or As(III)) Samples Fe/fixed As(III)=75 Fe/fixed As(III)=150 Fe/fixed As(III)=375 Fixed Fe/As(III)=37.5 Fixed Fe/As(III)=75 Fixed Fe/As(III)=375 Fe/fixed As(V)=75 Fe/fixed As(V)=375 Fe/fixed As(V)=750 Fixed Fe/As(V)=37.5 Fixed Fe/As(V)=750 interatomic R(Å) N δ 2 (Å 2 ) shell (±0.03) (±0.5) (±0.0001) As/Fe in biogenic lepidocrocite (mol/mol) As-O MS (f) As-Fe As-O MS (f) As-Fe As-O MS (f) As-Fe As-O MS (f) As-Fe As-Fe As-O MS (f) As-Fe As-Fe As-O MS (f) As-Fe As-O MS (f) As-Fe As-O MS (f) As-Fe As-O MS (f) As-Fe As-O MS (f) As-Fe As-Fe As-O MS (f) S13

14 As-Fe Fixed As-O Fe/As(V)=1500 MS (f) As-Fe R (Å), interatomic distances; N, number of neighbors; σ 2 (Å 2 ), Debye Waller parameter; MS, As O O As multiple; the ratios of As/Fe in biogenic lepidocrocite were calculated by differences in the concentrations of soluble As and Fe, before and after Fe(II) oxidation. The N parameter of the As O O (AsO 3 ) multiple scattering path was fixed to 6.0 (f) for As(III)-treated series, and The N parameter of the As O O (AsO 4 ) multiple scattering path was fixed to 12.0 (f) for As(V)-treated series. The uncertainties of R, N and δ 2 values from ARTEMIS. 123 S14

ANAEROBIC MEDIUM FOR DESULFITOBACTERIUM. STOCK SOLUTIONS Modified from DSMZ Medium 720

ANAEROBIC MEDIUM FOR DESULFITOBACTERIUM. STOCK SOLUTIONS Modified from DSMZ Medium 720 Desulfitobacterium sp. is a strict anaerobic bacterium. For culturing this species (and also for another anaerobic microorganisms), you have to maintain Oxygen free conditions during cultivation. The main