Materials Selection in Mechanical Design: Das Original mit Übersetzunsshilfen

Transcription

1 Michael F. Ashby Materials Selection in Mechanical Design: Das Original mit Übersetzunsshilfen Third edition Deutsche Easy-Reading-Ausgabe herausgegeben von Alexander Wanner und Claudia Fleck Spektrum k-fltäkademischhi VERLAG

2 Contents Vorwort zur Easy-Reading-Ausgabe Codierungen der Übersetzungshilfen Preface Acknowledgements Features of the Third Edition 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction and Synopsis 1.2 Materials in design 1.3 The evolution of engineering materials 1.4 Case study: the evolution of materials in vacuum 1.5 Summary and conclusions 1.6 Further reading 2 The design process 2.1 Introduction and Synopsis 2.2 The design process 2.3 Types of design 2.4 Design tools and materials data 2.5 Function, material, shape, and process 2.6 Case study: devices to open corked bottles 2.7 Summary and conclusions 2.8 Further reading 3 Engineering materials and their properties 3.1 Introduction and Synopsis 3.2 The families of engineering materials 3.3 The definitions of material properties 3.4 Summary and conclusions 3.5 Further reading 4 Material property charts 4.1 Introduction and Synopsis 4.2 Exploring material properties 4.3 The material property charts 4.4 Summary and conclusions 4.5 Further reading 5 Materials selection the basics 5.1 Introduction and Synopsis 5.2 The selection strategy 5.3 Attribute limits and material indices 5.4 The selection procedure

3 viü Contents 5.5 Computer-aided selection The structural index Summary and conclusions Further reading Materials selection case studies Introduction and Synopsis Materials for oars Mirrors for large telescopes Materials for table legs Cost: structural material for buildings Materials for flywheels Materials for Springs Elastic hinges and couplings Materials for seals Deflection-limited design with brittle polymers Safe pressure vessels Stiff, high damping materials for shaker tables Insulation for short-term isothermal Containers Energy-efficient kiln walls Materials for passive solar heating Materials to minimize thermal distortion in precision devices Nylon bearings for ships' rudders Materials for heat exchangers Materials for radomes Summary and conclusions Further reading Processes and process selection Introduction and Synopsis Classifying processes The processes: shaping, joining, and finishing Systematic process selection Ranking: process cost Computer-aided process selection ~ ^ Supporting Information Summary and conclusions Further reading Process selection case studies Introduction and Synopsis Forming a fan Fabricating a pressure vessel An optical table Economical casting Computer-based selection: a manifold jacket n

4 Contents ix 8.7 Computer-based selection: a spark-plug insulator Summary and conclusions Multiple constraints and objectives Introduction and Synopsis Selection with multiple constraints Conflicting objectives, penalty-functions, and exchange constants Summary and conclusions Further reading 255 Appendix: Traditional methods of dealing with multiple constraints 256 and objectives 10 Case studies multiple constraints and conflicting objectives Introduction and Synopsis Multiple constraints: con-rods for high-performance engines Multiple constraints: windings for high-field magnets Conflicting objectives: casings for a mini-disk player Conflicting objectives: materials for a disk-brake caliper Summary and conclusions Selection of material and shape Introduction and Synopsis Shape factors Microscopic or micro-structural shape factors Limits to shape efficiency Exploring and comparing structural sections Material indices that include shape Co-selecting material and shape Summary and conclusions Further reading Selection of material and shape: case studies Introduction and Synopsis Spars for man-powered planes Ultra-efficient Springs Forks for a racing bicycle Floor joists: wood, bamboo or steel? Increasing the stiffness of steel sheet Table legs again: thin or light? Shapes that flex: leaf and Strand structures Summary and conclusions Designing hybrid materials Introduction and Synopsis Filling holes in material-property space The method: "A + B + configuration + scale" Composites: hybrids of type 1 348

5 X Contents 13.5 Sandwich structures: hybrids of type Lattices: hybrids of type Segmented structures: hybrids of type Summary and conclusions Further reading Hybrid case studies Introduction and Synopsis Designing metal matrix composites Refrigerator walls Connectors that do not relax their grip Extreme combinations of thermal and electrical conduction Materials for microwave-transparent enclosures Exploiting anisotropy: heat spreading surfaces The mechanical efficiency of natural materials Further reading: natural materials Information and knowledge sources for design Introduction and Synopsis Information for materials and processes Screening Information: structure and sources Supporting Information: structure and sources Ways of checking and estimating data Summary and conclusions Further reading Materials and the environment Introduction and Synopsis The material life cycle Material and energy-consuming Systems The eco-attributes of materials Eco-selection Case studies: drink Containers and crash barriers Summary and conclusions Further reading Materials and industrial design Introduction and Synopsis The requirements pyramid Product character Using materials and processes to create product personality Summary and conclusions Further reading Forces for change Introduction and Synopsis Market-pull and science-push Growing population and wealth, and market Saturation 464

6 Contents xi 18.4 Product liability and Service provision Miniaturization and multi-functionality Concern for the environment and for the individual Summary and conclusions Further reading 469 Appendix A Useful Solutions to Standard problems 471 Introduction and Synopsis 473 A.l Constitutive equations for mechanical response 474 A.2 Moments of sections 476 A.3 Elastic bending of beams 478 A.4 Failure of beams and panels 480 A.5 Bückling of columns, plates, and shells 482 A.6 Torsion of shafts 484 A.7 Static and spinning disks 486 A.8 Contact stresses 488 A.9 Estimates for stress concentrations 490 A.10 Sharp cracks 492 A.ll Pressure vessels 494 A.12 Vibrating beams, tubes, and disks 496 A.l3 Creep and creep fracture 498 A.14 Flow of heat and matter 500 A.l5 Solutions for diffusion equations 502 A.l6 Further reading 504 Appendix B Material indices 507 B.l Introduction and Synopsis 508 B.2 Use of material indices 508 Appendix C Data and Information for engineering materials 513 C.l Names and applications: metals and alloys 514 C.2 Names and applications: polymers and foams 515 C.3 Names and applications: composites, ceramics, glasses, and natural materials 516 C.4 Melting temperature, T m, and glass temperature, T g 518 C.5 Density, p 520 C.6 Young's modulus, E 522 C.7 Yield strength, <r y, and tensile strength, cr ts 524 C.8 Fracture toughness (plane-strain), K\c -526 C.9 Thermal conductivity, A 528 CIO Thermal expansion, a 530 C.ll Approximate production energies and C0 2 bürden 532 C.12 Environmental resistance 534

7 XÜ Contents Appendix D Information and knowledge sources for materials and processes fntroduction 538 D.2 Information sources for materials 538 D.3 Information for manufacturing processes 552 D.4 Databases and expert Systems in Software 553 D.5 Additional useful internet sites 554 D.6 Supplier registers, government organizations, Standards and professional societies 555 Appendix E Exercises 557 E.l Introduction to the exercises 558 E.2 Devising concepts 559 E.3 Use of material selection charts 559 E.4 Translation: constraints and objectives 562 E.5 Deriving and using material indices 565 E.6 Selecting processes 574 E.7 Multiple constraints and objectives 579 E.8 Selecting material and shape 587 E.9 Hybrid materials 594 Fachwörterbuch Englisch - Deutsch 599 Fachwörterbuch Deutsch - Englisch 619 Index 641