STORHY. Hydrogen Storage Systems for Automotive Application Integrated Project n Volker Strubel. Josef Zieger. Sitra Colom.

Transcription

1 STORHY Hydrogen Storage Systems for Automotive Application Integrated Project n Volker Strubel Josef Zieger Sitra Colom Guido Bartlok Jiri Muller Georg Mair Florent Montignac Angelika Bertalanic

2 1. Project Objectives StorHy General Project Information Hydrogen Storage Systems for Automotive Application Integrated Project n within the EU FP6 Co-ordinator: MAGNA STEYR Fahrzeugtechnik AG & Co KG Time frame: (4,5 years) Official project start: March 1 st, 2004 Budget: 18.7 m EU contribution: 10.7 m Website: 34 partners from 13 European countries (5 OEMs, 14 research institutes and 15 supplier companies)

3 1. Project Objectives StorHy Overall Structure Users: Vehicle Requirements Source: Daimler Chrysler Gas: 700 bar Technologies Source: PSA Source: BMW Liquid: Lightweight Free-form Tank Source: Daimler Chrysler Solid: Advanced Alanates Source: Dynetek Source: SP Cryo Source: IFE Safety Aspects and Requirements Multi-Criteria Evaluation

4 1. Project Objectives Hydrogen Storage: Consumer Expectations Public Acceptance of Hydrogen Applications Study by DC Main conditions for consumer acceptance of FC vehicles* Driving range Refuelling process High safety level Vehicle costs Communication / education *Excerpt only!

5 Consumer Expectations Driving range > 400 km 600 km Driving performance Usable space Refuelling convenient and safe Safety 1. Project Objectives StorHy:Hydrogen Storage Requirements Technical Requirements Unit Hydrogen storage mass kg 6-10 System grav. energy density System vol. energy density kwh/kg wt.% kwh/l kg H 2 /100l Filling cycles 3*5,000 StorHy Targets 2010 Vehicle costs Costs of storage system / kg H 2 Not defined Refuelling rate kg H 2 /min 1.2 Burst pressure 700 bar bar 1,645 Permeation rate H 2 Ncm 3 /h *l EHIP II 1 Loss of usable H 2 (boil-off) g/h *stored kg H 2 1

6 International technology watch 2. Alignment to SRA/DS Compressed Hydrogen Storage: State-of-the-Art Increase of service pressure from 350 bar 700 bar 700 bar Type III fully wrapped aluminum liner 700 bar Type IV fully wrapped non-load carrying plastic liner 700 bar system prototypes or small series announced in USA, Japan and Europe Source: Dynetek

7 700 bar Type III vessel with metallic liner made by deep drawing Material & microstructure Modified CrMo steels Liner material characterization 2. Alignment to SRA/DS StorHy: 700 bar C-H 2 Vessels 5 steels assessed concerning H 2 embrittlement 700 bar design & calculation Analytical + FE calculations for composite thickness + optimized modulus (fibre type) + winding path Vessel testing Ambient T cycling < 15,000 cycles Burst factor: > 2.35 Other EIHP-II tests were performed successfully Source: AL Source: Faber Source: Faber Technical data: Mass of vessel: 40 kg Internal volume: 39 l H 2 storage capacity: 3.85 wt.% Operating pressure: 700 bar H 2 mass stored: 1.6 kg

8 700 bar Type IV vessel with rotomoulded plastic liner Polymeric material & microstructure Development of specific PA6 formation (permeation / mechanical elasticity / processability) Liner material characterization: Permeation of PA polymer liner assessed at 700 bar f (T, p): Material level: Pe 1*10-16 mol/(pa.s.m) Vessel level: ongoing 700 bar vessel design & calculation Analytical + FE calculations for composite thickness Vessel testing Ambient T cycling > 15,000 cycles Burst factor: Alignment to SRA/DS StorHy: 700 bar C-H 2 Vessels Source: CEA/Ullit Source: CEA Technical data: Mass of vessel: 29 kg Internal volume: 37 l H 2 storage capacity: 5.2 wt.% Operating pressure: 700 bar H 2 mass stored: 1.6kg

9 2. Alignment to SRA/DS StorHy: Test Results of C-H 2 Vessels Type III (steel liner) Type IV (PA liner) Thermoplastic modular system Burst test Passed Close to target Feasibility GF/PP Cycling test Not passed Passed Not tested yet Status Cycling behaviour to be improved Burst behaviour to be improved Feasibility at 300 bar Typical failure mechanisms for C-H 2 vessels identified Measured proposed for further improvements steps: R&D activities required for a fundamental understanding of aging & failure behaviour composite and liner materials, advanced modelling and simulation concepts

10 2. Alignment to SRA/DS C-H 2 Storage: Production Steps StorHy contribution (excerpt) Liner fabrication Composite manufacturing Post processing Alu liner Production Autofrettage Process Steel liner Production Vessel testing Polymer liner Production: Rotomolding CF raw materials Impregnation bath Recycling Dismantling Polymer liner Production: Blowforming Filament winding Curing Shreddering CF Recycling

11 2. Alignment to SRA/DS StorHy: C-H 2 Vessel Production Improved Winding and Impregnation Ring winding head with modular siphon impregnation units and suitable advancement of the path generation Increase of the lay-down rate (> factor 3) Better exploitation of the fibre performance, which entails weight reduction potentials for pressure vessels Clean work station due to an almost closed system Reduction of resin consumption Almost no hazardous waste Winner of two Innovation Awards! Source: IVW

12 2. Alignment to SRA/DS StorHy: C-H 2 Composite Vessel Recycling Concepts Development of pre-treatment technology Hybrid shredder (Kema) selected Development of recycling processes Fluidised bed process selected Good quality fibre (similar stiffness and 50% strength) has been recycled R&D to increase material recycling rate: Microwave pyrolysis process in a fluidised bed 86% total material recovery achieved (increase from 63% for fluidised bed) Recycling of a thermoplastic composite vessel by granulation and injection moulding demonstrated (GF/PP COMAT system) Source: UNOTT Twin screw shredder Fluidised Bed Recycling Clean flue gas To energy recovery Afterburner Air Inlet Recovered CF fibre Cyclone Fan Recovered Fibre Electric Pre-heaters 300 mm Scrap CFRP Fluidised Bed Air distributor plate

13 2. Alignment to SRA/DS Refuelling C-H 2 : State-of-the-Art High pressure H 2 V 1 Booster Cooler V 2 For fast filling, gaseous hydrogen needs to be cooled down to prevent excessive pressure and temperature levels Hydrogen cooler required in the refuelling station! 700 bar filling nozzle Source: Weh Source: Linde / Aral

14 2. Alignment to SRA/DS StorHy: C-H 2 Cold Filling Fast filling demonstrated on vessel level Filling temperature down to -100 C demonstrated 100% filling rate easy to reach Gentle cylinder treatment compared to warm filling but thermal stress for storage components, esp. sealing Cooling down to -40 C seems to be good compromise Deeper cooling still needs to be evaluated with regard to costs and material exposure 700 bar cold ( 40 C) filling test in F-Cell vehicle Technical data: Filling T: -85 C Filling time: <2min Filling rate: 103% Min. material T: -14 C Technical data: Filling T: -40 C Filling time: 3 min. Filling rate: 101% Gas T: 65 C Safe and optimized filling demonstrated Source: ET, AL, Dynetek, DC, Weh

15 Advanced C-H bar filling devices developed and tested: 2. Alignment to SRA/DS StorHy: C-H bar Filling Devices Filling nozzle with infrared communication interface Linear shut-off valve Break-away device Break-away device with infrared communications interface Linear shut-off valve Filling nozzle with/without infrared communication interface Start of commercialization Sources: WEH Source: Weh

16 2. Alignment to SRA/DS Cryogenic Liquid Storage System International technology watch Small series, automotive, approved L-H 2 storage systems with double-walled stainless cylinders First cylindrical prototypes with lightweight aluminum tank shells First flat-shaped prototypes with lightweight steel tank shells Source: MAGNA STEYR Source: Linde Source: Air Liquide

17 2. Alignment to SRA/DS StorHy: L-H 2 Lightweight Design Lightweight cylindrical tank Carbon fibre composite structure of inner tank and outer jacket Aluminium sheet (outer jacket) Structure and coating concepts for liner Moisture, air, oil, etc Liner Outer Jacket Composite Galvanic copper coating (inner tank) Outgassing Liner High Vacuum: mbar Liner Inner Tank Composite Hydrogen Outgassing Hydrogen Source: SP Cryo

18 Free-form tank system with auxiliary system box Free-form design 2. Alignment to SRA/DS StorHy: L-H 2 Free-form Design Risk analysis (FMEA and FTA) Concept calculation (e.g. showing deformation at 10.8 bar) Free-form tank demonstrator Vehicle integration concepts Source: SP Cryo

19 2. Alignment to SRA/DS StorHy: L-H 2 Weight Reduction Potential Mass comparison of gasoline and L-H 2 tank systems Energy content equivalent to 10 kg hydrogen Weight [kg] kg 30 Gasoline 38 dm³ kg kg LH2 Steel E 68 cylindrical shape LH2 Lightweight StorHy cylindrical shape Auxiliary System Tank Fuel kg LH2 Lightweight 2010 complex shape Source: SP Cryo

20 2. Alignment to SRA/DS Manufacturing process CFRP tank StorHy contribution (excerpt SP Cryo) Pre-processing Component production Valves, Sensor CFRP inner tank manufacturing Tension sheet Post-processing Assembly Prepreg (e.g. knitting) Dome & pipes Inner tank - coating of liner Welding Piping CFRP outer jacket manufacturing Insulation Alu liner Evacuation of insulation gap Impregnation Curing Source: SP Cryo Testing

21 International technology watch 2. Alignment to SRA/DS Solid Storage Intensive international R&D efforts focus on different types of materials and storage systems Metal and complex hydrides Chemical hydrides Nanoporous structures But: None of these materials fulfills automotive targets (storage density, operation temperature etc.) yet! Source: DoE 2007

22 2. Alignment to SRA/DS StorHy: Characterisation of Alanates First step: Magnesium and Sodium Alanates Storage Material Magnesium Alanate Mg(AlH 4 ) 2 : Solvent-free and fast synthesis Deuterised Mg(AlD 4 ) 2 for neutron diffraction Structure of Mg(AlH 4 ) 2 : Neutron and synchrotron X-ray diffraction Details of thermal and isothermal decomposition of Mg(AlH 4 ) 2 Sodium Alanate Purification of NaAlH 4 and synthesis of NaAlD 4 Catalyst Improved synthesis of catalyst: Ti 13 *6THF Automotive Challenges Scale-up strategies promising, but reversibility not sufficient! Source: IFE Source: FZK Scale-up strategies promising, but material storage density of 3 wt. % not sufficient Source: IFE, FZK

23 2. Alignment to SRA/DS StorHy: Screening for new Alanates Second step: Adaptation of work programme Storage Material Screening experiments for synthesis and characterization for new mixed alanates: Mg-Al-Li-H, Mg-Al-Ca-H, Ca-Al-Li-H, Ca-Al-Na-H Mg-Al-Li-H, Mg-Al-Ca-H, Mg-Al-Na-H, Mg-Al-K-H Mg-Al-Li-H, Mg-Al-Ca-H, Ca-Al-K-H Synthesis and stabilisation of aluminium hydride AlH 3 (Alane) basic research purpose vial stainless steel impactor liquid nitrogen Spex 6750 freezer mill for cryomilling Source: IFE, FZK, GKSS INTENSITY (arb. units) α'-ald 3 and α-ald 3 PND, Kjeller θ(º) Automotive Challenges No new reversible hydrogen storage compound found No break-through up to now High material storage density 10.1%, but not reversible! Simplified method to synthesize AlH 3 by milling at liquid nitrogen temperature, compared to wet chemistry Work in progress to change the stability of AlH 3

24 H 2 -concentration [wt.%] nd absorption Concept for upscaling of material production processes preparation from NaAlH 4 simple preparation with Ti-nano from NaH/Al clusters, with TiCl 4, 125 C 100 C, 100 bar 100 bar (STORHY) (Fichtner et al.) preparation from NaAlH 4 with TiCl 3, 125 C, bar (Sandrock et al.) Time [min.] 2. Alignment to SRA/DS StorHy: Upscaling of Solid Storage Tank Evaluation of low cost production routes for complex hydrides using catalysed NaAlH 4 as model material Up-scaling to kg amounts demonstrated at GKSS mechanical processing facility Design and development of operational prototype solid storage tanks Laboratory tank for 0.5 kg of alanate 8 kg alanate Pilot tank (currently manufactured) Length: 40 cm / Diameter: 6 cm Capacity: 20 g H 2 Source: GKSS/TUHH Length: 120 cm, Diameter: 22 cm Capacity: 0.4 kg H 2,

25 Oil Ø 6 Ø Calculated performance of tanks based on lab-scale data (NaAlH 4 ) Hydrogen absorbed in g Concept for filling Hydride tank is cooled by external heat consumer working at approx. 100 C Coupling of hydrogen and heat transfer medium prior to filling Concept for driving Fuel cell is cooled to 80 C by hydride tank and internal heat exchanger 0 Alpha version 100 C 130 C 290 s 458 s 540 s tins 310 g 2. Alignment to SRA/DS StorHy: Solid Filling External Heat Consumer Quick coupling Internal heat exchanger Fuel cell Vehicle Heat transfer medium Hydride Tank Hydrogen Simulation based on kinetic data obtained from optimized StorHy material produced in kg scale Less than 10 min. charging time expected even in costeffective design (pilot tank) Source: NCSRD/GKSS/TUHH

26 3. Cross-cutting Issues: StorHy: Safety Assessment Assessment of test procedures for C-H 2 vessels Bonfire Interlaboratory tests at various European test facilities Validation of hydrogen sensors

27 3. Cross-cutting Issues: StorHy: Safety Assessment of C-H 2 Storage Development of test procedures for C-H 2 vessels: Impact test Estimation of statistical crash energies Polarplot Crashenergy [KJ] Estimation of energy impacting on storage system in crash models Vessel impact tests % 50% 90% 99% Source: BAM, Cidaut Assessment of the residual burst strength

28 3. Cross-cutting Issues: StorHy: Chemical Safety Experiments of Solid Storage Materials Alanate powder release experiments 1. Disk bursts at p = 10 bar 2. Material is released into various environments 30 ms 60 ms 3. High speed images 4. Assessment of sound levels Ignition by water droplets opening of burst disc Flame 240 ms 240 ms 560 ms 560 ms Pure hydrogen reproduction 2005 Water mist Spark ignition Source: FZK

29 3. Cross-cutting Issues: StorHy: Evaluation Multi-criteria evaluation Five different evaluation domains addressed Focus on technical and environmental parameters Technical performance Costs Safety Environmental impact Social acceptance Source: CEA

30 Comparison of system storage densities 4. Future Perspectives StorHy: Evaluation Volumetric energy density [kg H 2 /100 l] Solid Storage System Reference Solid Storage StorHy System NaAlH 4 (Not yet optimised)? C-H 2 StorHy 700 bar Swap Rack C-H 2 Referenc 350 bar Swap Rack StorHy target 6 wt.% StorHy Target 4.5 kg H 2 /100 l C-H 2 StorHy System Type IV 700 bar (extrap.) C-H 2 Reference System Typ III H bar Gravimetric energy density [wt.%] L-H 2 StorHy System Lightweight Free-form (extrap.) L-H 2 StorHy System Lightweight Cylindrical L-H 2 Reference System Stainless Steel

31 Medium-class Car: Fuel cell vehicle with C-H 2 storage Today: Driving range lower than 400 km e.g. F-Cell 2002 Source: DC 4. Future Perspectives Hydrogen Storage in different Vehicle Concepts Tomorrow: Driving range of 400 km to 500 km by 700 bar C-H 2 storage systems e.g. F600 Hy genius Concept Car Source: DC Power: 60/85 kw Hydrogen mass: 4 kg C-H 2 storage: 700 bar Max. speed: 174 km/h Range: >400 km Power el.: 72 kw Hydrogen mass: 1.9 kg C-H 2 storage: 350 bar Max. speed: 150 km/h Range: 150 km Cooling System System module Source: DC Battery

32 Today: 4. Future Perspectives Hydrogen Storage in different Vehicle Concepts Delivery van: FC City Car with range extender Tomorrow: Source: PSA Source: PSA Power el. Max. speed: FC power Battery: 28 kw 95 km/h 5 kw 15 kwh Power Max. speed: FC power: Battery: 28 kw 95 km/h 10 kw 15 kwh Hydrogen C-H Range H 2 : Range Battery: 1,6 kg 70 km 80 km Hydrogen C-H Range H 2 : Range Battery: 2,7 kg 170 km 80 km

33 Today: Bi-Fuel (L-H 2 + Gasoline) 4. Future Perspectives Hydrogen Storage in different Vehicle Concepts Hydrogen ICE with L-H 2 Storage Tomorrow: Monofuel (L-H 2 ) - Highly efficient hydrogen ICE - Lightweight cryogenic storage + Source: MAGNA STEYR Source: BMW Power: 191 kw (260 bhp) Hydrogen mass: > 8 kg L-H 2 storage: Stainless steel Cylindrical Range H 2 : > 200 km + Range Gasoline: > 500 km Power: > 100 kw (136 bhp) Hydrogen mass: > 7 kg L-H 2 storage: Lightweight Free-form shape Range H 2 : > 500 km

34 C-H 2 storage 4. Future Perspectives StorHy: Preliminary Conclusions Storage densities of ~4.5 wt.% and ~2.4 kg H 2 /100 l are achievable on system level StorHy results regarding C-H 2 vessels close up to worldwide R&D Further optimisation requires fundamental understanding of ageing and failure behaviour of composite and liner materials, modelling and simulation concepts StorHy results on filling components and production concepts show promising advanced solutions Further cost reduction requires new industrialisation concepts for mass production and new CF fibres Higher storage densities and further cost reduction require change of Regulations, Codes & Standards as well as new vehicle platforms (e.g. compatible with single cylinder storage concepts) New advanced safety approach necessary in the future, e.g. based on Probabilistic Safety Assessment

35 L-H 2 storage 4. Future Perspectives StorHy: Preliminary Conclusions Storage densities up to 14 wt.% and 4 kg H 2 /100 l are achievable on system level for metal design, even up to 18 wt.% using advanced composite materials StorHy results demonstrate a free form tank design with improved conformability to better enable vehicle integration StorHy results show promising advanced solutions beyond worldwide R&D, but still further R&D efforts are required for industrialisation and system validation Substantial cost reduction is indispensable Lightweight L-H 2 storage systems show considerable potential in combination with new H 2 ICE Further L-H 2 specific challenges, such as boil-off and permeation, have to be addressed

36 Solid Storage (1) 4. Future Perspectives StorHy: Preliminary Conclusions Up to now, storage densities of ~2 wt.% are achieveable on system level with complex hydrides on alanate basis At present, no solid storage material fulfils the major targets for automotive applications StorHy tank development demonstrates feasibility of a fast heat removal using lightweight complex hydrides StorHy safety study shows minimised explosion in case of hydrogen release StorHy up-scaling results show high potential for mass production of complex light weight hydrides at low costs

37 Solid Storage (2) 4. Future Perspectives StorHy: Preliminary Conclusions Further research for novel storage materials with improved storage densities, kinetics and thermodynamic behaviour as well as for advanced system components, e.g. heat exchanger, is still required Automotive solutions are not realistic in the medium term Stationary or marine applications have more potentials for a market entry in the near future

38 General conclusions 4. Future Perspectives StorHy: Preliminary Conclusions Beyond StorHy, further R&D activities are proposed for: In-depth system/vehicle validation in demonstration projects Industrialisation and cost reduction concepts Safety assessment and new advanced safety approaches Optimisation of Regulations, Codes & Standards (e.g design requirements for pressure vessels) New storage concepts, such as pressure tanks with new high performance tensile fibres, hybrid tanks (pressure / cryogenic / solid storage), etc. User-oriented fundamental research on solid storage materials, their safety and technical development of solid storage tanks

39 More information? Join the 4. Future Perspectives StorHy Dissemination StorHy Dissemination Event: Hydrogen Storage Perspectives of the Future Date: June 2008 Further information shortly on Or contact:

40 Backup only!

41 Back up L-H2 Storage System Outer jacket - Outer vessel - Thermal insulation - Refueling interface - Outer support Inner tank - Inner vessel - Level measurement - Pipework - Cryogenic shut-off valves - Inner tank support Auxiliary System Box Source: MAGNA STEYR - Shut-off valves - Control valve - Safety relief valves - Sensors (p, T, H2) - Heat exchanger

42 Back up C-H 2 Storage System Solenoid valve Valves, Fittings Sensors Type 3 Venting pipe Fully wrapped cylinder & metallic liner Fixing Electrical connections Source: Dynetek Pressure regulator Low pressure connection High pressure vessel High pressure connection Type 4 Fully wrapped cylinder & non-load carrying (plastic) liner

43 Back up C-H 2 Storage Reference System Source: Dynetek Source: SP Users

44 Back up L-H 2 Storage Reference System Source: Magna Steyr Source: SP Users

45 Back up Solid Storage Reference System Source: DC Source: SP Users

46 Material & microstructure Extruded multi-layer based PA Liner material characterization 8 multilayer polymers assessed: f (p,t) Permeation: 2*10-18 mol/(pa.s.m) -> OK 700 bar vessel design & calculation Optimized end cap design CF/PA 700 bar system GF/PP 200 bar system CF for this thermoplastic composite not available yet! Vessel testing (GF/PP) Burst pressure = 460 bar Back up StorHy: 700 bar C-H 2 Vessels 700 bar modular system with extruded plastic liner and thermoplastic composite Source: COMAT Technical data (CF/PA design): Mass of vessel: 10.9 kg Internal volume: 9 l H 2 storage capacity: 3.5 wt.% Design pressure: 700 bar H 2 mass stored: 0.4 kg

47 Back up StorHy: Recommendations for C-H 2 Type Measure Effort Contribution IV IV Improve burst behavior (design, process) Low 100% burst Temperature cycling + burst Low Reliability of Type IV IV III III/IV III/IV III/IV III/IV III/IV Evaluate tightness after thermal & mechanical ageing (=> depending on permeation results) Low Improved permeation reliability of Type IV Improve cycling behaviour Medium Cycling feasibility Low / high temperature exposure risk Medium Safety Long term behavior (creep ) Medium Safety Improve design requirements (safety factors) High Weight, costs Innovative manufacturing concepts High Weight, costs New innovative fibers High Weight, costs Reliable and low cost components Medium Weight, costs, reliability

48 Back up StorHy: C-H 2 Vessel Production - Quality Survey during Autofrettage 1 burst pressure 0,8 Source: BAM AE criterion Normalized internal pressure Defect type I 0,6 0,4 0,2 (cylinder 1) 0 test pressure autofrettage pressure (yileding of metal liner) nominal working pressure (15 C) residual strain of wrapping after autofrettage 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 Defect type I (cylinder 2) Defect type II (cylinder 3) Normalized strain Acoustic Emission (AE) Example: Typ III (CNG) cylinder = metal liner with full CF/Epoxy wrapping Defect type II (cylinder 4) Defect type III (cylinder 5) fibre break Normalised values 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 strain intensity 0,0 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 Normalised autofrettage pressure AE accumulation AE Quality Survey Concepts: Successful in detecting every manufacturing defect by at least 2 of 10 developed AEcriteria! see:

49 Development of test procedures for C-H 2 vessels: Bonfire test Concept of modular testing Test of Pressure Relief Devices (PRD) Back up StorHy: Safety Assessment of C-H 2 Storage Pressure or burst pressure p in [MPa] p Burst p 0 p Burst m > m 0 Burst pressure line as a function of the filling m 0 insufficient PRD well adjusted PRD m < m 0 m << m 0 Evolution of pressure in a gas receptacle with PRD Rupture Rupture Bonfire tests of cylinders t Ignition Time t in [sec] t Burst 0 t Burst max Source: BAM Validation of combination

50 Back up StorHy: Safety Assessment of C-H 2 Storage Interlaboratory tests to evaluate C-H 2 testing facilities Adapter Tool kit BAM Measuring Device Test cylinder WUT AL Faber Sensors Tests performed at BAM, WUT, Faber and AL Tests show relevance of influence of testing facilities on life-time of C-H 2 vessels Source: BAM Paris Wroclaw Udine

51 Tests of optical fibre sensors for detecting defects of C-H 2 vessels Sensor technologies Back up StorHy: On-board Monitoring System Fibre Bragg gratings Microbending optical fibres Cycling tests Type III: detectable increase in local deformation Type IV: correlation of optical signals and CF fibre fatigue level to be demonstrated Burst test (for type IV) Linear deformation of vessel Detection depends on sensor localization Source: WUT

52 Training Course StorHy TRAIN-IN 2006 One week full time training course on hydrogen storage technologies Date: September 25 th -29 th, 2006 Location: University of Applied Sciences, Ingolstadt, Germany Over 80 participants from 20 countries (students, PhD students, scientists, researchers and company representatives) 25 theoretical and practical lectures, hardware exhibitions and excursions Very good feedback by participants All lecture handouts and results online on Back-up StorHy Training Course

53 Back up StorHy: Cost Estimation Cost reduction of C-H 2 storage systems Source: DC

54 Magnesium Alanate: Fundamental work on synthesis, structural and thermal properties allowed a complete characterization of this promising complex hydride. However, the unfavourable thermodynamic properties of this material made the Mg-Alanate not suitable for hydrogen storage. Sodium Alanate: Back up StorHy: Work on Alanates Fundamental work carried out with this material in order to improve the kinetics allowed gaining insight into the reaction upon cycling under hydrogen. Indeed, XAS studies explained why the capacity decreases after some dehydrogenation / hydrogenation cycles and why the kinetics slow down at the same time. This knowledge in turn allowed a cost-effective production method of Al-based hydrogen storage material.

55 Complex mixed Alanates: Back up StorHy: Work on mixed Alanates The following systems {[MgH 2 + Al + LiH] and [MgH 2 + LiAlH 4 ]} are extremely lightweight compounds, with a potential to achieve high gravimetric storage densities for hydrogen. (MgH 2 + LiAlH 4 ) appear as the most promising systems in terms of the formation of a new phase and the subsequent decomposition kinetics. However, further work is necessary to identify and isolate this new phase in order to conclude on the suitability of the material for hydrogen storage.