Corrosion of. magnesium alloys. Edited by. Guang-Ling Song WOODHEAD PUBLISHING. pppvr- Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi

Transcription

1 Corrosion of magnesium alloys Edited by Guang-Ling Song WOODHEAD PUBLISHING pppvr- Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi

2 Contents Contributor contact details xiii Preface xvii Part I Fundamentals 1 Corrosion electrochemistry of magnesium (Mg) and its alloys 3 G.-L. Song, General Motors Corporation, USA 1.1 Introduction Thermodynamics Surface film Anodic process Cathodic process Corrosion mechanism and characteristic processes References 57 2 Activity and passivity of magnesium (Mg) and its alloys 66 E. Ghali, Universite Laval, Canada 2.1 Active and passive behaviors of magnesium (Mg) and its a!loys Passive properties and stability Improvements and promising avenues of the passive behavior Specific factors characterizing corrosion behavior Active and passive behaviors and corrosion forms Performance of sacrificial magnesium (Mg) and its alloys Mechanism of corrosion of sacrificial anodes Examples of actual and possible uses Evaluation of the sacrificial behavior Future trends 108

3 vi Contents 2.11 Acknowledgements 2.12 References and further reading Part II Metallurgical effects 3 Corrosion of magnesium (Mg) alloys and metallurgical influence 117 A. Atrens and M. Liu, The University of Queensland, Australia, N. I. Zainal Abidin, University of Malaya, Malaysia and G.-L. Song, General Motors Corporation, USA 3.1 Introduction Measurement details Second phase effect Impurity concentration Surface condition Medical implant applications Concluding remarks Acknowledgements References Role of structure and rare earth (RE) elements on the corrosion of magnesium (Mg) alloys 166 T. Zhang, Harbin Engineering University, China and Y. Li, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 4.1 Introduction Role of structure on the corrosion process of magnesium (Mg) alloys Role of rare earth (RE) elements on the corrosion process of magnesium (Mg) alloys References Corrosion behaviour of magnesium (Mg)-based bulk metallic glasses 207 A. Gebert, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Germany 5.1 Introduction Magnesium (Mg)-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) Effect of micro-structural refinement on the corrosion of magnesium (Mg)-based alloys General corrosion and passivation behaviour of magnesium (Mg)-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) 214

4 Contents vii 5.5 Chloride-induced local corrosion behaviour of magnesium (Mg)-based metallic glasses Effect of hydrogen on the stability of magnesium (Mg)-based glassy alloys Future trends Acknowledgements References Corrosion of innovative magnesium (Mg) alloys 234 P. B. Srinivasan, C. Blawert and D. Hoche, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Germany 6.1 Recycled alloys Amorphous alloys Alloy coatings Ion implantation Laser processed magnesium (Mg) alloys References 260 Part III Environmental influences 7 Atmospheric corrosion of magnesium (Mg) alloys 269 M. JOnsson and D. Persson, SWEREA KIMAB, Sweden 7.1 Introduction The atmospheric environment Electrochemical reactions The oxide film The effect of atmospheric gases and particles Corrosion of magnesium (Mg) alloys during field exposure Corrosion products Influence of microstructure on the atmospheric corrosion behaviour Differences between field-exposed magnesium (Mg) and accelerated tests Concluding remarks References Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of magnesium (Mg) alloys 299 A. Atrens, The University of Queensland, Australia, N. Winzer, Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM, Germany, W. Dietzel and P. B. Srinivasan, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Germany and G.-L. Song, General Motors Corporation, USA 8.1 Introduction 299

5 viii Contents 8.2 Alloy influences Loading Environmental influences Proctography Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) mechanisms Recent insights Open issues Acknowledgements References Corrosion creep and fatigue behavior of magnesium (Mg) alloys 365 Y. B. Unigovski and E. M. Gutman, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel 9.1 Introduction Historical review of environmentally enhanced creep and fatigue of metals Mechanoelectrochemical behavior of magnesium (Mg) alloys Corrosion creep of magnesium (Mg) and diecast magnesium (Mg) alloys Corrosion fatigue of magnesium (Mg) alloys Summary References Magnesium (Mg) corrosion: a challenging concept for degradable implants 403 F. Witte, Hannover Medical School, Germany, N. Hort and F. Feyerabend, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Germany and C. Vogt, Leibniz Universitat Hannover, Germany 10.1 An introduction to degradable magnesium (Mg) implants The appropriate selection and use of biodegradable magnesium (Mg) alloys In vivo corrosion of magnesium (Mg) alloys: what happens in living tissue? Methods to characterize in vivo corrosion In vitro corrosion test methods Future trends References 423

6 Contents ix 11 Corrosion of magnesium (Mg) alloys in engine coolants 426 G.-L. Song, General Motors Corporation, USA and D. H. StJohn, The University of Queensland, Australia 11.1 Introduction Magnesium (Mg) alloys and coolants Laboratory evaluation methodology Corrosion of magnesium (Mg) in ethylene glycol solution Magnesium (Mg) alloys in ethylene glycol solution Magnesium (Mg) alloys in commercial coolants Corrosion inhibition Health and environmental concerns Summary References Numerical modelling of galvanic corrosion of magnesium (Mg) alloys 455 A. Atrens and Z. Shi, The University of Queensland, Australia and G.-L. Song, General Motors Corporation, USA 12.1 Introduction Boundary element method (BEM) model One-dimensional (ID) galvanic corrosion Galvanic interaction Steel fastener Discussion Conclusions Future trends Acknowledgements References Non-aqueous electrochemistry of magnesium (Mg) 484 D. Aurbach and N. Pour, Bar Ilan University, Israel 13.1 Introduction A short review of non-aqueous electrolyte solutions A short review of the passivation phenomena of active metals in non-aqueous electrolyte solutions Magnesium (Mg) electrodes in conventional polar aprotic solvents and in Grignard solutions Ionic liquids (ILs) for magnesium (Mg) electrochemistry On solutions with a wide electrochemical window (>2V) in which magnesium (Mg) deposition is reversible On magnesium (Mg) ions insertion into inorganic hosts 505 Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011

7 x Contents 13.8 Future trends References 513 Part IV Corrosion protection 14 Electrodeposition of aluminum (Al) on magnesium (Mg) alloys in ionic liquids 519 W.-T. Tsai and I.-W. Sun, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan 14.1 Introduction Basics for ionic liquid plating Electrochemical characteristics of A1C13-EMIC ionic liquids Material characteristics Electrochemical and corrosion resistance of aluminum (Al) and aluminum/zinc (Al/Zn)-coated magnesium (Mg) alloys Summary Acknowledgement References Corrosion protection of magnesium (Mg) alloys using conversion and electrophoretic coatings 541 B. L. Luan, D. Yang and X. Y. Liu, National Research Council of Canada, Canada and G.-L. Song, General Motors Corporation, USA 15.1 Introduction Conversion coating for magnesium (Mg) and its alloys Electrocoat Concluding remarks References Anodization and corrosion of magnesium (Mg) alloys 565 G.-L. Song, General Motors Corporation, USA and Z. Shi, The University of Queensland, Australia 16.1 Overview of anodizing techniques Characteristics of anodizing behavior Anodized coating/film Influencing factors Anodizing mechanism Corrosion of anodized magnesium (Mg) alloys 591

8 Contents xi 16.7 Application examples References Corrosion of magnesium (Mg) alloys: concluding remarks 615 G.-L. Song, General Motors Corporation, USA Index 618