PERFORMANCE INVESTIGATION OF WATER AND PROPYLENE GLYCOL MIXTURE BASED NANO-FLUIDS ON AUTOMOTIVE RADIATOR FOR ENHANCEMENT OF HEAT TRANSFER

Transcription

1 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 8, Issue 7, July 2017, pp , Article ID: IJMET_08_07_091 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed PERFORMANCE INVESTIGATION OF WATER AND PROPYLENE GLYCOL MIXTURE BASED NANO-FLUIDS ON AUTOMOTIVE RADIATOR FOR ENHANCEMENT OF HEAT TRANSFER K. Jagadishwar Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, K L University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India S. Sudhakar Babu Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, K L University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India ABSTRACT In the present study, the performance investigation of water and propylene glycol mixture based nanofluids on automotive radiator for heat transfer enhancement is carried out experimentally. The use of nanoparticles dispenses coolants in automobile radiators improves the heat transfer rate thus reduce the size of radiators. The experiments were conducted with three different concentrations of water and propylene glycol based nanofluids by adding 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.35% of TiO2 nano particles. The flow rates of coolant are considered as 6, 9, 12, and 16 lit/min for various temperatures. The experiment results showed that the heat transfer rate increases with increasing flow rate for a particular concentration of nanofluid and also with increasing concentaration of TiO2 nanoparticles at a particular flow rate. Nusselt number of nanofluid coolant that increases in flow rate. The experiment also showed that at higher operating temperatures there will be a more coolant flow there by 0.35% of TiO2 extents the heat transfer rate by 42.5% when compared to the base fluids. Key words: Heat Transfer Enhancement, Propylene Glycol, Radiator, Nanofluid Coolant. Cite this Article: K. Jagadishwar and S. Sudhakar Babu, Performance Investigation of Water and Propylene Glycol Mixture Based Nano-Fluids On Automotive Radiator For Enhancement of Heat Transfer, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 8(7), 2017, pp editor@iaeme.com

2 Performance Investigation of Water and Propylene Glycol Mixture Based Nano-Fluids On Automotive Radiator For Enhancement of Heat Transfer 1. INTRODUCTION Continuing technology updating in automotive industries has increased the demand for high efficiency of engines. An extreme efficiency of engine is not only based on capability but also for better fuel economy and less emissions. Usually single phase fluids like water, oil, engine oil, ethylene glycol obtain imprecise thermal properties. The thermal properties of these fluids can be progress by increment of small particles with higher thermal conductivity in these traditional fluids. As a result there is an essential for advanced and innovative heat transfer fluids for improving rate of heat transfer in an automobile radiator. Advanced studies integrated with the dispersion of micrometer sized particles indicated problems with dispersion and flow. The fluids containing of nanometer sized particles found to possess significantly higher thermal conductivity compare to their base fluids. The fluids that contained nanometer sized particles are termed as Nano-fluids. Nanofluids seem to be potential replacement of convection coolants in engine cooling system. The conventional heat transfer fluids for radiators such as water and ethylene glycol have poor heat transfer performance due to their low thermal conductivity. Numerous studies have been conducted to improve the heat transfer rate of the coolants. One among then was the suspension of solid metal or metal oxide nanoparticles which can improve the thermal conductivity of the coolant fluid. The nanofluids have high thermo-physical properties and can be a potential replacement for the radiator coolants. A typical nanofluid is prepared by dispersing certain type of select nanoparticles in a suitable base fluid (water, propylene glycol and coolant) with different volume concentrations, some of the specific advantages of nanofluids include enhance thermal properties when compared to the base fluid. Mixing of additives in coolants has been in use from dedicates to enhance the heat transfer and reduce the pressure drop along the flow. However, enough care is to be exercised when additives are employed since they are not only improve the heat transfer but also responsible to reduce the life of the components by fouling and other factors like increases the pressure drop and sedimentation. With the increase the demand for higher power and clean exhaust gasses regulations necessity for hybrid vehicles and heavy vehicles with higher power are increasing enormously. Peyghambarzadesh [1] carried out the experimental studies of forced convection heat transfer using water based nanofluid and also those compared with pure water in an automobile radiator. Five different concentrations are taken in the experiment (0.1%-1%). The temperatures are changed and the degree of heat transfer enhancement depends up on the addition of the nanoparticles into the pure water. The concentration of 1vol% the heat transfer enhancement of 45% increase while compare with the pure water. Sandhya and Chandra [2] The experiment carried out by the performance of ethylene glycol and water based tio2 nanofluid used in an automobile radiator. The nanofluid was taken as per the percentage of both water and ethylene glycol base fluid as ratio of 60:40 and the concentration as 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5 % of the nanofluid. And the percentage of water, ethylene glycol and nanofluid as 5lits are used in these experiment. The results shows that concentrations of 0.5% the heat transfer enhancement 35% when compare to the base fluid. K.Y. Leong and Saidur [3] The experiment carried out by water and ethylene glycol have been widely used as coolants in an automobile radiator for many years. From these low thermal conductivity occurs in heat transfer fluids. This study focused on the pure ethylene glycol based copper nanofluid are used in these experiment. Heat transfer rate increased with increasing in volume concentration of nanoparticles ranging from 0% to 2%. About 3.8% heat transfer enhancement was achieve with addition of 2%copper particles at 6000 and 5000 Reynolds number. Sandesh and Sahu [4] The experiment carried out by forced convective heat transfer on the automobile radiator using two nanofluids into the base fluid. For two different nanofluids the volume concentrations are 0.15%, 0.45%, 0.6% and 1% are taken editor@iaeme.com

3 K. Jagadishwar and S. Sudhakar Babu and the flow is in the range f 2l/min 5l/min. Results are demonstrate that the maximum heat transfer performance for 1.0% nanoparticles concentrations were found to be 90.76% and 52.03% higher for CNT-water and Al2O3-water. These results are compared with the base fluid water. Sandesh and Sahu [5] The experiment carried out by the convective heat transfer enhancement of CNT water nanofluid has been studied experimentally inside on actual radiator. The four different concentrations of nanofluid in the range of 0.15 % - 0.1%. The thermal performance of actual radiator was increased with the use of nano coolant compare to water. For 1.0 vol% nanoparticals concentrated and coolant flow rate of 5 l/min, the maximum enhancement in the heat transfer of FCNT water nanofluid was found to the 90.76% higher compound with water (Functionalized) CNT. The compound of FCNT exhibits better then (Surface treated) SCNT water. Peyghambarzadeh and Hashemabadi [6] The experiment carried out by the heat transfer of coolant flow through the automobile radiator is of great importance for the optimization of fuel consumption. In these the CuO and Fe2O3 water, the volumetric concentrations of 0.15%, 0.4%, 0.6 % are considered. The results demonstrate overall heat transfer co-efficient for Fe2O3-water nanofluid increasing 9% while compare to water. S.M. Peyghambarzadeh [7] The experiment carried by the forced convective heat transfer in a car radiator is performed to coolant circulating fluid which considered anti-freezing material like ethylene glycol. The pure water and ethylene glycol are compared, from these results are ethylene glycol are shown 40% higher than base fluid. Hafiz and Muhammad [8] The experiment carried by water based nanofluid for thermal management of a car radiator, the volumetric concentrations are 0.06%, 0.09%, 0.12% of nanofluid. A peak heat transfer enhancement of 31% was obtained at 0.12% concentration of MgO nanofluid. An increases of 8 o C in inlet temperatures shows (56 o C to 64 o C) 6% increases in heat transfer rate. M.Naraki and S. M. Peyghambarzadesh [9] The experiment carried by overall heat transfer coefficient of CuO/water nanofluids in a car radiator. The concentration of nanofluid are 0 to 0.4 vol%. The implementation of nanofluid increases the overall heat transfer coefficient up to 8% at nanofluid concentration of 0.4 vol% in comparison with the base fluid. The results show that the overall heat transfer coefficient with nanofluid is more than the base fluid. Ajay and Chandra [10] The experimental carried by the heat transfer enhancement of an automotive car radiator operated with nanofluid based coolants. Heat transfer rate is increased with increasing of volumetric concentrations of nanofluids are 0.15% to 1.5%.The results showed that 78% of heat transfer enhancement was archived from 1%. Adnan M. Hussein [11] The experimentally carried by forced convective heat transfer of SiO2 nanofluid in a car radiator. The four volumetric concentrations are taken as % nanofluids. The results showed that 50% heat transfer enhancement has increased while compared with the pure water. Chavan and Ashok [12] The experiment carried by forced convective heat transfer in an Al2O3/water nanofluid has been compared to that of pure water in automobile radiator. The five different concentra-tions of nanofluids in the range of vol. %. The test fluid flows through the automobile radiator consisted of 33 vertical tubes with elliptical cross section. The results showed that of the nanofluid with low concentration can enhance heat transfer efficiency up to 40 45% at 1% vol in comparison with pure water. M.H. Kayhani [13]The experimental carried by study of convective heat transfer and pressure drop of TiO2/water nanofluid through a horizontal circular tube has been performed. These nanofluid is dispersed in distilled water with concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 % vol. The results showed that the TiO2-water nanofluid with 2% volume fraction, the Nusselt number increased by 8% at Re=11,780. M. Ebrahimi [14]The experimental carried by filling of SiO2-water nanofluid in car radiator, the volumetric concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4% nanofluid effect of temperatures, flow rates are changed in different concentrations. The results shows that the nusselt number increases with liquid inlet temperatures. M.Elsebav [15] The experimental carried by resizing of radiator through heat transfer coolant flow. The volumetric concentrations of two nanofluids are 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, editor@iaeme.com

4 Performance Investigation of Water and Propylene Glycol Mixture Based Nano-Fluids On Automotive Radiator For Enhancement of Heat Transfer 0.07% are taken. The results are showed as increasing in heat transfer coefficient reached 45 and 38 % for Al2O3 and Cuo water as compared with values of pure water. Samira and Zeinali [16] The experimental carried by pressure drop and thermal performance of Cuo water and ethylene glycol in a car radiator with the ratio of 60:40. The concentrations are taken 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.8% vol of nanofluid. The results demonstrated that the presence of nanoparticles caused an increase in nanofluid pressure drop, which was intensified by increasing nanoparticle concentration as well as decreasing temperature of inlet fluid. Ali and Hassan Ali [17] The experimental carried by data are reported for water based nanofluids to enhance the heat transfer performance of a car radiator the ZnO nanoparticles are added into the base fluid. The four different concentrations are 0.01%, 0.08%, 0.2% and 0.3% taken. The beat heat transfer enhancement was found upto 46% to base fluid at 0.2%. The results showed that the fluid inlet temperature from 45 o C to 55 o C increase in heat transfer rate up to 4%. Y. Vermahmoudi [18] The experimental carried by the overall heat transfer coefficient of water based iron oxide nanofluid in a cmpact air cooled heat exchanger has been measured experimentally. The concentrations of 0.15, 0.4 and 0.65% are stabilized in iron oxide nanofluid. The results showed that the maximum overall heat transfer coefficient are equal to 13% and heat transfer rate upto 11.5% at 0.65% compared with base fluid. Weerapaun and Somchai [19] The experimental is carried out by measurements of temperatures dependent thermal conductivity and viscosity of tio2-water nanofluid, the nanoparticle is dispersed in water with the vlume concentrations of 0.2-2vol%. The results shows that the relative thermal conductivity of nanofluids increases with increasing temperature. It is also showed that the existing correlations for predicting the thermal conductivity of nanofluids gave lower values than the experimental values. On the other hand combustion temperatures of a modern automobile engine exceeds 2500 degree C 65% of the heat generated by the engine is removed with the exhaust gases, observed by the metal components of the engine, and dissipated through the engine oil. The remaining 35% is removed by the engine cooling system. Majority of the automobile radiators uses as a liquid cooling system where water with ethylene glycol is employed as cooling medium to transfer the excess heat from the engine. However, such conventional coolant provides inadequate heat transfer and therefore a necessity for high performance thermal systems arise. This can be achieved by increasing the size of the thermal system or cooling system. Due to the stringent design condition, increasing frontal, drag coefficient, in an automobile, the necessity for improving the heat transfer phenomenon in the cooling medium is becoming essential. 2. PREPARATION OF TIO2 NANOFLUID The preparation of nanofluids can be done using either one step method or two step method. In one step method, the nanoparticles are synthesized in the base fluid itself, while in the two step method synthesized of particles will be separated and then physically it will be amalgamation in the proper volume proportions to get required nanofluid. The preparation by the ratio of 60:40 water and propylene glycol with various concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles. The TiO2 nanoparticles were purchased from the Sigma Aldrich chemicals Ltd the particle average diameter of 50 nm. The amount of volume concentration of nanoparticle is evaluated from the following equation: = = Volume of nanoparticle 100 Volume of nanoparticle +Volume of base fluid (1)!"# $!"#!"# $!"# % &#'!( $ &#'!( ) 100 (2) editor@iaeme.com

5 K. Jagadishwar and S. Sudhakar Babu The preparation is done by the two step method. Firstly the particles are dissolved in the base fluid are water and propylene glycol by determined quantity. The nanofluid samples were prepared by consideration of the base fluid and the determined quantity of TiO2 is directly added to the 100g. This nanofluid solution was kept in to the sonicator continuously for 2hr to get the uniform dispersion and the stirring for 45 mins. The requirement amount of nanoparticles was added in to 20 liters of base fluid with the estimated quantity. The volume concentration of 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.35% were used for present investigation and it was stirred at least 2hr by a high speed mechanical stirrer at 2000 rpm. While conducting the experiment, the flow reign was considered turbulence and no sedimentation or disposition was observed. 3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP The experimental test rig for the investigation is shown in fig. The experimental setup consists of storage tank, heaters, a centrifugal pump, floe controller, flow meter, heat exchanger (radiator), fan, thermocouples, and temperature indicator. The capacity of the storage tank of coolant is 30 liters. The pump takes the fluid from the tank continuously, gives the constant flow rate which can be regulated by globe valve for all the experiments the volume of circulating fluid is constant. The piping in the test section is strictly insulated by asbestos rope. A flow meter (Tech-Ed) make which has a precision of 0.1lpm is used to regulate and manipulate the flow. For heating of the working fluid is heated by heaters of total capacity is 6kw (2kw 230v 50Hz) were fixed in the storage tank. Four thermocouples of k-type is used in this investigation, two were placed to the fluid inlet and outlet temperatures of the radiator and other two were placed to measure the wall temperatures. The wall temperatures is taken in the middle of the radiator. Figure 1 Schematic diagram of experimental set up The radiator is made up of aluminum with 29 vertical tubes the dimensions of each tube in radiator are 350mm height, 20mm length and 3mm width and distance between the tubes is filled with fins. The cooling of radiator is achieved by forced draft fan ( rpm). The thickness of the radiator tube is very small and due to high thermal conductivity we can equate the inside temperature of tube to outer surface. The measured temperatures will be displayed on the data acquisition system. All the equipment used in the experimentation were calibrated by the manufactures. The coolants is allowed to flow through radiator with flow rates of 6, 9, 12, 16lpm and the temperatures at 50 o C to 80 o C editor@iaeme.com

6 Performance Investigation of Water and Propylene Glycol Mixture Based Nano-Fluids On Automotive Radiator For Enhancement of Heat Transfer 4. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS Figure 2 Experimental set up Data reduction In the present work, the base fluid was a blend of 60:40 water and propylene glycol volume percentage. The thermophysical properties of the nanofluids were estimated based on the empirical formulas available in the literature. The equations were used for the determination of density, specific heat, thermal conductivity and viscosity. It is assumed that the nanoparticles are well dispersed in the fluid and also the concentration of nanoparticles may be uniform throughout the tube. The density of nanofluid was deliberate by the eq. (3) where as specific heat of nanofluid correlation was used which assumes thermal equilibrium between the particles and base fluid: ρ +, = ρ - + (1 )ρ /, (3) C 1+, = (1 )2 1 3& 5C 1 1/, C 4& 1-1 (4) 4& Where 6 78 and 6 98 are the densities of the base and nanofluids, respectively, ρ - is the density of practical and Ø is the volume concentration, C 1/, and C 1+, are the specific heats of base fluid and nanofluid and ;< is the specific heat of practical. The apparent thermal conductivity is the most important parameter to indicate the enhancement potential of the nanopartical with liquid suspension. The some existing formulas for predicting the thermal conductivity of solid - fluid suspension with relatively larger particles may be extended approximately to estimate that of the nanofluid. Thermal conductivity of nanofluids is calculated using the equation by Hamilton and Crosser: k +, = k - + (z 1)k /, (z 1)?k /, k k /, (5) k - + (z 1)k /,?k /, k editor@iaeme.com

7 K. Jagadishwar and S. Sudhakar Babu Where k /, and k +, are the thermal conductivities of the base fluid and nanofluid, k - is the thermal conductivity of the practical and z is the empirical shape factor and it is taken as 3 for spherical. The calculation of the nanofluid viscosity derived from the pioneering of the Einstein which is based on the assumption of linearly viscous fluid containing dilute, spherical partials. The viscosity of nanfluid is: μ +, = μ /, (1+2.5 ) (6) Where μ +, and μ /, are the viscosity of nanofluid and base fluid and is the volume concentration. To obtain heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number the following procedure as follows. According to the Newton s law of cooling the heat transfer coefficient is often used when evaluate the heat transfer fluid and solid in the case of heat exchanger the fluid 1 to fluid 2. Q = ha T = ha(t / T K ) (7) Heat transfer rate is calculated as follows: Q = ṁc - (T N+ T OPQ ) (8) Where Q is the heat transfer rate, ṁ is the mass flow rate, C - is the specific heat and T N+ and T OPQ are the inlet and outlet temperatures. The heat transfer coefficient can be derived by the relation: h = ṁc -(T N+ T OPQ ) (9) A(T T K ) Where h is the heat transfer coefficient, A is the total peripheral area of the tubes, T is the average temperatures of inlet and outlet temperatures known as bulk temperatures, and Tw is the wall temperature measured at the middle point of the radiator. The Nusselt number can be calculated as follows: Nu = hd k (10) Where h is the convective heat transfer coefficient, D is the hydraulic diameter of the tubes and k is the thermal conductivity of the fluid. 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The test facility was calculated for the accuracy and reliability of measurement by carrying test runs with base fluid in the automobile radiator. The results shows from the investigation were compared with empirical correlation given by Dittus Boelter Nu = Re X.Y Pr X.[ (11) Where Nu is the Nusselt number, Re is the Reynolds number and Pr is the Prandtl number from the correlation. Pr = μc - (12) k Where µ is the viscosity, Cp is the specific heat and k is the thermal conductivity of the fluid editor@iaeme.com

8 Performance Investigation of Water and Propylene Glycol Mixture Based Nano-Fluids On Automotive Radiator For Enhancement of Heat Transfer Figure 3 Comparison between the Nusselt number and Reynolds number The experimental results shows good agreement with empirical correlation. The results showed that average deviation of 7.5% for readings suggesting the high accuracy of experimental data. It is observed that the Nusselt number is increasing with the increasing in the coolant flow rate, there by increases the heat transfer Effect of Temperature on Viscosity The nanofluid is contraption with the TiO2 volume concentrations are 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.35% and it is used in experiment investigation. The different flows are taken for each concentrations as 6, 9, 12 and 16lpm as the working fluid pumped through the automobile radiator. In order the effect of temperature on viscosity of the radiator, different inlet temperatures have been taken to the nanofluid. At different concentrations and temperatures the viscosity of nanofluid are evaluate by using the viscometer (Brookfield) rotary type. The data of viscosity are being to be in superior convenient with the values available in literature. Figure 4 shows that the viscosity of the tio2 nanofluid. It can be observed from figure the particle concentration increases the viscosity of nanofluid increase. As that the temperature increases the viscosity of nanofluid decreases. Figure 4 Comparison of viscosity with temperatures at different volume concentrations editor@iaeme.com

9 K. Jagadishwar and S. Sudhakar Babu 4.2. Effect of temperature on thermal conductivity The experimentally measured values of thermal conductivity of tio2 nanofluid. The thermal conductivity of nanofluid are taken by the KD2 PRO. Repeated tests are conducted with base fluid (water and propylene glycol) and nanofluidto the reliability of the values. The theoretical values are taken by the formula given by Hamilton and Crosser. Figure 5 shows that the thermal conductivity of nanofluid increases with increasing temperature with decrease the viscosity.the enhancement of thermal conductivity with temperature for tio2 nanofluid. Figure 6 shows that the resultant of thermal conductivity of the tio2 nanofluid increases by 10% and 35% at the volumetric concentration of 0.1% and 035% compared with base fluid. Figure 5 Comparison of temperature with respective to thermal conductivity at experimental and theoretical values. Figure 6 Comparison of temperature with thermal conductivity at nanofluid divide by base fluid at different concentrations Study of heat transfer rate with flow rate of coolant Figure 7 represents the values of heat transfer rates at different flow rates ranging from 6 to 16lpm of base fluid and nanofluids. Three different concentrations are taken (0.1%, 0.2%, and editor@iaeme.com

10 Performance Investigation of Water and Propylene Glycol Mixture Based Nano-Fluids On Automotive Radiator For Enhancement of Heat Transfer 0.35%) the effect of temperatures on the heat transfer enhancement is also considered for this study, so the fluid inlet temperatures for radiator are varied from 50 o C to 80 o C. The heat transfer values of base fluid is taken as comparison in evaluating the heat transfer enhancement using the nanofluids. It is clearly observed that increase in flow rate, increases the heat transfer rate indicating the direct relation between these two parameters. Figure 7 Comparison between the heat transfer rate and flow rate. Figure 8 Comparison between Nusselt number and Reynolds number at different concentrations. The addition of nanoparticles has increased the heat transfer efficiency the concentration at which the nanoparticles plays an key role in the enhancement of heat transfer in this study, the thermo physical properties like density, and thermal conductivity has been increased and specific heat is decreased slightly than the base fluid, viscosity acted more unfavorable because of increasing the values but at higher flow rates and temperatures it doesn t alternate the heat transfer. At difference concentrations nanofluid i.e. 0.1% has shown only 7.5 % enhancement is heat transfer compared to base fluid it may be because of less number of nanoparticles. For the nanofluids tested at higher concentrations (0.2%, 0.35%) shown the better heat transfer rate compared to base fluid. It observed that the enhancement at 0.2% concentration is 27% and however the remarkable is increases editor@iaeme.com

11 K. Jagadishwar and S. Sudhakar Babu 5. CONCLUSION In this investigation, overall heat transfer coefficient for two working fluids in an automobile radiator has been measured experimentally. The ratio of two working fluids namely 60:40 for water and propylene and water propylene glycol based TiO2 nanofluids at different concentrations, flow rates and temperatures. The overall heat transfer coefficient decreases with increasing inlet temperatures. The overall heat transfer coefficient with the addition of nanoparticles with the base fluids. At the concentration of 0.35%, the heat transfer enhancement of 42.5% compared with base fluid. Increases the flow rate of working fluid enhances the heat transfer coefficient for both pure water and nanofluid considered while the variation of fluid inlet temperatures to the radiator slightly influences the heat transfer performance. This provides promising way for engineers to develop highly compact and effective radiators for vehicles. The addition of nanoparticles to the coolant has the potential to improve automotive and heavy duty engine cooling rates or equal causes to remove the engine heat with the reduced cooling system. This heat transfer enhancement may be leads to smaller and lighter radiators, which in turn lead to the lower capital and running cost. REFERENCES [1] S.M. Peyghambarzadeh, S.H. Hashemabadi, M. Seifi Jamnani, S.M. Hoseini, Improving the cooling performance of automobile radiator with Al2O3/water nanofluid, Applied Thermal Engineering 31 (2011) 1833e1838. [2] Devireddy Sandhya, Mekala Chandra Sekhara Reddy, Veeredhi Vasudeva Rao, Improving the cooling performance of automobile radiator with ethylene glycol water based TiO2 nanofluids, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 78 (2016) [3] K.Y. Leong, R. Saidur, S.N. Kazi, A.H. Mamun, Performance investigation of an automotive car radiator operated with nanofluid-based coolants (nanofluid as a coolant in a radiator), Applied Thermal Engineering 30 (2010) 2685e2692. [4] Sandesh S. Chougule, S.K. Sahu, Comparative study of cooling performance of automobile radiator using Al 2O 3-water and carbon nanotube water nanofluid [5] Sandesh S. Chougule, S. K. Sahu, Thermal Performance of Automobile Radiator Using Carbon Nanotube-Water Nanofluid Experimental Study, Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications December 2014, Vol. 6 / [6] S.M. Peyghambarzadeh, S.H. Hashemabadi, M.Naraki, Y. Vermahmoudi, Experimental study of overall heat transfer coefficient in the application of dilute nanofluids in the car radiator, Applied Thermal Engineering 52 (2013) 8e16 [7] S.M. Peyghambarzadeh, S.H. Hashemabadi, S.M. Hoseini, M. Seifi Jamnani, Experimental study of heat transfer enhancement using water/ethylene glycol based nanofluids as a new coolant for car radiators, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 38 (2011) [8] Hafiz Muhammad Ali, Muhammad Danish Azhar, Musab Saleem,Qazi Samie Saeed, and Ahmed Saieed, Heat teansfer enhancement of car radiator using aqua based magnesium oxide nanofluid, THERMAL SCIENCE: Year 2015, Vol. 19, No. 6, pp [9] M.Naraki, S.M. Peyghambarzadeh, S.H. Hashemabadi, Y. Vermahmoudi, Parametric study of overall heat transfer coefficient of CuO/water nanofluids in a car radiator, International Journal of Thermal Sciences 66 (2013) 82e90 [10] Ajay Tripathi, H. Chandra, Performance Investigation of Automobile Radiator Operated with ZnFe2O4 Nano Fluid based Coolant, Matec web of conferences 34, (01003) [11] AdnanM.Hussein, R.A.Bakar, K.Kadirgama, Study of forced convection nanofluid heat transfer in the automotive cooling system, Case StudiesinThermalEngineering2(2014) editor@iaeme.com

12 Performance Investigation of Water and Propylene Glycol Mixture Based Nano-Fluids On Automotive Radiator For Enhancement of Heat Transfer [12] Durgeshkumar Chavan, Ashok T. Pise, Performance Investigation of an Automotive Car Radiator Operated With Nanofluid as a Coolant, Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications, Manuscript final August 1, [13] M.H. Kayhani, H. Soltanzadeh, M.M. Heyhat, M. Nazari, F. Kowsary, Experimental study of convective heat transfer and pressure drop of TiO2/water nanofluid, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 39 (2012) [14] M. Ebrahimi, M. Farhadi, K. Sedighi, S. Akbarzade, Experimental Investigation of Force Convection Heat Transfer in a Car Radiator Filled with SiO2-water Nanofluid, IJE TRANSACTIONS B: Applications Vol. 27, No. 2, (February 2014) [15] M. Elsebay, I. Elbadawy, M.H. Shedid, M. Fatouh, Numerical resizing study of Al 2 O 3 and CuO nanofluids in the flat tubes of a radiator, Applied Mathematical Modelling 40 (2016) [16] Pourfarhang Samira, Zeinali Heris Saeed, Shokrgozar Motahare, and Kahani Mostafa, Pressure drop and thermal performance of CuO/ethylene glycol (60%)- water (40%) nanofluid in car radiator, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 32(4), (2015). [17] Hafiz Muhammad Ali, Hassan Ali, Hassan Liaquat, Hafiz Talha Bin Maqsood, Malik Ahmed Nadir, Experimental investigation of convective heat transfer augmentation for car radiator using ZnO-water nanofluids, Energy 84 (2015) 317e324. [18] Y. Vermahmoudia, S.M. Peyghambarzadeha,, S.H. Hashemabadib, M. Naraki, Experimental investigation on heat transfer performance of Fe2O3/water nanofluid in an air-finned heat exchanger, European Journal of Mechanics B/Fluids 44 (2014) [19] Basma Benhadou, Abdellah Haddout, Mariam Benhadou, Houssam Ourchid, Study of thermorheological behavior of polypropylene composites reinforced with short hemp fibers during industrial injection molding process. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 7(4), 2016, pp [20] Dr. M.S. Dixit. Optimum Use of Polypropylene Fibers Improves Soil Properties. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(1), 2017, pp [21] Weerapun Duangthongsuk, Somchai Wongwises, Measurement of temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and viscosity of TiO2-water nanofluids, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33 (2009) editor@iaeme.com