Lecture 14 The surface hardening of steels. Flame Hardening
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1 Lecture 14 The surface hardening of steels Flame Hardening
2 The surface hardening of steels Reference Text Higgins RA & Bolton, Materials for Engineers and Technicians, 5th ed, Butterworth Heinemann Section Ch 14 Additional Readings Section
3 The surface hardening of steels Note: This lecture closely follows text (Higgins Ch14)
4 Principles of hardening (Higgins 14.1) READ HIGGINS 14.1 Many metal components require a hard outer skin and tougher inner core. E.g. Machine elements like shafts, bearings, gears, cams etc. There are two ways to achieve this; 1. Use low-carbon steel (tough) and add carbon to the outer skin. 2. Use carbon steel and heat only the surface before quenching.
5 Case-hardening (Higgins 14.2) 1. Use low-carbon steel (tough) and add carbon to the outer skin. Higgins
6 Case-hardening (Higgins 14.2) READ HIGGINS Carburising in solid media: (pack carburising) Higgins
7 Case-hardening (Higgins 14.2) READ HIGGINS Carburising in liquid media (cyanide) Higgins
8 Case-hardening (Higgins 14.2) READ HIGGINS Carburising by gaseous media Higgins
9 Heat-treatment after carburising (Higgins 14.3) READ HIGGINS 14.3 Refining the core Refining the case Higgins
10 Case-hardening steels (Higgins 14.4) READ HIGGINS 14.4 Higgins
11 VIDEO: Crystals and Grain Structure BBC (1973) Part 3: Heat Treatment 1. What is a grain? 2. Recrystallisation Steel grains are too small to be visible - need a microscope approx 250 times magnification. Ferrite: Light coloured. Made of iron. Gives ductility to the steel Pearlite: darker coloured. Layers of Iron + Iron Carbide. Hardness and strength to the steel. 100% Pearlite: 0.83%C. Recrystallisation temperature 723C. Eutectic alloy. Normalising - cooled in air, grain size reduced and more uniform shape, toughness increased due to smaller grains Quenching - increases hardness. Not enough time for pearlite to form, so a needle like structure forms - martensite. Very hard and brittle. Tempering - (after quenching) restores toughness. Modifies the martensite needles with small flakes of carbon. This gives keeps most hardness, adds toughness. 0.1%C steel (Mild Steel). Recrystallisation 900C. Not enough carbon to produce martensite.
12 Nitriding (Higgins 14.5) READ HIGGINS 14.5 Requires Steel with alloys that form carbides with N Lower temperature for diffusion (500 o C for 40 to 100 hours) Higgins
13 Nitriding (Higgins 14.5) READ HIGGINS 14.5 Higgins
14 Nitriding (Higgins 14.5) READ HIGGINS Heat treatment Advantages and disadvantages of nitriding Carbonitriding
15 Ion Nitriding (Higgins 14.6) READ HIGGINS 14.6 Plasma nitriding and ion implantation.
16 Flame-hardening (Higgins 14.7) READ HIGGINS 14.7 Localised heating/quenching Higgins
17 Induction-hardening (Higgins 14.8) READ HIGGINS 14.8 Powerful, high frequency current induces eddy currents in the surface of the component, heating it locally. Higher frequencies heat to a shallower depth (skin effect). Induction Heating
18 Summary (Higgins 14.9) Higgins
19 Video: Heat Treatment: BBC: 1981 Heat treatment [videorecording] / producer Brian Davies. Video: Discusses the use of heat which changes the properties of metals. Outlines different techniques including hardening, tempering, annealing, normalising as well as a non-heat process, cold-working. Recommended viewing: All
20 Online Resources. Teach yourself phase diagrams Handout Heat Treatment: BBC: Heat treatment [videorecording] / producer Brian Davies. [B.B.C.], Video: Discusses the use of heat which changes the properties of metals. Outlines different techniques including hardening, tempering, annealing, normalising as well as a non-heat process, cold-working. Wikipedia:
21 GLOSSARY Carburising Plasma Ion Nitriding Pack carburising Cyanide hardening Gas-carburising Flame hardening Induction hardening Carbonitriding
22 QUESTIONS Moodle XML: Some questions in Steel 1. Define all the glossary terms. 2. Describe why a part would need a hard skin and a soft core. 3. Use a table to summarise the advantages and disadvantages of the three carburising methods as shown in the video: Pack carburising, cyanide and plasma. 4. List advantages and disadvantages of nitriding
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