The University of New Mexico. Lecture 4. Chapter 5. zcl ME260L 06. The University of New Mexico. Austenite, Ferrite and Cementite.

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1 Lecture 4 Chapter 5 Austenite, Ferrite and Cementite 1

2 Austenite, Ferrite, Martensite and Cementite Austenite FCC Structure of Fe/steel at elevated temperatures (~ >727 o C) Ferrite BCC Relatively soft and ductile Steel structure at lower temperatures than Austenite Martensite non-equilibrium structure BCT Hard and brittle Cementite Fe 3 C Iron carbide Orthorhombic Hard and brittle Austenite Transformation Isothermal Transformation TTT curve Pearlite Bainite Martensite 2

3 Mechanical Property Differences Between Ferrites and Spheroidite Mechanical Property Differences Between Ferrite and Martensite (b) 3

4 Tempering of Martensite Heat Treatments of Plain Carbon Steel 4

5 Cooling Effects on Hardness of Plain Carbon Steels Effect of Tempering on Plain Carbon Steels 5

6 Electric Furnaces Carbon steels are the least expensive of all structural metals Electric furnaces Direct Arc Indirect Arc Induction Electric Furnaces 6

7 Electric Furnaces Electric Furnaces 7

8 Blast Furnace Design Selection of Carbon and Alloy Steels TABLE 5.1 Product Steel Product Steel Aircraft forgings, tubing, fittings Automobile bodies Axles Ball bearings and races Bolts Camshafts Chains (transmission) Coil springs Connecting rods Crankshafts (forged) 4140, , , 4042, , , , 3141, , 1145, 3135, 3140 Differential gears Gears (car and truck) Landing gear Lock washers Nuts Railroad rails and wheels Springs (coil) Springs (leaf) Tubing Wire Wire (music) , , 4340, , 4063, , 4063, 9260, , Designation for steels AISI First two digits indicate the alloying elements Last two digits are for amount of C by weight 1040 Steel No alloying elements outside of C 0.40% C 8

9 Mechanical Properties of Selected Steels TABLE 5.2 Typical Mechanical Properties of Selected Carbon and Alloy Steels in the Hot-Rolled, Normalized, and Annealed Condition AISI Condition Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) Yield Strength (MPa) Elongation in 50 mm (%) Reduction of area (%) Hardness (HB) As-rolled Normalized Annealed As-rolled Normalized Annealed Normalized Annealed Normalized Annealed Normalized Annealed Stainless Steel Stainless steels Stainless refers to its corrosion resistance (due to layer of Chromium Oxide) Used where corrosion is an issue Kitchenware Knives Pots Pans Aircraft fittings High vacuum components 9

10 AISI (UNS) 303 (S30300) Stainless Steel TABLE 5.4 Room-Temperature Mechanical Properties and Typical Applications of Selected Annealed Stainless Steels Ultimate tensile Yield Elongation strength strength in 50 mm (MPa) (MPa) (%) Characteristics and typical applications 304 (S30400) 316 (S31600) Screw machine products, shafts, valves, bolts, bushings, and nuts; aircraft fittings; bolts; nuts; rivets; screws; studs Chemical and food processing equipment, brewing equipment, cryogenic vessels, gutters, downspouts, and flashings High corrosion resistance and high creep strength. Chemical and pulp handling equipment, photographic equipment, brandy vats, fertilizer parts, ketchup cooking kettles, and yeast tubs. 410 (S41000) 416 (S41600) Machine parts, pump shafts, bolts, bushings, coal chutes, cutlery, tackle, hardware, jet engine parts, mining machinery, rifle barrels, screws, and valves Aircraft fittings, bolts, nuts, fire extinguisher inserts, rivets, and screws. Tool and Die Steels TABLE 5.6 Processing and Service Characteristics of Common Tool and Die Steels AISI designation Resistance to decarburization Resistance to cracking Approximate hardness (HRC) Machinability Toughness Resistance to softening Resistance to wear M2 Medium Medium Medium Low Very high Very high T1 High High Medium Low Very high Very high T5 Low Medium Medium Low Highest Very high H11, 12, 13 Medium Highest Medium to high Very high High Medium A2 Medium Highest Medium Medium High High A9 Medium Highest Medium High High Medium to high D2 Medium Highest Low Low High High to very high D3 Medium High Low Low High Very high H21 Medium High Medium High High Medium to high H26 Medium High Medium Medium Very high High P20 High High Medium to high High Low Low to medium P21 High Highest Medium Medium Medium Medium W1, W2 Highest Medium Highest High Low Low to medium Source: Adapted from Tool Steels, American Iron and Steel Institute, Tool and Die Steels High strength Impact toughness Wear resistance 10

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