Innovative Reactor Concepts (Generation IV)
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1 Innovative Reactor Concepts (Generation IV) Aliki van Heek Programme Manager 4th Generation Nuclear Energy Systems NRG 22 June 2009
2 Generation I Contents Development demand, systems & projects Innovation for economy Innovation for safety Innovation for sustainability - Early prototype/ demo reactors - Shippingport - Dresden, Fermi I - Magnox Generation II - LWR-PWR, BWR - CANDU - HTGR/AGR - VVER/RBMK Generation III - ABWR, System 80+, AP600, EPR Generation IV - First demo of nuclear power on commercial scale - Close relationship with DOD - LWR dominates - Multiple vendors - Passive safety features - Custom designs - Standardized designs - Size, costs, licensing times driven up - Combined license Atoms for Peace TMI-2 Chernobyl - Highly economical - Proliferation resistant - Enhanced safety - Minimize waste
3 Development demand economy innovative nuclear systems safety sustainability 3
4 Reactor systems innovative nuclear systems 4 high temperature safety water-cooled economy sustainability fast
5 European R&D projects innovative nuclear systems 5 RAPHAEL high temperature HPLWR safety warer-cooled economy sustainability fast EISOFAR ELSY GCFR ALISIA
6 Innovation for economy Super-critical water-cooled reactor Follow-up development on Generation III reactors currently under construction Higher pressure Higher temperature Cooling water is in super-critical state Higher efficiency Better economy European project: High Performance Light Water Reactor (HPLWR) 6
7 European project HPLWR High Performance Light Water Reactor Main issue: safety heat removal under all circumstances Main activities: Fuel element Reactor core design Thermal hydraulic calculations 7
8 Innovation for safety High temperature reactor Alternative design with - helium coolant - particle fuel - low power density Melt-free core Higher temperatures Also applicable for non-electric energy products European project: ReActor for Process heat, Hydrogen and ELectricty generation (RAPHAEL) 8
9 European project RAPHAEL ReActor for Process heat, Hydrogen and ELectricty generation Based on Generation I experience Main issue: high temperature materials Main part: irradiation experiments of - Fuel - Graphite - Vessel steel 9
10 Innovation for sustainability Fast reactor designs Alternative design with coolant not interacting with neutrons: - Sodium - Lead - Helium - Fluoride salt Suitable to - Breed fuel from U Transmute long-lived waste isotopes European projects: one for each coolant material 10
11 European fast reactor projects Sodium: European Innovative Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (EISOFAR) Lead: European Lead-cooled System (ELSY) Helium: Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor (GCFR) Fluoride salt: Assessment of LIquid Salts for innovative applications (ALISIA) Generic achievement: first Minor Actinide bearing fuel fabricated and tested within EU Framework projects 11
12 European project: European Innovative Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (EISOFAR) based on Generation I experience Roadmap written; new project ESFR started French activity for demonstration reactor Main issue: sodium chemical reactivity 12
13 European project: European Leadcooled System (ELSY) No Generation I basis (except for a few Soviet submarines) R&D basis from earlier projects (ADS) Main issue: heavy weight of lead Main activities: design and safety analyses 13
14 European project: Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor (GCFR) No Generation I basis Earliest fast reactor activity in EU since 90s break (2003) Main issue: heat removal under all circumstances Main activities: design and safety analyses for: - demonstration reactor - commercial reactor 14
15 European project: Assessment of LIquid Salts for innovative applications (ALISIA) Special feature: fuel dissolved in coolant No Generation I basis Main issue: corrosivity of salts Main activities: - Salt selection - Integrated reprocessing 15
16 Next step for Fast Reactors: SNE-TP European Industrial Initiative (EII) 16
17 Thank you for your attention! (HPLWR) (RAPHAEL) (GCFR) (ELSY) cordis.europa.eu/ (all EC projects) (SNE-TP) 17
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