Technology & Prod uct Reports Does Amendment of Soak Solution with Sucrose and Urea Increase Production of Shiitake Mushrooms on Sawdust Blocks?

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Jennifer Weaver
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1 Tehnology & Prod ut Reports Does Amendment of Sok Solution with Surose nd Ure Inrese Prodution of Shiitke Mushrooms on Swdust Bloks? Cthy Sot, Cul Beyl, nd Gokul Ghle ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. iologil effiieny, Lentinul edodes SUMMARY. This study evluted whether dding either surose or ure to the sok wter ould enhne prodution of shiitke mushrooms (Lentinul edodes) on swdust loks. For oth surose nd ure experiments, swdust loks inoulted with QR nd 26 strins of L. edodes were pled in the sok wter mended with either surose or ure t the first soking only, t the seond soking only, or t ll six sokings. Control loks were soked in tp wter. In Experiment I, loks were soked in wter ontining, 2,, or 4, ppm (mg L 1 ) surose. Strin 26 produed signifintly more mushrooms nd greter mushroom weight thn QR. Addition of surose to the sok wter resulted in fewer mushrooms hrvested nd lower yields thn ontrols. There ws signifint intertion Deprtment of Plnt nd Soil Siene, Alm A&M University, Norml, AL Contriuted y the Agriulturl Experiment Sttion, Alm A&M University, Journl pper no Reserh supported y CSREES/USDA. July Septemer 24 14(3) etween the surose rte nd strin for oth mushroom numer nd iologil effiieny (BE). Both strins produed fewer mushrooms nd less BE s the onentrtion of surose in the sok wter inresed; however, QR ws less ffeted y the inresing onentrtion of surose. In Experiment II, swdust loks inoulted with QR nd 26 strins of shiitke were soked in wter ontining, 24, or 36 ppm (mg L 1 ) ure. Strin 26 produed signifintly more mushrooms nd greter BE thn QR. The ddition of 24 ppm of ure to the sok wter resulted in more mushrooms per lok hrvested nd 12% inrese in BE over the ontrol. The 24 ppm rte dded t eh sok produed more mushrooms nd mushroom weight thn the ontrol nd lso produed more mushrooms thn ny of the loks in the higher rte of ure (36 ppm) tretments. Adding 16.9 oz (48 g) of ure per tnk to otin 24 ppm ure in the sok wter results in the miniml inrese in ost of out $.2 per sok (2 swdust loks), ut potentilly inreses the vlue of the mushrooms hrvested from eh lok y $.7. In n verge-sized shiitke mushroom lok prodution fility ontining loks, ontinuous ddition of 24 ppm ure to the sok wter would provide n inresed return of out $37 over the entire seson. Shiitke mushrooms ontriuted $.2 million to the $889 million U.S.-produed mushroom rop in Prodution of shiitke mushrooms in 22 3 ws 8.2 million l (3.72 million kg) (U.S. Deprtment of Agriulture, 23). Sine 1992, shiitke prodution hs tripled while the wholesle prie hs gone from $3.88 to $3.6 per pound ($8. to $6.7 per kg). Shiitke mushroom pries inresed 4% in 23, defying the generl downwrd trend tht hs ourred sine 1992 (U.S. Deprtment of Agriulture, 199). The overll deline in prie is miniml onsidering the inrese in prodution. During this sme period, produer numers nd log prodution hve delined while swdust lok prodution nd totl U.S. prodution inresed to pek in 2 1. It ppers tht produers re optimizing prodution y inresing swdust sustrte prodution. Therefore, prodution innovtions tht will ontinue to derese input osts nd improve produer returns re neessry to ounter overll delining pries. Integrtion of shiitke mushrooms into lol frming systems serves to utilize forest resoures nd to pitlize on rop tht is primrily imported, ut n e grown domestilly. Commeril shiitke mushroom prodution in the United Sttes strted on hrdwood logs. Beuse shiitke prodution on nturl logs is so lor intensive, mny produers re shifting to swdust lok prodution. Swdust loks re mde from hrdwood swdust mixed with grins, nutrients, nd lime. However, the tul ingredients nd mounts vry with the produer. The ingredients re mixed, pled in het-resistnt g, nd re then utolved. After the ingredients ool, shiitke spwn is dded to the g mixture nd the g is seled. Eh g hs smll rething pth for ir exhnge. As myeli grow, the swdust mixture turns white, then rown. When the lok is ompletely rown, it n e removed from the g, nd will usully fruit without soking. To e profitle, swdust loks should e from % to 1% BE, whih is mesure of prodution effiieny (Donoghue, 1994). Bsl effiieny is lulted y dividing the fresh weight of mushrooms hrvested y the dry weight of the lok (sustrte) nd multiplying y 1. The swdust lok prodution method is more ostly thn prodution on nturl logs, ut n result in higher yields from muh smller spe with shorter rop yle. The ontent of the swdust lok is lso ritil to the level of prodution of speifi strin. Royse et l. (199) determined tht dding low levels (.6% to 1.2%) of surose to the sustrte resulted in signifint inreses in the BE (22%) ompred to the su- 393

2 TECHNOLOGY & PRODUCT REPORTS strte without the ddition of surose. Most of the inrese in BE ourred during the first mushroom rek, nd it ws oserved tht the.6% nd 1.2% surose-supplemented loks tended to hve less sttered pik yles. In nother experiment, three shrides (surose, frutose, nd gluose) t three rtes (%,.6%, nd 1.2%) were ompred. Boyle (1998) determined tht most nitrogen-ontining supplements inresed growth, while other elements, vitmins, or rohydrtes hd little effet. In generl, surose hd more fvorle influene on yield thn frutose or gluose. The literture ited ove hs shown tht there is potentil for inresing yields y dding supplements to the sustrte. In this reserh, the sok wter ws trgeted s the vehile for delivery of the mendment euse most produers do not mke their own syntheti loks. The sok wter mendments were lso used euse, s the lok ges, sustrte nd nutrients eome depleted, nd we speulted tht some of this loss ould e reintrodued vi soking to prolong or inrese the prodution life of the lok. The ojetives of this reserh were to: 1) ompre two swdust lok strins of shiitke; 2) evlute surose nd ure supplements to the sok wter; 3) determine most produtive levels of ure nd surose supplementtion; nd 4) optimize the timing of supplementtion of surose or ure into the sok wter. Mterils nd methods Hrdwood swdust loks inoulted with strins QR or 26 were otined from Field nd Forest Produts (Peshtigo, Wis.) in These strins were developed for swdust nd do not neessrily perform well in hrdwood logs. Swdust loks were mde sequentilly, 64 loks t time. Eh 64-lok th onsisted of 84 gl (318. L) y volume of red ok (Querus rur) swdust, 3 l (.9 kg) millet, 22 l (1. kg) rn, 8.8 fl oz (26.3 ml) gypsum, 8 l (3.6 kg) winter rye, nd 17 fl oz (2.8 ml) surose. The verge dry weight of the loks used in this experiment ws 2 l (97.2 g). Bloks remined in the gs for 6 weeks until the skins, or outer surfe of the lok, hd turned light to medium rown. On 2 June 1997, the swdust loks were freed of the gs nd mushrooms tht hd developed while the lok ws inside the 394 g were removed efore soking. For oth the surose nd ure experiments, loks in the ontrol tretments were soked in tp wter on 2 June nd 14 July, respetively, for 24 h. The loks in the 2, ppm surose tretment were first soked on 23 June, nd loks in the 4, ppm tretment were soked 24 June. The loks were pled in -gl (67.8 L) luminum sok tnk with ord over the top to keep the loks from floting nd soked for 24 h. To determine the mount of surose or ure to e dded, the empty tnk ws filled with 2 swdust loks. The mount of wter needed to fill the tnk ontining the loks ws 3 gl (2.6 L). Sine the sme numer of loks ws put in the tnk eh time nd the mount of wter dded t eh soking ws pproximtely the sme, this volume ws lwys used s the sis for the ddition of surose or ure. To redue the mount of ross ontmintion of loks, new sok wter ws used for eh tretment. In ddition to the three rtes of surose (, 2,, nd 4, ppm) nd two strins (QR nd 26), there were four pplition tretments. The ontrol ws soked in tp wter eh of the six times. The first sok only loks were immersed in ure/surose-mended tp wter the first time the loks were soked, nd tp wter without ure/surose the remining five times. The seond sok only loks were soked in tp wter the first time, ure/surose-mended wter the seond time, nd tp wter the lst four times. The ontinuous sok loks were soked in ure/surose-mended wter eh of the six times. For the ure experiment, the loks were removed from the gs on 14 July The ontrol loks were pled in tnks ontining tp wter on the sme dy nd the 24 nd 36 ppm ure tretments were soked nd 16 July, respetively, for 24 h. The 24 nd 36 ppm rtes required the ddition of 16.9 oz (48 g) nd.4 oz (72 g) of ure, respetively, to 3 gl of wter in the sok tnk t eh mended sok. Nitrogen in the form of ure t three rtes (, 24, nd 36 ppm) ws evluted with three times of pplition (first sok only, seond sok only, ll soks) plus ontrol, nd two strins (QR nd 26). Swdust loks were soked t 3-week intervls fter the initil soking. Some loks deomposed prior to the finl soking nd were disposed of s ws pproprite. Bloks were pled on rks in n insulted heted/ooled ft ( m) uilding. The ir temperture ws mintined t 68 to 72 F (2. to 22.2 C) during the dy nd 62 to 66 F (16.7 to 18.9 C) t night. Flor-MIST nozzles (Reed S. Kofford, Wlnut Creek, Clif.) misted the interior of the uilding three times per dy for min to mintin humidity in the house. The nozzles hung from the eiling nd were positioned in the isles etween the rks nd ove the logs, sped 3 ft (.9 m) prt going down the isle. The two rows of sprinklers were 4 ft (1.2 m) prt. The nozzles distriuted 4 gl (.1 L) of wter per hour s 3 to 4-ft irle of fog-like mist spry. There ws miniml overlp etween nozzles, s the purpose ws to provide humidity, not irrigte the loks. The three rks were loted one on eh sidewll nd one in the middle. Eh rk hd four shelves, nd the loks were rndomly pled on the shelves throughout the experiment. Mushrooms were hrvested one per dy. A mushroom ws onsidered mture when the veil overing the gills hd roken or split. Mushrooms from eh lok were ounted nd weighed. Mushrooms tht were less thn 1 inh (2. m) in dimeter or dly misshpen re not onsidered mrketle nd therefore were not inluded in the results of this reserh. All tretments were replited three times with three susmples. All tretments were ompletely rndomized. Numer nd weight of mushrooms were reorded nd BE ws lulted for tretments. Inidene of disese ws not speifilly reorded. However, loks tht eme onsumed with ontminnt fungi were disrded nd lok numers were reorded long with the dte of disposl. Dt were nlyzed with the sttistil pkge SttView (SAS, Cry, N.C.) nd SuperAnov (Aus Conepts, Berkeley, Clif.). Men seprtions were lulted using Dunn s new multiple rnge test (P.) Yield ws reported s BE nd numer of mushrooms. Results nd disussion SUCROSE EXPERIMENT. Strin 26 produed n verge of 2% BE nd 1 mushrooms per lok ompred July Septemer 24 14(3)

3 Biologil effiieny (%) , 4, Fig. 1. Both iologil effiieny nd numer of shiitke mushrooms produed per lok were deresed signifintly when surose t 2, ppm (mg L 1 ) ws dded in the sok wter, with n even greter derese ourring with the 4, ppm rte of surose. Mens re seprted using Dunn s new multiple rnge test (P.), n = 4. Surose [ppm (mg L -1 )] 2, 4, Numer of mushrooms Biologil effiieny (%) Wter only 1st sok only 26 QR 2nd sok only Every sok Sok tretment Fig. 3. Biologil effiieny ws redued y surose dditions t the first nd seond soks only for shiitke mushroom strin 26 ut the negtive impt of surose s funtion of sok timing ws not signifint for strin QR. Mens re seprted using Dunn s new multiple rnge test (P.), n = 18. Wter only 1st sok only 2nd sok only Every sok Biologil effiieny (%) 2 2 Fig. 2. Biologil effiieny ws influened y oth strin of shiitke mushroom nd rte of surose with inresing onentrtions of surose in the sok wter hving greter negtive effet on strin 26 thn QR. Points represent tretment mens, n = 81. QR = 3.2 (.28*rte), P =.6, r 2 = = 67.1 (.1*rte), P =.1, r 2 =.34. to QR, whih produed only 3% BE nd 19 mushrooms per lok. The ddition of 2, nd 4, ppm of surose to the sok wter resulted in signifintly fewer mushrooms hrvested. The 4, ppm rte produed 24 mushrooms/ lok, whih ws out hlf tht of the ontrol (Fig. 1). The surose mendments lso resulted in lower yields (39% nd 31% BE, respetively) thn the ontrol (2% BE) (Fig. 1). There ws signifint intertion etween strin nd onentrtion of surose in the sok wter. Strin QR ws less ffeted y the inresed onentrtion Biologil effiieny (%) Fig. 4. Both iologil effiieny nd the numer of shiitke mushrooms hrvested for surose treted loks inresed from the first hrvest, peked t the seond hrvest, nd delined therefter. Mens re seprted using Dunn s new multiple rnge test (P.), n = 162. of surose (36.1% BE ontrol to 24.8% BE 4, ppm) thn strin 26 (67.7% BE for the ontrol ompred to 37.6% for 4, ppm) (Fig. 2). The BE of strin 26 ws redued signifintly when surose ws dded t the first nd the seond sok only. When surose ws dded eh time the loks were soked, redution in BE ws nonsignifint reltive to the ontrol (Fig. 3) d Hrvest period Yields peked t the seond hrvest irrespetive of surose tretment, giving 18% BE, mushrooms per log vs. 14% BE nd 11 mushrooms per log t the first hrvest (Fig. 4). When the rte of mendment ws plotted ginst the dtes of hrvest, the most importnt feture of this intertion ws the shrp deline in yields t the third hrvest s surose rtes inresed (Fig. ). These results suggest tht the d Numer of mushrooms July Septemer 24 14(3) 39

TECHNOLOGY & PRODUCT REPORTS ppm 24 ppm 36 ppm Fig.. The negtive effet on iologil effiieny of dding surose t inresing rtes to the sok wter ws signifint only t the third hrvest of shiitke mushrooms.

4 TECHNOLOGY & PRODUCT REPORTS ppm 24 ppm 36 ppm Fig.. The negtive effet on iologil effiieny of dding surose t inresing rtes to the sok wter ws signifint only t the third hrvest of shiitke mushrooms. Points represent tretment mens, n = 4. 1st hrvest = 14.3 (.13*rte), P =.7939, r 2 =.4. 2nd hrvest = 2. (.96*rte), P =.1292, r 2 =.14. 3rd hrvest = 14. (.318*rte), P =.1, r 2 =.1. 4th hrvest = 1.28 (.89*rte), P =.91, r 2 =.2. Biologil effiieny (%) Fig. 6. Ure t 24 ppm (mg L 1 ) signifintly inresed iologil effiieny nd numer of shiitke mushrooms produed per lok over those of the ontrol loks, ut not t the 36 ppm rte. Mens re seprted using Dunn s new multiple rnge test (P.), n = 4. externl infusion of surose through the sok medium did not eliit the sme response s dding surose to the sustrte (Royse et l., 199). NITROGEN/UREA EXPERIMENT. As in the surose experiment, strin 26 produed more weight nd greter numer of mushrooms (4% BE nd 37 mushrooms per lok) thn QR (27% BE nd 19 mushrooms per lok). Ure [ppm (mg L -1 )] Numer of mushrooms Biologil effiieny (%) Numer of mushrooms The ddition of 24 ppm ure to the sok wter resulted in more mushrooms (34 vs. 24) hrvested nd n inrese of 11% in iologil effiieny over the ontrol (39% ompred to 28%) (Fig. 6). Both the numer of mushrooms nd iologil effiieny were less with the 36 ppm rte of ure thn the 24 rte, ut this ws signifint only in the se of numer 1st sok only 2nd sok only Every sok Ure Sok Tretment Fig. 7. The most effetive tretment in terms of inresing oth iologil effiieny nd numer of shiitke mushrooms produed per lok ws the 24 ppm (mg L 1 ) ure tretment dministered t every sok. Mens re seprted using Dunn s new multiple rnge test (P.), n = 18. of mushrooms. This ould indite delining trend in yields due to exessive nitrogen in the loks (Lethm, 198). The intertion etween the timing of the ddition of ure to the sok wter nd the rte of ure ws signifint. The BE of loks with the 24 ppm ure tretment ontinued to inrese s sok time inresed (first time only 34% BE, seond time only 3% BE, ontinuous 47% BE) (Fig. 7). The ontinuous sok tretment t the 24 ppm ure level lso produed lmost twie the mushrooms (47) s tht of the ontrol (24) nd 36 ppm ure ontinuous soks (2). 396 July Septemer 24 14(3)

5 Biologil effiieny (%) Fig. 8. Both iologil effiieny nd numer of shiitke mushrooms per lok delined fter the first hrvest in the ure experiment. Mens re seprted using Dunn s new multiple rnge test (P.), n = 162. Biologil effiieny delined fter the first hrvest of loks soked in ure (Fig. 8). Although hrvest dte signifintly interted with strin, sok tretments, nd rte of ure, the trends noted did not vry from the min effets; therefore they hve not een shown. There re mny importnt vriles in growing myelium nd fruiting shiitke in swdust medi. The swdust should e omposed of hrdwood speies, nd supplemented with rohydrte soure suh s grin, orn powder, gluose, nd nitrogen-vitmin-minerl soure, suh s otmel, rie rn, or whet rn. Sugrs provide esily ville rohydrtes tht speed oloniztion nd degrdtion of the medium, reduing the time to fruiting. If there re exess rohydrtes, weed fungi or ontminnts often invde the sustrte. This Hrvest period n result in loss of yields nd rpid deteriortion of the sustrte. In this study, it ws found tht externl pplition of surose vi the sok wter redued yields. While ontminnts ould e n issue, no speifi dt were reorded on ontminted loks nd their distriution throughout the tretments. Produtivity in the ure mendment experiment ws inresed y the ddition of 24 ppm ure to the sok wter t eh soking. While the dded ure minimlly inresed the ost of prodution, the vlue of the mushrooms hrvested from eh lok inresed. The ddition of 24 ppm or 16.9 oz ure to eh tnk inresed the ost of prodution out $.2 per sok (2 swdust loks) ut inresed the vlue of the mushrooms hrvested from eh lok y $.7. The potentil inrese in return for the 2 loks soked five times with ure Numer of mushrooms dded eh time would e $38.. In n verge-sized shiitke mushroom lok prodution fility, the inrese in returns for loks would e out $37 over the entire seson, sustntil return on the investment of ure t 24 ppm. Literture ited Boyle, D Nutritionl ftors limiting the growth of Lentinul edodes nd other white-rot fungi in wood. Soil Biol. Biohem. 3(6): Donoghue, J Overview of shiitke prodution methods, p In: C. Sot (ed.). Pro. Ntl. Shiitke Mushroom Symp., Huntsville, Al., 1 3 Nov Coop. Ext. Progrm, Shool of Agr. nd Environ. Si., Alm A&M Univ., Norml. Lethm, G.F Extrellulr enzymes produed y the ultivted mushroom, Lentinus edodes, during degrdtion of lignoellulosi medium. Appl. Environ. Miroiol. (4): Royse, D.J., B.D. Bhler, nd C.C. Bhler Enhned yield of shiitke y shride mendment of the syntheti sustrte. Appl. Environ. Miroiol. 6(2): U.S. Deprtment of Agriulture Exoti mushrooms: Numer of growers, totl prodution, volume of sles, prie per pound, nd vlue of sles, July 1 June 3, Exoti mushrooms: Are in prodution, July 1 June 3, , Agr. Stt. Bord, Ntl. Agr. Stt. Serv., USDA. Wshington, D.C. p U.S. Deprtment of Agriulture. 23. Exoti mushrooms: Numer of growers, totl prodution, volume of sles, prie per pound, nd vlue of sles, July 1 June 3, Exoti mushrooms: Are in Prodution, July 1 June 3, 22 3, Agr. Stt. Bord, Ntl. Agr. Stt. Serv., USDA Wshington, D.C. p July Septemer 24 14(3) 397

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