Costas A. Balaras, PhD
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1 Costas A. Balaras, PhD Dr Mechanical Engineer, Research Director GRoup Energy Conservation (GR.E.C.) INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH & SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (IERSD) NATIONAL OBSERVATORY OF ATHENS (NOA) Energy conservation & investing in energy efficiency measures Allows limited resources to be applied to readiness & modernization Primary Energy Environmental Impact Operational Cost OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE Beyond Seapower Risk Reduction Final Energy Legislation Mandates IEQ
2 All new buildings must be nearly zero energy buildings - NZEBs after 1/2021 New public buildings after 1/2019 NZEB definition Establishes a common framework of measures for the promotion of energy efficiency (transposition into national legislation by June 2014 ). Establish specific obligations schemes and policies to improve energy efficiency in all end-uses, ensure a 3% renovation rate of public buildings & a long-term national strategy for building renovation, inform & empower consumers US NAVY ENERGY GOALS GO GREEN (since 2012) Demonstrate the deployment of new alternative energy sources for faster, cleaner, more sustainable and cheaper ways to meet Armed Forces growing energy needs Participants: Austria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Germany, Greece and Luxembourg Hellenic MoD DG of Financial Planning and Support Directorate of Military & Technological Support Dpt of Infrastructure & Environment Task Force Energy Navy Energy Coordination Office (NECO) supports Task Force Energy and coordinates the overall Navy Energy strategy Energy efficiency, conservation & alternative energy investments for Navy tactical & shore forces Comprehensive Navy energy strategy, ensure programs are effectively implemented. 1GW TASK FORCE US Navy to procure 1 GW of renewable energy generation capacity by 2020 Produce 19% (2012) of its shore-based energy from renewables
3 Holistic climate responsive building design & Refurbishment Optimize total lifecycle cost (LCC) Simulations Minimize heating, cooling, lighting loads High thermal envelope protection, No thermal bridges, Min infiltration, High passive solar gains, Proper solar protection Use energy efficient E/M equipment & HVAC systems Low energy demand, Min internal loads (lights, plug loads) Exploit RES (using cost effective solutions) Use proper controls Building Commissioning (RetroCx, ReCx, ContinuousCx) Maintenance
4 HOUSEKEEPING: You can t manage what you can t measure Standard & Smart Meters Collect & Monitor utilities Incorporate metered data in a centralized & accessible database Establish baselines & set realistic targets Compare monitored data against benchmarks (central platform) Provide relevant data to base-, facility- or building-level energy managers the data needed to ensure buildings are operated efficiently Involve People: Leadership, Chain of Command, Responsibilities, Training & Culture Commit Resources Monitor effectiveness of implementation
5 Solar Pool water heating Solar DHW USMC Camp Pendleton, CA Hellenic Navy NCO Mess Souda Naval Base Green Camps Programme Envelope thermal insulation Planted terraces PV & solar panels Geothermal energy Daylighting (solar tubes) Upgrading of AC & heating systems Solar control, ceiling fans, BEMS Souda Naval Base DHW for Fleet NonCommissioned Officers' Mess Solar collectors (80 m 2 ), Storage tanks (4000 lt) Solar Pool water heating Solar DHW Daylighting & Lighting upgrades (hangars, shops, USMC Camp Pendleton, CA maintenance facilities, warehouses, gyms) Hellenic Navy NCO Mess Souda Naval Base ww.life.mil.gr USMC Air Station, Yuma, AZ USMC Hangar, Miramar, CA
6 Solar air heating Transpired curtain wall (Solar wall) Helicopter hangar, Fort Carson, CO Portsmouth Naval Shipyard Transpired curtain wall & solar collector (Solar wall 2-stage) Solar Pool water heating Solar DHW Daylighting USMC Camp Pendleton, CA Hellenic Navy NCO Mess Souda Naval Base ww.life.mil.gr DHW Space Heating Solar COMBI Systems Minimize heating loads & heat distribution losses More solar collectors & Larger size storage tanks Good operation controls (higher complexity than solar SHW systems) Preheating with conventional hydronic systems (radiators) or coupled with subfloor heating systems (lower operating temperature)
7 Farmakonisi kw (5 Wind Turbines & PVs) Solar collectors for DHW Kalolimnos Army Camp, Xanthi Hellenic Island Outposts Power production: PVs & Wind turbines DHW: Solar collectors Sea water desalination kw (3 Wind Turbines & PVs) Reduced use of power generators (fuel oil transportation) Eliminated the need for fresh water supply by Navy ships Wind & PV parks Large military land available US Navy installations 13.8 MW (118-acres) Naval Air Weapons Station (NAWS), China Lake, CA 1.2 MW PV, Marine Corps Logistics Base, Barstow, CA 1.2 MW Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center, Twentynine Palms, CA US Navy Strategy for Renewable Energy 2 MW PV park USMC, CA 1 MW PV shading USMC, CA Long-term PPA Power Purchase Agreement No upfront or maintenance costs Agreement to purchase produced electricity in exchange for use of land ESCOs Energy service companies US Navy, San Clemente Island, CA
8 Green Navy Barracks, San Clemente Island, CA DHW Space Heating Solar COMBI Systems + Solar Cooling COMBI-PLUS
9 Targets by 2020 Improve Energy Efficiency Final Energy Use on Site <40% of baseline (2011) Strengthen Energy Security Supply Improve energy reliability; Increase on-site energy generation Reduce Carbon Footprint Zero GHG emissions (on-site sources & purchased electricity) Main facilities: CHP, Absorption chillers, Switch from steam to hot water central distribution, new chilled water central distribution, LNG emergency backup Renovate Cadet Barracks: High performance building envelope, Chilled beam & heat recovery dedicated outdoor air supply-doas, Demand ventilation, Water cooled chillers, Efficient pumps & lighting, Solar collectors for DHW; Backup gas driven engines Ref: A. Zhivov et al., Energy Master Planning Towards Net Zero Energy Installation: U.S. Military Academy, West Point (CH ), ASHRAE Conference, Chicago, January 24 28, 2015 INDIRECT SEAWATER COOLING Higher energy efficiency Low daily water temperature variations; lower temperatures depending on depth Navy facilities near seawater WARM AIR CHILLED WATER AC UNIT COLD AIR WARM WATER HEAT EXCHANGER SEA WATER D. Velaoras et al., Temperature and salinity variability in the Greek Seas Seawater cooling plant Handle corrosion & biofouling problems (use titanium plate HX, fiberglass reinforced plastic piping, duplex stainless steel pumps and copper nickel passive Filters, electro-chlorinator to control marine growth) C.H. Koon et al. Indirect seawater cooling and thermal storage system in Changi Naval Base Seawater Air Conditioning: A Basic Understanding
10 COMBINED HEAT & POWER Generate electricity & useful thermal energy from a single fuel source Steady demand for electricity & thermal energy Increased energy efficiency Reduced energy related costs Reduced emissions Energy Audits Diagnosis Benchmarking Simulations Rank & Identify cost effective priorities
11 NAVY SHORE ENERGY EFFICIENCY SAVING OPPORTUNITIES & SECURITY Costas Balaras
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