Where Does It All Go?

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1 Where Does It All Go? Using Simple Loggers to Dis-aggregate Whole Building Energy Data Ryan Stroupe, Pacific Energy Center April 2, 26 San Francisco, California Topics Covered Here Value of baselining energy use within Cx process Methods for capturing whole building energy data How to monitor subloads using data loggers Overview of resources 8 HHW 7 Tool Lending Library Universal Translator DHW 6 cycli 5 ng HHW HHW and oven DHW cycli ng 11/22/24 : 11/22/24 12: 11/23/24 :? 2 The Value of Baselining How dis-aggregating energy use supports Cx projects Focus retro-commissioning effort Can help identify problems during retro-cx Persistence benefits Understand utility rates and customer bills Supports measurement & verification 1

2 Energy Savings from Commissioning Study of 1 existing buildings Median payback time is.7 years Median energy savings is 15% Additional financial benefits not included in payback analysis Data from LBNL study by Evan Mills Excluding NEI s 4 Pacific Energy Center (PEC) Commissioning Commissioned existing facility in 2-21 Square footage: 32, Cost of commissioning: $52, Cost per square foot: $1.73 Reduced energy use by 26% Reduced demand by 32% Average annual cost savings of $11,4 Improved occupant comfort Demonstration project justified additional cost Effort benefited ongoing coursework on commissioning Design intent identified varied perspectives of facility staff Products include problem log and systems manual Major obstacles Time overruns Limited expertise of controls contractor 5 PEC: Over 25% Electric Energy Savings 1,2 Average Daily Electrical Consumption Pacific Energy Center 1, Average Daily kwh April 2 - March 21 April 22 - March 23 April 23 - March 24 2 April May June July August September October November December January February March 6 2

How to Target the Cx Effort Whole building data Utility billing data Benchmarking tools Dis-aggregated data Commercial building surveys Sub-metering Motor control

one-2-five.com/ CustomNet (PG&E) http://www.pge.

3 How to Target the Cx Effort Whole building data Utility billing data Benchmarking tools Dis-aggregated data Commercial building surveys Sub-metering Motor control panels/subpanels/relay panels Individual loads 7 Building Benchmarking Energy Star ARCH (LBNL) CALARCH (LBNL) One-2-Five CustomNet (PG&E) 8 The Next Level: Looking at Subloads 25 Building Energy Outlook-USDOE Annual Energy Outlook 23-USDOE BOMA Data PG&E Commercial Building Surveys resources/building_survey/index.html 23 U.S. Commercial Buildings 9 3

4 PG&E Commercial Building Surveys: Electric Large Office Buildings Grocery Stores Office Equipment 14% Space Heating 2% Space Cooling 14% Other 5% Space Heating 5% Space Cooling 1% Fan/Pumps Other 2% 13% Fan/Pumps Water Heating 1% 15% Refrigeration Indoor Lighting 14% 5% Outdoor Lighting Water Heating 6% Indoor Lighting Cooking 1% 35% 13% 1 Comparing Typical to Actual all PG&E buildings 23% PEC Energy Use Pre Cx 37% 22% miscellaneous 4% mechanical 49% PG&E typ. office building 9% lighting 29% 42% 49% Exact building type not represented in study Compare to all buildings and office Mechanical % is higher than typical Lighting % lower than typical 11 PEC Energy Use Pre & Post Cx Energy use pre Cx Energy data post Cx miscellaneous miscellaneous 22% 33% mechanical 49% 42% mechanical 29% lighting lighting 25% Consider post energy is 25% lower than pre energy Electric energy for mechanical reduced by over 4% Electric energy for lighting also reduced substantially Miscellaneous energy use is essentially at the same level 12 4

Dis-aggregation Helps Identify Problems Tuning equipment schedules ON/OFF Proper sequence/staging Occupancy controls Active setbacks Reset controls Identify over-cycling Variable loads Variable speed

Time series data is best indicator of deviation from norm Better resolution than billing data Can illustrate day vs.

5 Dis-aggregation Helps Identify Problems Tuning equipment schedules ON/OFF Proper sequence/staging Occupancy controls Active setbacks Reset controls Identify over-cycling Variable loads Variable speed equipment Dimmable lighting Run-time data 13 Savings Persistence and Baselining Fixes related to building controls tend to be lost over time Energy savings persists better with monitored buildings Time series data is best indicator of deviation from norm Better resolution than billing data Can illustrate day vs. night operation With baselining energy breakdown is continuously tracked Data from PIER study 14 PIER Commissioning Persistence Study Red = did not persist Blue = persisted BUILDING CENTRAL AIR HANDLING AND PREFUNCTIONAL DOCUMENTS OTHER (year commissioned) PLANT DISTRIBUTION TESTS California Commissioning report on site Commissioning report used Control sequences available Chiller control Cooling tower control Boiler control Hydronic control Economizer control algorithm Discharge air temperature reset Simultaneous heating and cooling VFD modulation Dessicant cooling Duct static pressure Space temperature control Terminal units Piping and fitting problems Valve modification Wiring and instrumentation Sensor placement or addition Sensor error or failure Scheduling Skylight louver operation Occupancy sensor - Y Lab and Office 1 (1996) N Office Building 1 (1996) N - Y Office Building 2 (1996) N - N Office Building 3 (1996) Y Y N N - - Office Buidling 4 (1994) Pacific Northwest Office Building 5 (1997) N - Y Medical Facility 1 (1998) Y Y Y Medical Facility 2 (1997) Y Y Y Lab and Office 2 (1997) N - Y Lab and Office 3 (2) N - N 15 5

6 /23 2/24 2/25 2/26 2/27 2/28 2/29 3/ Understanding Rates and Costs June 14, 2 - Summer Day kw Temperature (F) : AM 2: AM 4: AM 6: AM 8: AM 1: AM 12: PM 2: PM 4: PM 6: PM 8: PM 1: PM 12: AM M echanical Lighting Misc. Total Temperature 16 Measurement and Verification Continuous data collection can be used to calculate savings from additional changes Dis-aggregation and further isolation of loads helps determine impact of each action taken Before 8/23 8/24 8/25 8/26 8/27 8/28 8/29 8/3 After 17 Collecting Whole Building Data Using billing data, meters, trend data and data loggers 6

35 3 25 2 15 1 5 Billing Period End Date Utility Billing Analysis Poor data resolution (once a month reporting) Can detect season variation Is often archived for past years Helpful when understanding

7 Billing Period End Date Utility Billing Analysis Poor data resolution (once a month reporting) Can detect season variation Is often archived for past years Helpful when understanding utility costs AverageKWH/Day Average Therms/Day 6-Sep Electric San Francisco Utility Office data 7-Oct 5-Nov 6-Dec 8-Jan 6-Feb 1-Mar 8-Apr 8-May Average Daily Gas Use Natural Gas Utility data O ct-1 Nov-1 Dec-1 Jan- 2 Feb-2 Mar-2 Apr-2 May-2 Jun- 2 9-Jun Billing Period End Date 9-Jul 7-Aug 8-Sep 7-Oct Jul-2 Aug-2 Sep-2 Oct-2 Nov-2 19 Utility Meters and Increased Sampling Some utilities provide time-interval data PG&E will begin five-year effort to install 9.3 million advanced meters for all of its gas and electric customers SDG&E has similar plan approved by CPUC Adding pulse outputs to utility meters Some meters come with pulse out-putter Pulse output can be added in some cases Each pulse is equal to a unit of energy kwh Therm CF gas 2 Pulse Data for Electricity Pulse logger 16 Service contractor fixes control problem PEC kwh Data /1/25 1/2/25 11/2/25 12/3/25 1/3/26 2/3/26 3/6/26 4/6/26 Resolution:.288 kwh electric energy 21 7

Adding Whole Building Meters Electricity Can be easy installation but electrician required Requires voltage clips and current transducers Natural gas Can install in-line, utility-grade meters (must

8 Adding Whole Building Meters Electricity Can be easy installation but electrician required Requires voltage clips and current transducers Natural gas Can install in-line, utility-grade meters (must cut pipe) Clamp-on ultrasonic now available Steam Can install in-line, utility-grade meters (must cut pipe) Clamp-on ultrasonic now available Chilled water Instrumentation includes flow and temperature measurement Clamp-on ultrasonic is available for liquid flow measurement Temperature can be taken on surface of pipe (under insulation) 22 Data Collection for Whole Building Meters Output signal Meter has integrated pulse output Meter has other analog (4-2ma, -5Vdc) output Pulse output is added to meter Data collection Signal sent to energy management system (trend) Meter has integrated memory Signal sent to external data logger 23 Installing Electric Meters Licensed electrician required Voltage clips measure potential Try to place these in a spare panel Switch off load and disconnect voltage first One clip/phase plus one for neutral Current transducers (CTs) measure amperage CTs are placed around conductors One CT/phase Split core CTs can be installed quickly CTs are directional (see CT label) Enclose all equipment into panel or secure electrical room 24 8

Notes on Current Transducers Use shunted CTs (mv rather than ma signal) If sized too small, peak amperage data is lost If sized too big, signal lost in noise Verify phasing is using PF reading CTs

9 Notes on Current Transducers Use shunted CTs (mv rather than ma signal) If sized too small, peak amperage data is lost If sized too big, signal lost in noise Verify phasing is using PF reading CTs are directional 25 Whole Building Electric Use Total Building kw Data kw /1 4/12 4/14 4/16 4/18 4/2 4/22 4/24 4/26 26 Adding a Pulse Out-putter to Gas Meter Utility personnel required to install New face plate with pulse can replace old Face plate must be compatible with meter Pulse output is integrated into device Magnet can replace smallest rotating dial Works with most meters American Meter Equipment must fit inside glass enclosure Signal must be received out of gas meter room Riotronics 27 9

10 Natural Gas Pulse Data Pulse out-putter 4 ft3 Data logger /2 5/21 5/22 5/23 5/24 5/25 5/26 5/27 5/28 5/29 5/3 5/31 6/1 6/2 6/3 6/4 6/5 6/6 6/7 6/8 6/9 6/1 6/11 Resolution: 2.5 cubic feet of gas 28 Disaggregating Energy Data Methods using simple data loggers Whole Building Electric Use Total Building kw Data 8 7 What is source of spike every week day? 6 5 kw What is source of high baseline energy use? 4/1 4/12 4/14 4/16 4/18 4/2 4/22 4/24 4/26 3 1

energy Includes analog inputs Includes digital inputs Has extensive memory Can be powered off of voltage Ideal for

11 Single Line Diagram: Electric mechanical + lighting+ misc. = total 31 Multi-channel Power Meters 16 & 8 channel loggers Measures voltage & current Calculates power, PF, energy Includes analog inputs Includes digital inputs Has extensive memory Can be powered off of voltage Ideal for this type of project My installation notes 32 Data Example View # kw 4 TOTAL Lighting Only M iscellaneous Motor /1 4/12 4/14 4/16 4/18 4/2 4/22 4/24 4/

Data Example View #2 Electric loads by panel 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.

Power logging Use on variable loads Best approach if power meters are available Logging current only Use on variable loads where current and power correlate Must have some simultaneous power and

12 Data Example View #2 Electric loads by panel Jun 8-Jun 9-Jun 1-Jun 11-Jun 12-Jun 13-Jun Basement Elevator 21 Lighting Mechanical Kitchen st nd floor plugs classroom plugs lighting basement roof 34 Monitoring Individual Electric Loads Power logging Use on variable loads Best approach if power meters are available Logging current only Use on variable loads where current and power correlate Must have some simultaneous power and current data Best approach if power meters are unavailable Logging run time only Use on equipment with fixed power draw Power is measured with one-time reading 35 Power Logging Records voltage & current Calculates power, PF, energy Battery powered (12V option) 3-4 channels Applications Whole panel loads Packaged units 36 12

Power Data Example PEC chiller 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 9/5 9/6 9/7 9/8 9/9 9/1 9/11 37 Logging Current Only Records current for long duration Records power

pumps Dimmable lighting 38 Current Data Example #1 Power and current data is entered into the UT Simultaneous data is selected A regression is developed 1

13 Power Data Example PEC chiller /5 9/6 9/7 9/8 9/9 9/1 9/11 37 Logging Current Only Records current for long duration Records power for short duration Regression developed to convert current to power Battery powered (12V option) 3-4 channels Applications Chillers Variable speed fans and pumps Dimmable lighting 38 Current Data Example #1 Power and current data is entered into the UT Simultaneous data is selected A regression is developed 1 to 6 order is available Fit is verified graphically A new data channel is created Raw data Regression New power data Original power data New power data 39 13

Current Data Example #2 Retail Store Stockrooms Men's Ware Visual Lingerie Shoes 2 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Fri : Sat : Sun : Mon : Tue : Wed : Thu : Fri

with one-time reading Convert run time to power with a multiplier Battery powered Single channel Applications Constant speed fans and pumps Lighting

14 Current Data Example #2 Retail Store Stockrooms Men's Ware Visual Lingerie Shoes Fri : Sat : Sun : Mon : Tue : Wed : Thu : Fri : Sat : Sun : Mon : Tue : Wed : Thu : Fri : Sat : Sun : 4 Logging Run Time Only Records run time Data may need to be converted to status Measure power with one-time reading Convert run time to power with a multiplier Battery powered Single channel Applications Constant speed fans and pumps Lighting 41 Measuring Instantaneous Power Measures voltage & current Calculates power, PF, energy Best to use meter with display Better than nameplate data 42 14

15 Motor Run Time Data 43 Run-Time Data from Status Loggers Fan: continuous on Compressor over-cycling Cooling tower fan Over-cycling zoomed in 44 Lighting Run Time Data L/sf /31/2 12: PM 11/1/2 12: AM 11/1/2 12: PM Threshold value 45 15

Monitoring Individual Gas Loads Dedicated gas meter Use on variable loads Expensive to install (must cut pipe) Status logging Use on constant loads Must correlate usage rate to master meter

16 Monitoring Individual Gas Loads Dedicated gas meter Use on variable loads Expensive to install (must cut pipe) Status logging Use on constant loads Must correlate usage rate to master meter Measurement approaches Temperature Light Measuring flue gas temperature 46 Single-line Diagram: Natural Gas 47 Dis-aggregation: Preliminary Findings DHW cycling HHW and oven HHW HHW DHW cycling??? 11/22/24 : 11/22/24 12: 11/23/24 : 48 16

Domestic Hot Water Boiler Used light loggers facing flame

Shielded sensor from overhead light 49 Analyzing DHW Data

data logger Usage rate is steady Each 5-minute cycle uses 9

temperature at oven door Needed to verify that heat from

17 Domestic Hot Water Boiler Used light loggers facing flame Full combustion easily distinguished from pilot light Shielded sensor from overhead light 49 Analyzing DHW Data Cycling of boiler visible in data from master gas meter and data logger Usage rate is steady Each 5-minute cycle uses 9 cubic feet of gas on average 5 Two Kitchen Ovens Measured temperature at oven door Needed to verify that heat from adjacent oven was not a factor Heat from ovens did break down logger mounting tape 51 17

Analyzing Oven Data Oven run time occurs when door temperature exceeds 25 F

65 cubic feet of gas on average 52 Calculating Gas Usage Rate If load of

usage rate Data from DHW boiler removed from total Usage rate based on

Boiler The most difficult gas load to measure and analyze Experimented with

18 Analyzing Oven Data Oven run time occurs when door temperature exceeds 25 F Usage rate is steady Each 5-minute cycle uses 1.65 cubic feet of gas on average 52 Calculating Gas Usage Rate If load of interest is only one running, then master meter can be used to determine usage rate Data from DHW boiler removed from total Usage rate based on average over this period HHW boiler on Only oven on 53 Heating Hot Water Boiler The most difficult gas load to measure and analyze Experimented with light and temperature loggers Light loggers facing flame and shielded from heat Temperature probe in flue 54 18

Analyzing HHW Data Run time does correlate to light and temperature, but Usage rate is NOT steady Developed a regression to correlate light level to CF gas Regression produced multiplier for

19 Analyzing HHW Data Run time does correlate to light and temperature, but Usage rate is NOT steady Developed a regression to correlate light level to CF gas Regression produced multiplier for converting light data to CF gas Total is within 3% of actual 55 Gas Data Disaggregated Heating hot water system accounts for 91% of gas use at PEC Is 75% in typical CA office Is worth investigating this system further Water Heating 17% % Typical California office Boiler DHW 8% Process 2% Cooking 5% Ovens 1% Other 1% Space Heating 75% Pacific Energy Center Boiler HHW 91% 56 Tool Lending Library A Free Service for Californians 19

Tool Lending Library Tool loaned for FREE Intended for energy efficiency

commissioning Over 4 tools in library Support information at: www.pge.

com/pec/tll 59 On-line Tool Request Form Method for all loans Information

20 Tool Lending Library Tool loaned for FREE Intended for energy efficiency projects Can be used for building diagnostics, sensor calibration or commissioning Over 4 tools in library Support information at: 58 TLL homepage: 59 On-line Tool Request Form Method for all loans Information requested About borrower About project Sends automatic to TLL staff Typical response is within 24 hours Tools can be shipped across California 6 2

electrician for installing meters on equipment over 12v Software cannot be copied

21 Sign-out Sheet To borrow tools Business card Signature Agree To return tools That borrower is liable for damages to equipment and/or customer facility Use licensed electrician for installing meters on equipment over 12v Software cannot be copied for use after loan 61 On-line Catalog Data Logger Cabinet 62 Application Notes 63 21

corrections Calculated channels Schedule and data filters Data Analysis Tool Economizer Run time

22 Universal Translator Software A Data Management and Analysis Tool Universal Translator (utonline.org) Data Management Tool Trend and logger data Re-sampling Time corrections Slope and offset corrections Calculated channels Schedule and data filters Data Analysis Tool Economizer Run time of equipment Lighting controls Plug load controllers Psychrometrics 65 Universal Translator Interface 66 22

unit is not in operation Two modes of graphic analysis

23 Economizer Analysis Determines functionality of economizer in three performance zones Ability to separate data when unit is not in operation Two modes of graphic analysis Produces an automated report 67 Questions? And thanks for listening 23

Universal Translator 3: A free software tool to support your data processing needs

Session: Tools and Resources: Your Knowledge Center Universal Translator 3: A free software tool to support your data processing needs Ryan Stroupe PG&E Pacific Energy Center August 11, 2016 Rhode Island