Building classification methodology in Albania Results of the residential building retrofitting methodology in Albania Zsuzsa Szalay PhD

Transcription

1 Building classification methodology in Albania Results of the residential building retrofitting methodology in Albania Zsuzsa Szalay PhD Support for Low-Emission Development in South East Europe (SLED)

2 Structure of the presentation Development of building typology Statistical data on the building stock, construction materials and building service systems Definition of retrofit options BAU, standard and ambitious retrofit Energy calculation methodology and main assumptions Climate data, building envelope, building service systems Calculation results Net energy demand, delivered energy, primary energy demand and CO2 emissions of the building types Investment costs Building envelope and building service systems

3 Technical support The building classification was carried out in collaboration with the Albanian expert team - Gjergji Simaku, Teuta Thimjo and Thimjo Plaku Aleksandra Novikova The work is based on the information and data provided by the local expert team Thank you for the contribution!

4 Main data sources Simaku, Gjergji; Thimjo, Teuta; Plaku, Thimjo: Albanian Residential Building Typology Matrix, Simaku, Gjergji; Thimjo, Teuta; Plaku, Thimjo: Albania National Building Typology, Energy Performance and Saving Potential, Simaku, Gjergji; Thimjo, Teuta; Plaku, Thimjo: Assessment of the energy performance of buildings heating, Simaku, Gjergji; Thimjo, Teuta; Plaku, Thimjo: Performance Calculation of Building Types, INSTAT: Statistical databases Census 2011 INSTAT: Statistical databases Census 2001 INSTAT: Statistical databases Construction INSTAT: Albania in Figures 2013, REKK: SLED Electricity sector modelling scenarios, 2015

5 Goal of the building classification Bottom-up methodology for the sectorial modelling of the residential building stock Residential building typology did not exist in Albania 20 building types Local experts Gjergji Simaku Energy demand of the present state Energy demand of retrofitting options Sectorial modelling by Aleksandra Novikova Investment costs

6 Albanian Residential Building Typology Main sources Albanian experts Statistical data from latest census (2011) Estimations based on the census if required level of detail was not available

7 Albanian Residential Building Typology Main considerations (based on experts and census data) building type detached houses; semi-detached houses; row (terraced) houses and apartment buildings. construction period: six construction periods: buildings built before 1960; between 1961 and 1980; ; and size of building: number of dwellings in the building: buildings with one dweling; two dwellings; three to four dwellings and five or more dwellings. number of floors: buildings with one floor; with two floors; three to five floors and six or more floors

8 Albanian Residential Building Typology Additional considerations: Climate zones (based on census data) Climate zone A, B and C Construction materials (based on experts) Heating systems and energy sources (based on census and experts) Electricity, wood and LPG

9 Albanian Residential Building Typology

10 Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census) Number of residential buildings and dwellings Total 598,267 residential buildings Total 1,012,062 dwellings Total 709,865 inhabited dwellings Total 722,262 private households Population Total 2,821,977 inhabitants

11 Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census) Number of residential buildings and dwellings per building type Based on census 2011, dwellings estimated

12 Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census) Number of residential buildings and dwellings by building type Based on census 2011, dwellings estimated

13 Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census) Residential buildings Dwellings in residential buildings Based on census 2011 Estimate based on census 2011

14 Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census) Number of residential buildings by construction period Based on census 2011, dwellings estimated

15 Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census) Residential buildings Dwellings in residential buildings Based on census 2011 Estimate based on census 2011

16 Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census) Detached houses by construction period Based on census 2011

17 Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census) Semi-detached houses by construction period Based on census 2011 and estimate

18 Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census) Row (or terraced) houses by construction period Based on census 2011 and estimate

19 Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census) Apartment buildings by construction period Based on census 2011 and estimate

20 Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census) Number of floors Based on census 2011

21 Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census) Non-inhabited buildings and dwellings 101,368 non-inhabited buildings and 302,197 non-inhabited dwellings Based on census 2011

22 Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census) Number of buildings per building type 1. Detached house 2. Semidetached house 3. Row (or terraced) house 4. Apartment building A) Up to B) C) D) E) Unknown period Non inhabited TOTAL Based on census 2011

23 Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census) Residential buildings by climate zones Disaggregation of data to climate zones was based on classifying prefecture data to climate zones. Based on census 2011

24 Statistical data on the building stock (2011 census) Building permits issued for new buildings Based on INSTAT

25 Statistical data on construction materials (2001 census) Buildings by main construction material Based on Census 2001

26 Energetic quality of buildings Before 1960: no insulation, poor energetic quality Apartment buildings after 1960: some insulation in sandwich wall 1990s: partly or insufficiently insulated 2000s: partly or insufficiently insulated (building code not strict enough, many buildings don t comply) Part of the building stock already refurbished most common interventions are roof insulation and window replacement

27 Statistical data on energy sources for heating (2011 census) Main energy sources for heating Based on Census 2011

28 Statistical data on energy sources for heating (2011 census) Main energy sources for heating by urban/rural area Main energy sources for heating by climate zone Based on Census 2011

29 Statistical data on heating systems (2011 census) Heating systems Based on Census 2011

30 Statistical data on heating systems (2011 census) Main type of heating by urban/rural area Main type of heating by climate zone Based on Census 2011

31 Statistical data on cooling systems (2011 census) Acc. to census 6% have air conditioner we assumed these are reversible heat pumps, which are used both for space heating and cooling.

32 Statistical data on hot water No statistics available for hot water Experts opinion: electric hot water boilers are common, some use wood stoves

33 Energy demand calculation Net energy demand calculation with German PhPP software (Passivhaus Institut) Stationary calculation method, suitable also for conventional buildings - based on EN ISO 13790: Energy performance of buildings Calculation of energy use for space heating and cooling Was chosen because also can model cooling demand Baseline calculation for Climate zone B and adapted to the other zones according to the heating and cooling degree days Set-point temperatures: 20 C for heating and 26 C for cooling Full and partial - intermittent heating and cooling options

34 Retrofit options Three options considered Business and Usual (improvement BAU) change of windows and heat pump: -20% in energy demand Standard retrofit (improvement 1) Complex retrofit: insulation of building envelope and efficient building services with solar collectors Ambitious retrofit (improvement 2) Complex retrofit: insulation of building envelope and efficient building services with solar collectors

35 Climate zones Based on degree days (base temperature 17.5 C) Zone A: Degree days less than Zone B: Degree days between 1501 and Zone C: Degree days higher than Prefecture Berat Dibër Durrës Elbasan Fier Gjirokastër Korçë Kukës Lezhë Shkodër Tiranë Vlorë Climate zone B C A B A B C C A B B A A B C

36 Building structures Documentation for each building type provided by the experts

37 Building structures - retrofit Building type Present state Standard retrofit Ambitious retrofit A1 A2 A3 A4 B1 B2 B3 B4 C1 C2 C3 C4 D1 D2 D3 D4 E1 E2 E3 E4 No insulation, single glazed window No insulation, single glazed window No insulation, single glazed window No insulation, single glazed window Limited insulation, double glazed window Walls 5 cm, roof 5 cm, double glazed windows Walls 5 cm, roof 5 cm, double glazed windows Walls 5 cm, roof 5 cm, double glazed windows Walls 5 cm, roof 5 cm, double glazed windows Walls 5 cm, roof 5 cm, double glazed windows Walls 10 cm, roof 12 cm, floor 5 cm, triple glazed windows Walls 10 cm, roof 12 cm, floor 5 cm, triple glazed windows Walls 10 cm, roof 12 cm, floor 5 cm, triple glazed windows Walls 10 cm, roof 12 cm, floor 5 cm, triple glazed windows Walls 10 cm, roof 12 cm, floor 5 cm, triple glazed windows

38 Building structures Documentation for each building type

39 Input parameters Thermal bridges Heat losses based on internal dimensions, additional 20% thermal bridges for the walls and 10% for floors and roofs Orientation Average orientation (East-West), 75% glazing fraction, average shading in the winter (75%), temporary sun protection for summer (41%) Ventilation rates Leaky windows - poor airtightness 1.5 1/h air change rate After changing windows: 0.5 1/h air change rate Summer: effective cross night ventilation Internal heat gains: 6.6 W/m2 Set-point temperatures 20 C for heating and 26 C for cooling

40 Space heating systems energy sources Present state: Based on experts and calibration BAU Heat pump Standard retrofit Climate zone A&B: heat pump Climate zone C: wood pellet boiler Ambitious retrofit Climate zone A&B: Heat pump, multisplit Climate zone C: wood pellet boiler

41 System efficiencies

42 Space heating systems total system efficiencies Climate zone A and B Climate zone C Building type Present state BAU Standard retrofit Ambitious retrofit Heat pump and direct electric, t = 1.52* Heat pump, Detached Heat pump, Heat pump, Wood stove, multi-split houses t = 2.09 t =2.85 t =0.54 t =3.8 Gas stove t =0.72 Row houses and multifamily apartment buildings Detached houses Row houses and multifamily apartment buildings Heat pump and direct electric, t = 1.52* Wood stove, t =0.54 Gas t =0.72 Heat pump and direct electric, t = 1.52* Wood stove, t =0.54 Gas, t =0.72 Heat pump and direct electric, t = 1.52* Wood stove, t =0.54 Gas, t =0.72 Heat pump, SCOP = 2.09 Heat pump, t = 2.09 Heat pump, t = 2.09 Heat pump, t =2.85 Centralized heating system with wood pellet boiler and automatic regulation of temperature and hot water preparation t =0.77 Centralized heating system with wood pellet boiler and automatic regulation of temperature and hot water preparation t Heat pump, multi-split t =3,8 Centralized heating system with wood pellet boiler and automatic regulation of temperature and hot water preparation, t =0.77 Centralized heating system with wood pellet boiler and automatic regulation of temperature and hot water preparation t

43 Cooling systems Split units (mostly reversible) Existing state and BAU Standard retrofit Ambitious retrofit Climate zone A Heat pump - EER=2 Heat pump - EER>3 Heat pump - EER>3 Climate zone B Heat pump - EER=2 Heat pump - EER>3 Heat pump - EER>3 Climate zone C no cooling no cooling no cooling

44 Domestic hot water systems Daily hot water demand: 30 litre/day, person Hot water temperature 45 C Net hot water demand: 18 kwh/m 2 yr Climate zone A Climate zone A Climate zone C Building type Present state BAU Standard retrofit Ambitious retrofit Detached houses Row houses and multi-family apartment buildings Detached houses Row houses and multi-family apartment buildings Detached houses Row houses and multi-family apartment buildings Electric boiler 100% Electric boiler 100% Electric boiler 100% Electric boiler 100% Electric boiler 100% Electric boiler 100% Electric boiler 100% Electric boiler 100% Electric boiler 80% Electric boiler 100% Wood stove 20% Electric boiler 80% Electric boiler Wood stove 100% 20% Heat pump 30% Solar collector 70% Heat pump 60% Solar collector 40% Heat pump 30% Solar collector 70% Heat pump 60% Solar collector 40% Wood pellet boiler 30% Solar collector 70% Wood pellet boiler 60% Solar collector 40% Heat pump 30% Solar collector 70% Heat pump 60% Solar collector 40% Heat pump 30% Solar collector 70% Heat pump 60% Solar collector 40% Wood pellet boiler 30% Solar collector 70% Wood pellet boiler 60% Solar collector 40%

45 Correction factors for heating Unheated area: Usual heating pattern in Albania: only the main room is heated, roomwise systems are common AKBN study: In 2008: 35% of the living area heated at the coastline, 70% in the mountains In 2012: 45% of the living area heated at the coastline, 80% in the mountains Duration of heating: Heating only for a part of the day, e.g. only in the evening (morning)

46 Correction factors for heating Building type Energy source Present state BAU Standard retrofit Ambitious retrofit Climate zone A Climate zone B Climate zone C Heated floor area (%) 50% 80% 90% 90% electricity 10 h 16 h 18 h 18 h Daily heated hours (h) wood LPG Heated floor area (%) 60% 85% 100% 100% electricity 10 h 16 h 18 h 18 h Daily heated hours (h) wood LPG Heated floor area (%) 80% 100% 100% 100% electricity 10 h 16 h 18 h 18 h Daily heated hours (h) wood 6-16 h 18 h LPG Values: based on experts and calibration

47 Correction factors for cooling Cooling many people at home don t use the AC system or just use it in only one or two rooms In climate zone C cooling is not typical Building type Present state BAU Standard retrofit Ambitious retrofit Climate zone A Climate zone B Cooled floor area (%) 50% 80% 90% 90% Daily cooled hours (h) 8 h 10 h 12 h 14 h Cooled floor area (%) 30% 30% 40% 50% Daily cooled hours (h) 8 h 10 h 12 h 14 h Values: based on experts and calibration

48 Conversion factors for primary energy and specific CO 2 emissions Q Q primary delivered p, source f i kwh year m Q CO 2 delivered CO2, source f i kg year Energy carrier primary-to-final energy factor specific CO 2 emissions [kwh/kwh] [kg/kwh] Wood biomass Electrical energy LPG Solar energy 0 0 Values: IPCC guidelines, electricity sector modelling

49 Results net energy demand, present state Climate zone B, full heating Climate zone B, partial heating

50 Results primary energy demand Climate zone B, full heating Climate zone B, partial heating

51 Results net energy demand, retrofit Climate zone B, partial heating

52 Results primary energy demand, retrofit Climate zone B, partial heating

53 Further results Albania_types_energy.xls

54 Problems Data on energy sources and heating systems: available for climate zones, but not by building type. Acc. to local experts there is a controversy in data - Expert guesses were needed. Unheated areas and duration of heating high uncertainty It is recommended to carry out statistical surveys on partial heating and cooling The typology is built for model heating; for cooling other classification critareas would be more relevant (glazed ratio, orientation, built environment) Final values reached by calibrating the bottom-up model with a top-down approach - Aleksandra

55 Cost of the retrofit options building envelope Prices including labour and VAT Prices provided by the experts Average prices, including all elements, but there could be extra costs (e.g. removal of old plaster etc.) standard retrofit ambitious retrofit External wall Roof (Floor Construction to Unheated Attic) Floor Construction to Unheated Area (Basement) Window /m /m /m /m /m /m /m 2 Data from local experts

56 Cost of the retrofit options building services Prices including labour and VAT Data from local experts

57 Cost of the retrofit options standard retrofit Total specific costs per net floor area Data from local experts

58 Cost of the retrofit options ambitious retrofit Total specific costs per net floor area Data from local experts

59 Thank you for your attention!