Dr. Peter Harvey Senior Adviser - Water. UNICEF New York

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1 Dr. Peter Harvey Senior Adviser - Water UNICEF New York

2 JMP Thematic Report Thematic report on drinking water complementary to main JMP progress reports Data-driven Increased disaggregation Focus on equity, safety, sustainability Monitoring challenges and future plans Worldwide use of improved drinking water sources, 2008

3 Based on results of nationally representative household surveys (MICS, DHS, LSMS, CWIQ, WHS, HBS) JMP estimates The world is on-track to meet the MDG water target based on the indicator use of an improved drinking water source but, at the current rate of progress, this still will leave 672 million people without access to improved drinking water sources in 2015, and possibly many hundreds of millions more without sustainable access to safe drinking water.

4 Equity Investment disparities Regional disparities Urban-Rural disparities Rich-Poor disparities Gender disparities Trends in drinking water and sanitation commitments by recipient income category, Progress towards the MDG water target has been slowest in least developed countries and other low-income countries.

5 7 out of 9 people without an improved drinking-water source live in rural areas. Urban and rural population without an improved drinking-water source, developing regions, 2008

6 Since 1990, twice as many people in urban areas of the developing regions have gained access to piped water than in rural areas. Proportion of the population using piped drinking-water on premises, a public tap, another improved drinking-water source, surface water or another unimproved source, in developing regions, Change in rural and urban populations gaining access, between , for various types of drinking-water sources, developing world (millions)

7 In developing regions, 80% of the population in urban areas, and less than one-third in rural areas, uses some form of piped drinking-water supply. 9% 7% 2% 2% 6% 1% Piped on premises Borehole/tubewell Public tap/standpipe 13% 1% 5% 6% 31% Hand-dug wells 8% 73% Springs Urban Tanker trucks/small carts with drum 34% Rural Estimates of the number of people in developing regions relying on different types of drinking-water sources, urban and rural, 2008

8 In Sub-Saharan Africa, population growth outstripped the number of people gaining access to improved drinking water between 1990 and million increase in population 237 million gained access to improved drinking water Trends in proportion of the population using different drinkingwater source types for Sub-Saharan Africa Change in absolute numbers (millions), , using each type, Sub-Saharan Africa

9 The richest 20% in Sub-Saharan African countries are over twice as likely to use an improved drinking water source as the poorest 20%. Other improved sources Piped on premises

10 Drinking water coverage in Sub-Saharan Africa drops by eight percentage points when taking time-to-source into account as a measure of access. Proportion of the population using piped water on premises, spending half an hour or less, or more than half an hour, to collect water from an improved source or unimproved source, Sub-Saharan Africa, Percentage of population that spends more than 30 minutes on a water collection trip, Sub-Saharan Africa

11 Women and girls shoulder the largest burden in collecting water. Men, 24% Women, 64% Distribution of those who usually collect drinking water Source: MICS and DHS surveys from 45 developing countries,

12 Proportion of samples not compliant for microbiological water quality Water Safety 100% RADWQ survey of improved water sources Impacts on coverage Household water treatment practice 90% 80% 70% 60% 57% 50% 40% 30% 37% 31% 20% 10% 0% Protected Dug Wells 11% Protected Springs Boreholes Piped Water Supplies Average non-compliance with thermotolerant coliforms by improved drinking-water sources, China, Ethiopia, Jordan, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Tajikistan WHO/UNICEF Rapid Assessment of Drinking Water Quality (RADWQ)

13 Water quality data suggest that access to safe drinking water is lower than the JMP estimates in many countries. Projected decrease in rural coverage 10% 20% Microbiological water quality corrections applied to drinking water trends for two countries included in the RADWQ study

14 Households with access to improved drinking water sources are more likely to treat their drinking water than households using unimproved sources. Percentage of households using appropriate household water treatment by drinking-water source type

15 The practice of household water treatment increases with wealth in all regions. The average proportion of each wealth quintile in surveyed countries which uses appropriate HWT, by region

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17 Reliance on boreholes and tubewells has increased in Southern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Trends in the proportion of the population using piped water on premises, public taps, borehole or tube well, another improved drinking-water source or an unimproved source, Southern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.

18 Challenges Equity needs: Continued focus on rural water supply (and Sub-Saharan Africa) Strategies to reach the rural poor Better articulation of gender and economic arguments Water safety needs: Strengthened water quality monitoring and remediation Scaling up HWTS to the rural poor Sustainability needs: Improved monitoring of sustainability Alternative service delivery models