Fertilizer Contaminants Environmental Affairs Committee AAPFCO Winter Meeting February 20, 2018

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Fertilizer Contaminants Environmental Affairs Committee AAPFCO Winter Meeting February 20, 2018 2017 Her Majesty the

1 Fertilizer Contaminants Environmental Affairs Committee AAPFCO Winter Meeting February 20, Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada (Canadian Food Inspection Agency), all rights reserved. Use without permission is prohibited.

rigorous food/feed standards New sources: international suppliers of low cost inputs contaminants not associated with traditional sources

2 Context Competitive pressures and rising cost of fertilizer materials are driving manufacturers to diversify their supply chains Cost of waste-disposal encouraging producers to seek alternative uses for wastes Diversion to fertilizer of materials that do not meet more rigorous food/feed standards New sources: international suppliers of low cost inputs contaminants not associated with traditional sources Relative contribution of fertilizer products derived from wastes and industrial by-products to total fertilizer market unknown, but expected to increase

Some Fertilizer and Supplement Contaminants Persistent

Persistent, Bioaccumulative, Biomagnificative

Furans (PCDD/Fs) Dioxin-like PCBs Hexachlorobenzene

Disruptors in Organic Wastes Diethylhexyl Phthalate

3 Some Fertilizer and Supplement Contaminants Persistent Organic Pollutants Carcinogenic and Endocrine Disrupting Persistent, Bioaccumulative, Biomagnificative Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) (Aroclors) Dioxins and Furans (PCDD/Fs) Dioxin-like PCBs Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Some Endocrine Disruptors in Organic Wastes Diethylhexyl Phthalate (DEHP) Alkylphenols and their Ethoxylates (e.g. nonylphenol) Bisphenol A (BPA)

Contaminants of Micro- and Secondary Nutrients Temperatures and processes

with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) Elevated metals may indicate POPs

Cd in Zn is a flag for PCDD/Fs), but not always Dioxin-like PCBs in Cu from

baghouse dusts PCDD/Fs in micros derived from slags (e.g. Cu in Kieselrot)

4 Contaminants of Micro- and Secondary Nutrients Temperatures and processes associated with recycling materials may introduce risk of contamination with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) Elevated metals may indicate POPs concern (e.g. Cd in Zn is a flag for PCDD/Fs), but not always Dioxin-like PCBs in Cu from smouldering of copper wire in its plastic binding PCDD/Fs in Zn from baghouse dusts PCDD/Fs in micros derived from slags (e.g. Cu in Kieselrot) HCB associated with electrolytically-derived Mg (as carbon electrode degrades) Region-specific concerns for radioactive elements in mined nutrients

5 Contaminants of Waste-Derived Liming Materials PCDD/Fs PAHs Tl and V Cement Kiln Dusts Fly/Bottom Ash (Coal-burning) Salt-laden Wood Ash Blast and Electric Furnace Slags Water Softening Plant Sludges contaminant profile not characterized Some waste-derived liming materials associated with radioactive elements

Contaminants of Waste-Derived Organics Pulp and Paper Sludges BPA: ingredient of thermal paper* Aroclor PCBs: used in inks and carbonless copy paper* DEHP: used in paper coating*, defoaming agent in

6 Contaminants of Waste-Derived Organics Pulp and Paper Sludges BPA: ingredient of thermal paper* Aroclor PCBs: used in inks and carbonless copy paper* DEHP: used in paper coating*, defoaming agent in paper manufacture Nonylphenol: surfactant used in the de-inking /paper recycling process PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs: from chlorine bleaching in pulp and paper mills *released during paper recycling and deinking

Contaminants of Waste-Derived Organics cont d Biosolids Alkyl phenols and alkyl phenol ethoxylates (e.g. Nonylphenol) Pharmaceuticals, hormones and sterols Industrial chemicals Plasticizers (e.

7 Contaminants of Waste-Derived Organics cont d Biosolids Alkyl phenols and alkyl phenol ethoxylates (e.g. Nonylphenol) Pharmaceuticals, hormones and sterols Industrial chemicals Plasticizers (e.g. DEHP) and plastic manufacture (e.g. BPA) Pesticides Perfluorinated organic compounds Brominated flame retardants (e.g. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers)

8 Other Contaminants Toxic residual monomers, degradation products and impurities of polymeric soil stabilizers, wetting agents, surfactants (process-dependant) Diversion to fertilizer of contaminated food/feed ingredients PCDD/Fs contamination of clays and diatomaceous earth intended for use in feeds Pentachlorophenol, PCP (pesticide) and PCDD/Fs in guar gum from India Farmed fish contaminated with malachite green (prohibited carcinogenic & teratogenic aquaculture parasiticide) Asbestos fibres in mined vermiculite from Libby, Montana PCDD/F contaminant of dyes used in food, feed and fertilizer (e.g. phthalocyanine green) Phytotoxins in plant extracts (process and input dependant) Animal toxins in animal by-products (process and input dependant) New/immergent materials with uncharacterized contaminant profiles

CFIA Regulatory Controls PCDD/Fs Standards Industrial processes resulting in PCDD/Fs also lead to HCB and dioxin-like PCB formation PCDD/Fs TEQ expected to be adequate indicator of other POPs (HCB,

9 CFIA Regulatory Controls PCDD/Fs Standards Industrial processes resulting in PCDD/Fs also lead to HCB and dioxin-like PCB formation PCDD/Fs TEQ expected to be adequate indicator of other POPs (HCB, dioxin-like PCB) formed during these processes PCDD/Fs TEQ not always an adequate indicator of other contaminants of organic wastes present as a result of their deliberate or historical use (e.g. Aroclors from inks and carbonless copy papers in paper sludges) maximum acceptable cumulative PCDD/Fs addition to soils mg TEQ/ha over 45 years maximum product concentration to protect handlers and bystanders 100 ng TEQ/kg product

CFIA Regulatory Controls Tl and V Standards cement-kiln

V standards maximum acceptable cumulative addition to soils

years Marketplace Monitoring Targeted sampling of product

metals for additional analyses: PCDD/Fs in biosolids, pulp

10 CFIA Regulatory Controls Tl and V Standards cement-kiln dust Tl contamination event triggered development of Tl and V standards maximum acceptable cumulative addition to soils 1 kg thallium/ha over 45 years 130 kg vanadium/ha over 45 years Marketplace Monitoring Targeted sampling of product types associated with contaminants other than standard metals for additional analyses: PCDD/Fs in biosolids, pulp and paper sludges and cement by-products Tl and V in cement by-products

11 Questions Pre-market Application Submissions Office Canadian Food Inspection Agency 59 Camelot Drive Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0Y9 Phone: Fax:

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