Equipment Development for Conservation Agriculture Ted S. Kornecki, Agricultural Engineer

Transcription

1 Equipment Development for Conservtion Agriculture Ted S. Kornecki, Agriculturl Engineer United Sttes Deprtment of Agriculture - Agriculturl Reserch Service Ntionl Soil Dynmics Lbortory 411 South Donhue Drive, Auburn, Albm Presented t the 2013 Southern Agriculturl Cover Crops Workshop in Jonesboro, AR July 24-25, 2013

2 Conservtion Tillge: >30% of residue cover on soil surfce Reduced Tillge: (15-30% residue) Conventionl Tillge: (<15% residue) Conservtion tillge Importnt fctors in conservtion tillge: 1. Minimizing soil disruption, nd 2. Mximizing soil coverge using cover crops 3. Cover crops need to produce mximum biomss to provide most benefits.

3 Benefits from cover crops Reduced soil erosion Reduced soil compction Incresed soil orgnic crbon nd nitrogen source Reduced weed pressure (mulch nd llelopthy) Improving soil qulity nd plnt growth Reduced runoff Reduced evportion Incresed wter infiltrtion Incresed vilble moisture Providing better wter utiliztion by plnts Mintin soil sustinbility nd frm profitbility

4 Benefits from Cover Crops cont., Crbon (C) content in plnt: 42%* For Averge dry biomss of cerel rye = 5800 lbs./cre, the totl crbon is 2400 lbs/cre (42%)* * Brdy nd Weil (1999) Microorgnisms use 1600 lbs./cre s energy source (2/3 of totl C) Sequestered crbon: 800 lbs./cre (1/3 of totl C) per yer is dded to the soil Totl frmlnd re in Arknss: 13.8 million cres ( Assuming tht only 30% (4.6 million cres) re no-till with cover crops. Yerly crbon contribution to the soil is: 1.6 million tons of Crbon (52,570 fully loded concrete trucks over 319 miles).

5 When we terminte cover crops? Recommended termintion of cover crop (rye) is three weeks before plnting csh crop Period of three weeks llows to effectively terminte cover crop mechniclly >90% using roller/crimper nd to eliminte cover crop competition with csh crop for nutrients nd wter. After tht period csh crop cn be plnted in prllel direction to rolled cover crop. (Ashford nd Reeves, 2003; Kornecki et l., 2006)

6 Plnting problems in High Residue Systems Hir Pinning

7 Plnting problems in High Residue Systems Hir Pinning Residue ccumultion on plnter

8 Plnting problems in High Residue Systems Hir Pinning Residue ccumultion on plnter Generl poor stnds

9 Cover Crop Mngement Methods Incorportion No soil protection from rinfll energy nd CO 2 emission Mowing Burning Benefits re lost Re-growth nd competition for resources with csh crop Toxic gses, CO 2 emission, soil hydrophobic surfce due to het Chemicl ppliction Rolling/crimping technology Tll cover crops will interfere with plnters, nd environmentl impct Full Benefits

10 Principle of rolling crimping Blunt surfce 6 mm (1/4 in) Crimping Br Crimping ction injures cover crop by crshing plnt s tissue ginst firm soil surfce thus restricting nutrients flow nd cusing plnt deth. To improve rolling effectiveness nd shorten time between cover termintion nd plnting csh crop, sprying herbicides my be required s supplement to roller/crimper.

11 Termintion nd cover crop growth stge 100 flg lef nthesis erly milk Rye Termintion Rte (%) Effectiveness of roller lone 3 weeks fter rolling Ashford nd Reeves, 2003 Recommended growth stge for rye termintion

12 Why originl rollers-crimpers re not widely dopted in USA? Excessive vibrtion t higher speeds generted by the originl roller design prevent to widely dopt this technology CSR-Three-section stright br roller

13 New Rolling/crimping technology Smooth roller with crimping rm; Kornecki t l U.S. Ptent # 7,604,067 B1

14 Video of Rolling/crimping

15 Single-section Roller Experiment Three roller designs were tested t 1.6 km/h, 3.2 km/h nd 8.0 km/h operting speeds to evlute speed nd roller type effects on rye termintion nd trctor vibrtions Developed t the Ntionl Soil Dynmics Lb. Stright br roller Curved br roller Smooth roller with crimper Roller s width = 1.8 m

16 Vibrtion Mesurements Trctor s frme Roller s frme Accelerometer

17 Cumultive termintion rtes b b 80.0 Stright brs % kill of cover crop Curved brs Smooth roller w/ crimper b b Wk 1 LSD = 2.45 Wk 2 LSD = 3.26 Wk 3 LSD = 2.31 Time fter rolling

18 Trctor frme vibrtion 12 Stright brs roller 10 Curved brs roller Smooth roller with crimper Accelertion (m/s 2 ) Extremely uncomfortble level (ISO, 1997) b b (LSD = 0.10) 4.8 (LSD = 0.22) 8.0 (LSD = 5.22) Roller's speed (km/h)

19 How to effectively speed-up cover crop termintion? Cold nd wet wether in spring cn dely the rolling of cover crop lso could dely csh crop plnting ON-OFF microswitch Fst cting solenoid vlve

20 Video of rolling nd chemicl ppliction

21 Slow motion of rolling nd chemicl ppliction

22 Amounts of Roundup used Tretment Continuous spry Spry every other crimp Spry every 4 th crimp Roundup solution pplied (gl/c) % Roundup mount of continuous spry Rye termintion fter one week (%)

23 Roller/crimper for elevted beds Kornecki, U.S. Ptent #7,662,517 B1

24 Sweet potto trnsplnter

25 Powered roller/crimper for wlk behind trctors Single-edge crimping br Double-edge crimping br (Kornecki, 2012, U.S. Ptent #8,176,991 B1).

26 2010 Results: Rye termintion rtes Termintion Rte (%) No roller Single edge crimping br Ger I Single edge crimping br Ger II Single edge crimping br Ger III Twin edge crimping br Ger I Twin edge crimping br Ger II Twin edge crimping br Ger III Terminted April 30 th, erly milk growth stge b b b dys N/S 7 dys LSD = dys LSD = 6.27 Time fter rolling 21 dys LSD = 2.28

27 Results: Volumetric Moisture Content No roller Single edge crimping br Ger I Single edge crimping br Ger II Single edge crimping br Ger III Twin edge crimping br Ger I Twin edge crimping br Ger II Twin edge crimping br Ger III 11 Volumetric moisture content (%) bc b bc bc bc b b dys LSD = week LSD = weeks N/S Time fter rolling 3 weeks N/S

28 Video of powered roller/crimper

29 No-till cotton experiment Experiment Loction: EV. Smith Reserch Sttion, Albm Soil Type: Cowrts fine sndy lom thermic Typic Knhpludults COVER CROPS: Rye (secle cerele L.) Crimson Clover (Trifolium Incrntum L.) Rye Vriety: ELBON, Plnting rte 90 Lbs./Acre Clover Vriety: Dixie Crimson Clover Plnting rte: 25 Lbs./cre Rye nd clover received 30.0 Units(Lbs.)N/cre: Jnury 27, 2009 nd Februry 26, 2010 Cotton Vriety: Stoneville 4427B2RF, plnting rte: 73,000 seeds/cre

30 Herbicides used in the experiment: Continuous ppliction rtes Roundup Powermx 325mL/7.5gllons (22 ounces/cre) ($ /2.5gllon) VINEGAR 20% No Dilution (15 gllons/cre) ($ /gllon) WEED ZAP Mix 64oz/per 10 gllons H2O (96 ounces/cre) ($ /gllon)

31 Equipment used: Two-stge roller/crimper b. Rer view b. Side View (Kornecki, 2011, U.S. Ptent #7,987,917 B1).

32 Clibrtion of herbicide dischrge

33 Video of controlled herbicide dischrge

34 Rye nd Crimson Clover termintion results

35 2010 termintion Rtes for Rye Termintion Rte (%) e d b bc bcd cd d e cd b b b bc cd cd cd d d c b b bc bc c bc c bc No roll Roller Cont 2nd 3rd Cont 2nd 3rd Cont 2nd 3rd No roll Roller Cont 2nd 3rd Cont 2nd 3rd Cont 2nd 3rd No roll Roller Cont 2nd 3rd Cont 2nd 3rd Cont 2nd 3rd Roundup Vinegr Weed- Zp Week 1 LSD = 4.49 Roundup Vinegr Weed- Zp Week 2 LSD = 4.19 Time fter rolling Roundup Vinegr Weed- Zp Week 3 LSD = 2.81

36 Termintion Rte (%) g No roll Roller Cont 2nd 3rd Cont 2nd 3rd Cont 2nd 3rd No roll Roller Cont 2nd 3rd Cont 2nd 3rd Cont 2nd 3rd No roll Roller Cont 2nd 3rd Cont 2nd 3rd Cont 2nd 3rd 2010 termintion rtes for Crimson Clover bc b bcd cd bcd ed def f b b b b b b c d de de de e f ef c g b b b Roundup Vinegr Weed- Zp Week 1 LSD = 7.78 Roundup Vinegr Weed- Zp Week 2 LSD = 5.60 Time fter rolling Roundup Vinegr Weed- Zp Week 3 LSD = 5.65

37 Video of 2-stge Roller/crimper

38 Amount of herbicides used Tretment Herbicide Herbicide solution pplied (gl/c) % Herbicide mount of continuous spry nd cost Continuous spry Spry every 2nd (every other) crimp Spry every 3rd crimp Roundup 0.17 (22 Oz) $5.00 Vinegr $ Weed Zp 0.75 (96 Oz) $58.00 Roundup 0.12 (15 Oz) $3.45 Vinegr $ Weed Zp 0.52 (66 Oz) $40.00 Roundup 0.10 (12 Oz) $2.95 Vinegr $ Weed Zp 0.44 (56 Oz) $34.22

39 2009 growing seson Seed cotton yield Cotton plnt height

40 Video of terminting tll covers (Sunn Hemp)

41 Two-stge roller for Rndle Frms

42 Modified RJ one-row trnsplnter Sub-frme with shnk ws dded to llevite soil compction

43 Trnsplnting tomtoes into hevy rye residue cover in Cullmn, Albm

44 Video of RJ trnsplnter with coulter nd row cleners

45 Row clener ttchments No row clener DAWN row clener DAWN with no coulter Yetter row clener

46 Different rolling ptterns for rye with respect to csh crop plnting direction Not rolled Perpendiculr Prllel Digonl (45 o )

47 Custom Residue Mnger Mounted reside mnger Residue pusher/shield Closed residue pusher/shield Modified pressing ski (Kornecki et l., 2011, U.S. Ptent Pending).

48 Video of Custom Residue Mnger

49 Summry New roller designs such s two-stge roller cn effectively terminte dense nd tll cover crops without vibrtions. Applicble for different trctor sizes/frm scles. Roller for elevted beds cn effectively terminte cover crops grown on elevted bed culture. Powered roller/crimper for wlk behind trctors gives smll frms effective solution to terminte cover crops using limited power source. Compred to roller lone, termintion process cn be fster with continuous or reduced supplementl pplictions of Glyphoste but not with orgnic herbicides. Use of row cleners/custom mde residue mngers is dependent of the biomss mount on the soil surfce.

50 Thnk you. Questions?

51 Contct Informtion Ted S. Kornecki Agriculturl Engineer USDA-ARS Ntionl Soil Dynmics Lbortory 411 South Donhue Drive Auburn AL Phone: E-mil: