It is already five in the evening, and you have yet to paint the wall. It will be impossible to finish the work today.

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2 After she off the TV, Mary went out for a walk. She wanted a change of air. switches was switched had switched has switched It is a good idea to travel to a foreign country while you are young. Before going to one, you should learn the and customs of its people. means manners goods clothes I lost all the money I had with me. what to do, I called my mother for help. Knowing Having known Known Not knowing The weather forecast says that it will be cold tomorrow. It d be of you to wear a jacket when you go out. sensitive sensual senseless sensible A: Where do you want to live in the future? B: New York is the city I have long wanted to live. in which when how which It is already five in the evening, and you have yet to paint the wall. It will be impossible to finish the work today. never almost most none the less I couldn t meet her at the station. I think it is either because she couldn t find the agreed place I misunderstood the meeting time. or nor nor that because 2

3 Jane got injured while she was playing soccer with her friends. Her doctor her very kindly when she was in hospital. took care attended looked forward to trained A: My parents have been hard on me because my grades are not as good as they expected. B: If you, I would study harder and try to make them feel better. I had been I am I were I have been A: I will tell you something I have kept a secret. My father is a professional baseball player. B: You re! sure telling me the truth kidding loved by your father I had an interview for a part-time job yesterday. I was because I had to speak politely. very sad so relaxed all the more nervous about to laugh A: Some people say traveling abroad will enhance your job opportunities. How do you that? B: That s a great idea. feel about know deal with make A: Do you see the flower at the roadside? What in English? B: We call it evening primrose. do you like is this named after do you call for is it called 3

4 A: I wonder if Sarah will be on time for tomorrow morning s meeting. B: Don t worry. She is I would expect to be late. the last person too busy an early riser so likely Every family has its own rules. In my family, we re not allowed to watch TV dinner. during eating on eating while eating among eating A: My parents are always treating me like a child. B: Don t get angry that. That s the way parents are. just as just by just because of just since 4

5 Sarah: So John, you re an English teacher now. Is that right? John: Yes. I ve been an English teacher for six years now. Sarah: Did you always want to be an English teacher? John: Well actually, recently, A. Sarah: Oh? John: Yes. I ve been studying math and science. Sarah: Oh. John: I m learning a lot more about math these days. I hope in the future I can be a math teacher. Sarah: That sounds interesting. John: Yes, I think so. I think math is important because if we can understand math, we learn new ways to think about problems. Sarah: What age students do you want to teach math to? John: I think I would enjoy teaching junior high school students. Sarah: So you said you re studying math now. John: That s right. Sarah: How do you do it? Do you study online? John: That s exactly right. I study online from various websites and these websites connect you to free online courses from real universities around the world. Sarah: Oh wow. John: Yeah. So I signed up for a free algebra class from a university in the United States. Sarah: Will you get a degree when you finish? John: Well you can. For every course you finish you can get a certificate that says you passed this course. And if you sign up for a series of courses, you can get a certification in a field like math or science. Sarah: Oh really? And it s all online? John: Yeah. And it s not only math or science, you can choose any field you want. I ve been thinking of studying Spanish there and you can study computer programming or history or law. Sarah: Oh, interesting. Maybe I ll try it. John: You should. They have different types of classes. You can study by yourself by watching videos or you can even have an interactive class with a real teacher and you can meet through video chat. Sarah: Wow. Hey, thank you. John: Yeah, you should try it. Sarah: I will. 5

6 Adapted from Teaching New Things Which of the following best fits A? I ve wanted to give up teaching Spanish I ve been thinking about changing my job I ve been interested in teaching science I ve been thinking of studying abroad Why does John regard math as important? Because he thinks math gives us a chance to solve problems in a new way. Because he thinks math has the power to change the world. Because he thinks math teaches him about the world he wants to live in. Because he thinks math is the most interesting of all the subjects. What is an advantage of online education for John? He can make friends with many people through video chat. He can have a good command of any kind of foreign language. He can take a free algebra class without applying for it. He can get a certification that could help him to become a math teacher. What does Sarah think about online learning? She is excited and will go to university to study online. She thinks it is interesting, but she has no time to study. She is interested in it and might take some online courses. She thinks it is useful and will take more online courses than John. 6

7 Which of the following is true about the conversation? John sometimes disagrees with what Sarah says. John knows more about studying online than Sarah does. John has many questions that he wants to ask Sarah. John is confused by Sarah s opinion of studying online. 7

8 Adapted from What Is Intelligence? 著作権の都合により掲載いたしません 8

9 Carbon is present throughout the natural environment in a fixed amount. It takes many forms and moves through the environment via the carbon cycle. The carbon cycle is the circulation and transformation of carbon back and forth between living things and the environment. Carbon is an element, something that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance. Other examples of elements are oxygen, nitrogen, calcium, iron, and hydrogen. Carbon compounds* are present in living things like plants and animals and in nonliving things like rocks and soil. Carbon compounds can exist as solidssuch as diamonds or coal, liquidssuch as crude oil, or gasessuch as carbon dioxide. Carbon is often referred to as the A because living things are based on carbon and carbon compounds. The amount of carbon on the earth and in Earth s atmosphere is fixed, but that fixed amount of carbon is dynamic, always changing into different carbon compounds and moving between living and nonliving things. Carbon is released to the atmosphere from what are called carbon sources* and stored in plants, animals, rocks, and water in what are called carbon sinks*. This process occurs in a number of steps. In the first step, through photosynthesisthe process by which plants capture the sun s energy and use it to grow, plants take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and release oxygen. The carbon dioxide is converted into carbon compounds that make up the body of the plant, which are stored in both the aboveground parts of the plantsshoots and leaves, and the belowground partsroots. In the next step, animals eat the plants, breathe in the oxygen, and breathe out carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide created by animals is then available for plants to use in photosynthesis. Carbon stored in plants that are not eaten by animals eventually decomposes* B, and is either released into the atmosphere or stored in the soil. Large quantities of carbon can be released to the atmosphere through geologic processes like volcanic eruptions and other natural changes that unsteady carbon sinks. For example, increasing temperatures can cause carbon dioxide to be released from the ocean. One important aspect of the carbon cycle is the speed with which carbon moves from a carbon source to a carbon sink and then back again. Some living things grow and decompose more quickly than others. For example, living things with shells, like oysters or snails, take a longer time to decompose than squishy* living things like slugs or tomatoes. The rate of decomposition, and the resulting release of carbon, can be hastened by the actions of very tiny plants and animals, called decomposers, that break down plant and animal matter. The decomposition process ends up creating carbon dioxide and other gases, such as methane. Plant and animal growth and decomposition occur simultaneously, all the time. We see live trees growing, and leaf litter and downed trees rotting in the same forest, for example. While a portion of the total amount of carbon present on the earth runs through the carbon 9

10 cycle relatively quickly, transitioning from atmospheric carbon dioxide to plant and animal matter, and back into atmospheric carbon dioxide within hundreds of years, another portion of the carbon is caught up in long-lived and stable carbon sinks. Examples of these stable sinks include subsurface hydrocarbon reservoirs* from which oil and gas are produced, and coal formations. carbon compounds carbon sources carbon sinks decomposes squishy subsurface hydrocarbon reservoirs Adapted from What Is The Carbon Cycle? Which of the following best fits A? substitute of life building block of life surface of life lack of life Which is NOT true about photosynthesis? Plants use the sun s energy to grow. Animals are completely unrelated to photosynthesis. Plants have the ability to change carbon dioxide into oxygen. Animals breathe out carbon dioxide which is available for plants to use. Which of the following best fits B? after the plants are eaten before the plants grow after the plants die before the animals die 10

11 Which is an example of the underlined part One important aspect of the carbon cycle? It takes oysters a longer time to decompose than tomatoes. Snails take a shorter time to decompose than slugs. Tiny living things such as snails decompose quickly. Oysters do not release carbon while decomposing. How can the decomposition of living things and the resulting release of carbon be accelerated? By the agency of heat. By the agency of plants. By the agency of animals. By the agency of decomposers. Which statement is true of the decomposition process? The hotter it becomes, the less carbon dioxide the ocean creates. Coal is not formed in long-lived and stable carbon sinks. The decomposition process can do without creating carbon dioxide. Plant and animal growth and decomposition occur continuously. 11