Two different Hypoxic Cases: Kangjin Bay, South Sea Chunsu Bay, Yellow Sea, Korea
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1 Yeosu,Korea May.15-18, 18, 2012 Two different Hypoxic Cases: Kangjin Bay, South Sea Chunsu Bay, Yellow Sea, Korea May 17, 2012 (S7) Young Jae Ro 1, Baek Jin Kim Baek Jin Kim 1 Kwang Young Jung 1 and Kwang Soon Park 2 1 Dept. of Oceanography, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam Natl. Univ. 2 Korea Ocean Research Development Institute (KORDI)
2 2012, Yeosu EXPO May 17, 2012 Chunsu Bay, Yellow Sea
3 Kangjin Bay, South Sea AGU 3
4 Similarity Small Estuary (~ 10s Km) Strong Tidal Circulation Intermittent Dam Water Discharge Differences Chunsu Bay Eutrophic Turbid Water from Inland Lakes Oxygen Consumption by bloom of micro-algae in the water column Kangjin Bay Fresh Clean Water from NG Dam Oxygen Consumption by SOD at bottom & no oxygen supply by stratification
5 2012, Yeosu EXPO May 17, 2012 Introduction, the Chunsu Bay Artificial Dyke Construction for Reclamation and Land Use Northern Passage Blocked Tidal Circulation Change in the Chunsu Bay Pollutant Load and Reduced Dilution and Transport out of the CS Bay Frequent Hypoxia/Anoxia Occurrences in the Summer Time Reduced Fishery Production
6 Yeosu Expo., Korea,May 17, 2012 So Many Issues with Questions Many Dam Constructions in the coastal Embayment in Korea since 1970s Dam Water Discharge Pollutant Load Salinity Decrease and Stratification Eutrophication Red Tide Hypoxia Formation Reduced Ecosystem Health
7 Yeosu Expo., Korea,May 17, 2012 Intensive Field Measurements Current & direction(adcp) - Jul. 29~Aug.30, 2010 (32 days) - Current Speed and Direction - Sampling interval : 10 min - Obs. Layers : 14 (1 m) Surveys - N-S cross section Seasonal and Summertime-monthly field works - Temperature & Salinity - Dissolved Oxygen, ph, Turbidity, Chlorophyll - COD, DOC, C, TN, TP, Si, etc. - Total 27 water quality parameters
8 Yeosu Expo., Korea,May 17, 2012 Discharge Information Total discharge volume (2010) : 700 million ton/year - Kanwol A-district tide-embankment : 430 million ton/year - Bunam B-district tide-embankment : 260 million ton/year Discharge took place for 3~4 hours - with discharge rate : 400 m 3 /sec (KW), 200 m 3 /sec (BN) - twice a day (during ebb~low tide) Tide- Embankment A-district B-district Length(km) 6,458 1,228 Floodgate 8 gates(102m) 4 gates (35.6m) Open 4~6 gates 2~3 gates
9 Yeosu Expo., Korea,May 17, 2012 Observations: Result 1- Current Observed Data (Surface) Harmonic Analysis Result (Surface) Residual Current (Surface) ADCP mooring Info. - Jul. 29~Aug.30, 2010 (32 days) - Current Speed and Direction - Sampling interval : 10 min - Obs. Layers : 14 (1 m)
10 Yeosu Expo., Korea,May 17, 2012 Obs. Result 2 Salinity, DO and Chlorophyll Oversaturation Stratification Max. : 13.8 ppm Min. : 2.9 ppm Hypoxia High Concentration Max. : 13.9 Min. : 30.7 Max. : 57.6 μg/l During Discharge : Kanwol & Bunam Lake (7.24~26 : Total Discharge amount 5.4x10 7 ton) DO : Oversaturation at surface Hypoxia formation at Bottom Salinity : Strong Stratification Chlorophyll : high concentration at surface
11 Yeosu Expo., Korea,May 17, 2012 Model Specification and Modeling Cases Model code : ECOM3D (Hydroqual) Grid system - 79 X 136, 250~4000 m, 9 sigma levels Time step - Internal : 20 sec, External : 2 sec Open boundary condition - 4 major tidal constituents (M2, S2, K1, O1) Rear dam discharge data Obs. Temp. & Salt. data Modeling Cases Out Forcing (Input Data) Tide Case-CS10T 4 Major Const. (M2, S2, K1, O1) Tide +Discharge Particle Trackiing (T+D) Case-CS10TD Case-CS-P10D-C Case-CS-P10D-R 4 Major Const. + Real Discharge Data (28, 0 psu) 4 Major Const. + Real Discharge Data (28, 0 psu)
12 Yeosu Expo., Korea,May 17, 2012 Model Result Current Field Case 10T Only Tide Case 10TD Tide+Discharge Case 10TD-10T Discharge effect (Density Current)
13 Yeosu Expo., Korea,May 17, 2012 Model Result Tidal Current (Spring / Flood) Northern part : 0.2~0.5 m/s Central Part : 0.5~1.0 m/s Southern Part : 1.0~3.0 m/s Case 10T Case 10TD Discharge effect : Northern Part : Change Dir. from N-S to E-W
14 Yeosu Expo., Korea,May 17, 2012 Model Result Residual Current Tidal Residual Current Northern Part : 0~10 cm/s Southern Part : 20~50 cm/s Density Current Northern Part : 10~40 cm/s Southern Part : 5~15 cm/s Tidal Residual + Density Current Northern Part : Density Current Southern Part : Tidal Residual Current
15 Model Result Salinity Field (Surface) Animation Salinity Change Particle Trtajectory
16 Yeosu Expo., Korea,May 17, 2012 Model Result Particle Tracking Exp. 입자추적실험동화상 입자추적실험동화상
17 PICES-2011, Khabarovsk, Russia, Oct.14-23, 2011 Summary-1 : Field Observation Obs. Results of WQ parameters in the Chunsu Bay (1) Strong Stratification formed due to Dam Water Discharge - Salinity drop by 13.9 psu - Region of Influence down to the middle part of Chunsu Bay (5 psu difference between surface and intermediate layer) (2) Hypoxia Formation : Jul. 26, 2010 / Aug.3, Raipd decrease of DO Conc. toward the Dam in the north - Observed Hypoxia with 1~2 m thickness under 3 ppm at Bottom (3) Increase of Chlorophyll in the surface layer - Max. 57 μg/l Cha, - Saturation DO: 120~160 % ADCP measurement - Residual current to the North - Good agreement between Dam water discharge record and southward residual Current
18 PICES-2011, Khabarovsk, Russia, Oct.14-23, 2011 Summary-2 Model Exp. Circulation Modeling Exp. (1) Tide Model - Entrance: 2~4 m/sec strong tidal current - S. Jukdo~Entrance: moderate 0.5~1 m/sec - Kanwol/Bunam: weak current with 0.2~0.5 m/sec (2) Tide+Discharge Exp. - SSS 2~15 psu Drop - Bottom Salinity 1~3 psu drop - Change of circulation due to density driven current (3) Particle Trajectory - Kanwol Lake: realistic trajectory reproduced 10 day reached mouth of the CS Bay - Bunam Lake: 4~5 days to Jukdo Island 10 day reached mouth of the CS Bay
19 Hypoxia in the Kangjin Bay
20 Time Series in Aug., 2004 Start at 04/08/17 23: (cms) Peak at 04/08/19 01: (cms) Ends at Total o Period ; 12 days 12 hours o Volume ; 830,176,000 ton (0.83 billion ton) Salinity Minimum occurred o on 8/24/04 19:17 (5 days and 17 hours later ) o o Salt = (psu) Temp= do=6.22 Temp Salt. Sigmat DO Disch. 20
21 Vertical Profile of DO June, 2004 July, 2004 Aug., 2004 Yeosu May 17,
22 Cross sectional distri. of Salinity AGU 22
23 DO Cross Section in Summer, AGU 23
24 Hypoxic Events after Fresh Dam Water Discharge DO & Salinity Change Animation Dissolved Oxygen Salinity
25 Implication to Ecosystem Physical Conditions o o o o o o Water circulation by Tide Fresh Water and nutrients Supply Eutrophication vs Flushing of the Bay Water Stratification and Strong Pycnocline Oxygen Production vs Consumption Hypoxia Formation Health of the Ecosystem o o o Dramatical Change in Salt, DO, etc Large Mortality of Clam-shell (Scaborcha Brouhtonii) Fishery Collapse Tolerance for the dam water discharge Smart Way to Release How much water can be discharged without causing Hypoxia and Clam-Shell Fishery Collapse? 25
26 Yeosu Expo., Korea,May 17, 2012 Thank you for Your Attentions!
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