Lower Cape Fear River Basin Cape Fear DO Issues
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1 Lower Cape Fear River Basin Cape Fear DO Issues by Jim Bowen, Assoc. Professor Civil Engr. Dept., UNC Charlotte Cape Fear Basin TMDL Conference Raleigh, NC September 9, 2003
2 Outline of Talk 1. Water Quality Models - The Analysis Tool of the TMDL Analysis 2. An Example TMDL - Neuse River Estuary, Nitrogen TMDL 3. Contrasting DO Conceptual Models - Neuse and Lower Cape Fear River Estuaries 4. Special Challenges in Modeling DO Dynamics in the Lower Cape Fear River Estuary
3 The TMDL Analysis Scenario Pollutant Load Nutrients (N,P), BOD, etc.
4 The TMDL Analysis Scenario Pollutant Load Scenario 4 Water Quality Goal Nutrients (N,P), 3 BOD, etc. 2 1 Water Quality
5 The TMDL Analysis Scenario 4 Water Quality Model Pollutant Load Scenario 4 Water Quality Goal Nutrients (N,P), 3 BOD, etc. 2 1 Water Quality
6 TMDL s Use Water Quality Models Hydrologic Conditions River Flows, Temp s, Conc s Tides Time Pollutant Loads Water Quality Model Adjustable Parameters: (growth, death, decay, sinking rates, temperature, nutrient, light functions.) nutrients DO, chlorophyll organic C Air temps, precip, wind, cloudiness Met Data Time Estuary Physical Characteristics: e.g. length, width, depth, roughness State Variables Time
7 2. An Example TMDL - Neuse River Estuary, Nitrogen TMDL Scenario Nitrogen Load to Estuary
8 2. An Example TMDL - Neuse River Estuary, Nitrogen TMDL Scenario Nitrogen Load to Estuary Scenario Water Quality Goal Chlorophyll-a Conc.
9 2. An Example TMDL - Neuse River Estuary, Nitrogen TMDL Scenario Nitrogen Load to Estuary Neuse Estuary Eutrophication Model Scenario Water Quality Goal Chlorophyll-a Conc.
10 Neuse and Cape Fear Models are Mass Balance Models Accumulation = Mass In - Mass Out Mass Inflow Internal sources State Variable Internal Sinks Volume of Water Mass Outflow
11 What Should the State Variables, Sinks, and Sources Be? Mass Inflow Internal sources State Variable Internal Sinks Volume of Water Mass Outflow
12 What Should the State Variables, Sinks, and Sources Be? Conceptual Model of System Mass Inflow Internal sources State Variable Internal Sinks Volume of Water Mass Outflow
13 Neuse Estuary Conceptual Model Surface Layer Bottom Layer Sediment
14 Neuse Estuary Conceptual Model Surface Layer Riverine Nutrient Load Long water residence time Bottom Layer Sediment
15 Neuse Estuary Conceptual Model Surface Layer Riverine Nutrient Load Algal Blooms, High DO Long water residence time Bottom Layer Sediment
16 Neuse Estuary Conceptual Model Surface Layer Riverine Nutrient Load Algal Blooms, High DO Bottom Layer Sediment Sediment O 2 Demand
17 Neuse Estuary Conceptual Model Surface Layer Riverine Nutrient Load Bottom Layer Algal Blooms, High DO without stratification Sediment Sediment O 2 Demand
18 Neuse Estuary Conceptual Model Surface Layer Riverine Nutrient Load Bottom Layer Algal Blooms, High DO without stratification Acceptable DO Sediment Sediment O 2 Demand
19 Neuse Estuary Conceptual Model Surface Layer Riverine Nutrient Load Bottom Layer Sediment Algal Blooms, High DO with stratification Sediment O 2 Demand
20 Neuse Estuary Conceptual Model Surface Layer Riverine Nutrient Load Bottom Layer Sediment Algal Blooms, High DO Anoxic Bottom Waters with stratification Sediment O 2 Demand
21 Model Developed for Nutrient TMDL NEEM = Neuse Estuary Eutrophication Model
22 NEEM Divides Water Body into Segments Neuse River Estuary
23 NEEM Divides Water Body into Segments Neuse River Estuary
24 Divide Segments into Layers (6-18) Layers may have varying widths Water Column Layer 2 Layer 5
25 NEEM Water Quality State Variables Physical Properties 1. Temperature 2. Salinity 3. Suspended Solids Phytoplankton 4. Diatoms & Dinoflagg s 5. Chloros & Cryptos 6. Blue-Green Algae Organic Matter 7. LPOM 8. RDOM 9. RPOM 9. Part Si 10. LDOM Nutrients 11. NH NO 2 + NO Dissolved Silica 14. Ortho Phosphate Oxidants/Reductants 9. Dissolved Oxygen 10. Benthically Derived Oxygen Demand Sediment Organic Matter 18. Labile SOM 19. Refr. SOM
26 NEEM Predicted and Observed Salinities near New Bern
27 NEEM Predicted and Observed Chl-a near New Bern
28 NEEM Predicted and Observed DO Conc. near New Bern
29 Load Reduction Needed to Meet Water Quality Standards (3 Models) Neuse TMDL Load Reduction Results WASP NEEM Neu-BERN no dummy Neu-BERN w/ dummy Percent TN Reduction Required to Meet Chlorophyl-a Standard Summary of model results used to recommend a 30% reduction in Nitrogen Loading from the 1995 baseline loading.
30 3. LCFR Estuary, Organic Matter (BOD) TMDL Scenario BOD Load to Estuary
31 3. LCFR Estuary, Organic Matter (BOD) TMDL Scenario BOD Load to Estuary Scenario DO Conc. Water Quality Goal
32 3. LCFR Estuary, Organic Matter (BOD) TMDL Scenario BOD Load to Estuary Scenario LCFR Estuary Model DO Conc. Water Quality Goal
33 LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual Model Cape Fear Nutrient Load Vertically Mixed Water Column Shorter water residence time Sediment
34 LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual Model Cape Fear Nutrient Load NECF & Black R. Color Load Vertically Mixed Water Column Shorter water residence time Sediment
35 Monitoring Stations Map Lower Cape Fear River Program
36 Salinity, LCFRP Data Riverine LCFR Ocean NC11
37 Light Attenuation, LCFRP Data Riverine LCFR Ocean
38 Turbidity, LCFRP Data Riverine LCFR Ocean
39 LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual Model NECF & Black R. Color Load Cape Fear Nutrient Load Vertically Mixed Water Column Sediment Fewer phytoplankton Shorter water residence time Sediment O 2 Demand
40 Chl-a, LCFRP Data Riverine LCFR Ocean
41 Orthophosphate, LCFRP Data Riverine LCFR Ocean
42 NOx, LCFRP Data Riverine LCFR Ocean
43 LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual Model BOD Sources, DO Sources & Sinks Sediment
44 LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual Model BOD Sources, DO Sources & Sinks NECF & Black R. BOD Load Cape Fear BOD Load Sediment
45 LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual Model BOD Sources, DO Sources & Sinks NECF & Black R. BOD Load Cape Fear BOD Load Muni & Ind. BOD Load Sediment
46 LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual Model BOD Sources, DO Sources & Sinks NECF & Black R. BOD Load Cape Fear BOD Load decaying phyto. Muni & Ind. BOD Load Sediment
47 LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual Model BOD Sources, DO Sources & Sinks NECF & Black R. BOD Load Cape Fear BOD Load Muni & Ind. BOD Load decaying phyto. Phytoplank. Productivity Surface Reaeration Sediment
48 LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual Model BOD Sources, DO Sources & Sinks NECF & Black R. BOD Load Cape Fear BOD Load Muni & Ind. BOD Load decaying phyto. Input of NECF & Black R. Low DO Water Phytoplank. Productivity Surface Reaeration Ocean Inflows Sediment
49 LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual Model BOD Sources, DO Sources & Sinks NECF & Black R. BOD Load Cape Fear BOD Load Muni & Ind. BOD Load decaying phyto. Input of NECF & Black R. Low DO Water Phytoplank. Productivity Surface Reaeration Ocean Inflows Sediment Sediment O 2 Demand
50 LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual Model Cape Fear BOD Load BOD Sources, DO Sources & Sinks NECF & Black R. BOD Load Muni & Ind. BOD Load decaying phyto. Input of NECF & Black R. Low DO Water Surface Reaeration Phytoplank. BOD Productivity Consumption Ocean Inflows Sediment Sediment O 2 Demand
51 DO, LCFRP Data Riverine LCFR Ocean
52 95-01 NC 11 (Cape Fear), LCFRP Data
53 117 (Northeast Cape Fear), LCFRP Data
54 Special Challenges of Modeling LCFR Estuary 1. Three dimensional variability (longitudinal, lateral, vertical) in state variables 2. Mixing regimes vary significantly from upstream (riverine) to mouth (energetic tidal mixing) 3. Many significant sources of DO to surface waters algal productivity, surface reaeration, lateral inflows from ocean)
55 Special Challenges of Modeling LCFR Estuary 4. Many significant sinks of DO that affect surface waters sediment oxygen demand low DO water input from Black and NE Cape Fear River, municipal and industrial wastewater loads, BOD inputs from adjacent swamps & Black and NE Cape Fear Rivers
56 Special Challenges of Modeling LCFR Estuary 5. Widely varying decomposition rates of different organic matter sources Decaying phytoplankton biomass Industrial, municipal BOD loads Refractory organic matter from black water sources
57 BOD decomposition rates vary widely BOD5 DO Consumed (mg/l) Decaying phytoplanton biomass Black water organic matter Municipal, industrial BOD loads Time 5 days
58 BOD decomposition rates vary widely Black water organic matter DO Consumed (mg/l) Municipal, industrial BOD loads Decaying phytoplanton biomass 5 days Time 50 days
59 Conclusions Regarding LCFR TMDL 1. Challenging system to model 2. Model must properly account for changing physical regimes through the estuary (river to mouth) 3. Model must account for all of DO sources and sinks 4. Model must properly account for differing qualities of BOD sources to estuary
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