SFL/METU FALL 2017 DBE Writing Handout 3 INTERMEDIATE GROUP (Instructor s Copy)

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1 SFL/METU FALL 2017 DBE Writing Handout 3 INTERMEDIATE GROUP (Instructor s Copy) Task: Classifying types of advertisement, defining and explaining print advertising. Objectives: Students will have gained awareness of and practiced dependent and independent sentences, gained awareness of and practiced combining sentences using adverb clauses of reason, concession and purpose, gained awareness of the use of punctuation while combining sentences, gained awareness of and practiced the function and use of exemplification phrases, practiced rewriting sentences and completing texts using adverb clauses of reason, concession and purpose and exemplification phrases, practiced the elements introduced in this handout by answering the given question.. As studied in the previous writing handout, combining sentences helps the writer express logical relationships and achieve sentence variety using conjunctions or transitions. This writing handout looks at other possible ways to combine sentences in order to show the relationship between ideas clearly. It will focus on dependent clauses that are combined with independent clauses by using words that show reason, concession and purpose. An independent clause shows a complete thought because it is a complete sentence. On the other hand, a dependent clause is not a complete sentence because it depends on an independent sentence to express a complete thought. Because I woke up late this morning. (This is a dependent sentence as it is incomplete) Because I woke up late this morning, I missed the bus. (This is a complete sentence made up of a (dependent clause) (independent clause) dependent and an independent clause) A. COMBINING SENTENCES USING ADVERB CLAUSES OF REASON A dependent clause can show reason using because, as and since. When it is combined with an independent clause, together, they form an independent clause. Because English is easy to learn, it is an international language. As (dependent clause) (independent clause) Since ** Note that when a dependent clause comes before the independent clause, it is followed by a comma. Because / Since / As she has passed her English exams, she feels relieved. She feels relieved because / since / as she has passed her English exams. 1

2 **Note that since is used to express both reason and time. He took another English course since his TOEFL score was so low. (reason) He has studied very hard since the language course began. (time) There are other ways to introduce a reason sentence using nouns / noun phrases or gerunds. Because the language is constantly changing, it is difficult to regulate. Because of the constant change in language, it is difficult to regulate. Due to (noun phrase) Owing to Many students feel stressed because they are getting low grades. Because of getting low grades, many students feel stressed. Due to (gerund) Owing to The reason clause (dependent clause) can follow the independent clause. However, this does not change the meaning. Many students feel stressed because of / due to / owing to getting low grades. Practice 1. Rewrite the following sentences using the given words without changing the meaning. 1. Students should not be allowed to use phones in class because they are distracted easily. (due to) Students should not be allowed to use phones in class due to being distracted easily. 2. Students may have difficulty in improving their writing skills as they lack sufficient practice. (because of) Because of the lack of sufficient practice / lacking sufficient practice, students may have difficulty improving their writing skills. 3. Internet users need to be careful when they post personal information on-line since it may lead to on-line identity theft problems. (owing to) Internet users need to be careful when they post personal information on-line owing to on-line identity theft problems. 4. Because of being polite and kind, he leaves a good impression on others. (as) As he is polite and kind, he leaves a good impression on others. 5. Many people attend language courses owing to the increasing need to learn a second language. (because) Many people attend language courses because there is (an) increasing need to learn a second language. in 2

3 Practice 2. Complete the following sentences in a meaningful way. (suggested answers) 1. Liza will probably speak French fluently since she is attending speaking classes. 2. As there is no homework for Monday, I can relax at the weekend. 3. Because I have bad pronunciation, I hesitate to speak in class. 4. Because of not doing enough exercise on vocabulary, her vocabulary skills are poor. 5. Many candidates pass the exam owing to its easy level. B. COMBINING SENTENCES WITH ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONCESSION Dependent sentences are used with the conjunctions although, even though, though and the prepositions in spite of and despite to show concession, or surprising, unusual or an unexpected result. Although English is not his native language, he can deliver impressive presentations in English at Even though meetings. Though Although language is mostly used for the transmission of information, it also allows us to access Even though existing knowledge, to draw conclusions, and to set and accomplish goals. Though Adapted from: ** Note that when a dependent clause comes before the independent clause, it is followed by a comma. **When the dependent and independent clauses change place, there is almost no difference in meaning. He can deliver impressive presentations in meetings although / even though / though English is not his native language. Although / Even though / Though English is not his native language, he can deliver impressive presentations in meetings. Despite and In spite of are prepositions. They are used with nouns, noun phrases or gerunds. Although he is good at reading skills, he didn t do so well in the test. He didn t do so well in the test although / even though / though he is good at reading skills. Despite being good at reading skills, In spite of his good reading skills, he didn t do so well in the test. Despite having good reading skills, (noun phrase) 3

4 Practice 3. Rewrite the following sentences with the words given. Be careful with punctuation. 1. Although many immigrants experience culture shock at first, they get used to the new way of life after some time. (despite) Despite experiencing culture shock at first, many immigrants get used to the new way of life after some time. 2. In spite of the significant increase in the need for speakers of French, the majority still prefer to learn English. (even though) Even though there is / has been significant increase in the need for speakers of French, the majority still prefer to learn English. 3. Although photo-shopping has become common, professional photographers think that it reveals an unrealistic and distorted image of people. (in spite of) In spite of becoming common, professional photographers think that it reveals an unrealistic and distorted image of people. 4. Though the new advertisement has a colourful visual, it is not attention-grabbing. (despite) Despite its colourful visual / having a colourful visual, the new advertisement is not attention-grabbing. 5. In spite of being persuasive enough for consumers to purchase the product, the advertisement failed to gain popularity. (although) Although the advertisement was persuasive enough for consumers to purchase the product, it failed to gain popularity. 6. Although she has found a catchy slogan for the product, she cannot persuade the celebrity to endorse it. (in spite of) In spite of finding a catchy slogan for the product, she cannot persuade the celebrity to endorse it. Practice 4. Complete the following sentences in a meaningful way. (suggested answers) 1. Although he seems to be a disorganized student, he is usually ready for class. 2. Despite the hard work and assignments, the elective course is very popular. 3. Though it is the most expensive language school in the area, many parents want to register their children to that school. 4. The advertisement was not very successful even though celebrities endorsed the product. 5. Young consumers have not responded to the new product as much as expected in spite of the trendy packaging. 4

5 C. COMBINING SENTENCES WITH ADVERB CLAUSES OF PURPOSE In order for the writer to show the purpose of the action in the independent clause, to, in order (not) to, so as (not) to, in order that and so that are used. Note that in order that and so that are followed by a dependent clause while so as (not) to and in order (not) to are followed by an infinitive (V1). She is learning English / She has been learning because she wants to get better job opportunities. She is learning English to get better job opportunities. in order to so as to Learners of English can use a collocations dictionary if they do not want to confuse word partnerships. Learners of English can use a collocations dictionary in order not / so as not to / not to confuse word partnerships. She is learning English in order that she gets / can get / will get better job opportunities. She has been learning English so that she gets / she can get / she will get better job opportunities. She was learning English last year so that she got / she could get / she would get better job opportunities. When sentence order changes, there is hardly any difference in meaning. However, be careful to use a comma after the dependent sentence. To have an effective advertising policy, advertisement companies need to be aware of the rhythm In order to and pulse of the society. So as to Practice 5. Rewrite the sentences with to, in order (not) to, so as (not) to, in order that and so that. 1. She went to London. She wanted to learn more on advertising. (in order to) She went to London in order to learn more on advertising. 2. Advertisers make TV commercials louder as they want to grab the attention of children. (so as to) Advertisers make TV commercials louder so as to grab the attention of children. 3. They spent a lot of money on advertising because they didn t want the campaign to fail. (so that) They spent a lot of money on advertising so that the campaign did not / would not fail. 4. She has attended a crash course since she wanted to pick up the basics in English. (so as to) She has attended a crash course so as to pick up the basics in English. 5. Companies offer toys for children to promote their products because they want children to purchase and consume them. (so that) Companies offer toys for children to promote their products so that children (will / can) purchase and consume them. 5

6 D. GIVING EXAMPLES Another way to explain ideas clearly and show a clear relationship between them is to use exemplification phrases. These phrases include for example, for instance, to illustrate, and such as. Examples serve to provide detail and support the writer s ideas. This detail and support will help the reader comprehend the subject more thoroughly. There is very little difference between for example and for instance and to illustrate. They have nearly the same meaning and they are used in the same way. However, for example is used much more frequently than for instance and to illustrate, especially in formal contexts. Advertising on the radio is a great way to reach your target audience. For example, the advertisements on a particular station that your target market listens to can attract new customers. Television advertisements are particularly useful if manufacturers need to demonstrate how their product or service works. For instance, the manufacturer can take advantage of sight, sound, movement and colour to show his product and persuade a customer to buy it. There are many ways to advertise outside. To illustrate, outdoor billboards can be very effective by the road or at sport stadiums. **Note that all three phrases can start an exemplification. The phrases are followed by a comma. Such as is used to introduce an example or examples of something we mention. To present a list of examples, use a comma before such as. However, when there is just one example, it is more common to use it without a comma. The Internet alone provides a vast variety of choice, such as branded viral videos, banners, advertorials and sponsored websites. The Internet alone provides a vast variety of choice such as sponsored websites. Practice 1. Read the following text and complete the paragraphs with information from the list. The sentences are NOT in order. Knowing English is useful in several areas. First of all, being able to speak English puts employees in a position to be able to attend or hold international business meetings. For example, 1) if they are the only English speaking employee in their team, they may find themselves attending important meetings abroad, and going up the career ladder in the process. Moreover, 2) due to being able to communicate in English, they will be able to do business with English-speaking customers and sell products to them. As a result, this will give them the chance to build relationships with overseas customers, 3) and the ability to build relationships is an important business skill. In fact, this ability will put them at an advantage over non-english speaking fellow employees, and make them more valuable to the company they work for. 6

7 Secondly, English is also the language of science. If students learn English, they will have access to the vast amount of knowledge available on the web. Furthermore, 4) they will be able to educate themselves further by being able to read scientific books and papers. English is, of course, essential if students intend to follow a scientific career. Within the Science Citation Index, compiled by the Institute for Scientific Information, an estimated 95% of articles are written in English. a) due to being able to communicate in English b) if they are the only English speaking employee in their team c) they will be able to educate themselves further by being able to read scientific books and papers d) and the ability to build relationships is an important business skill Adapted from: Practice 2. Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Use each word only ONCE. and for example moreover since English is the language you ll be able to use most widely 1) since it s spoken in more countries than any other language in the world. In fact, 60 of the world s 196 countries have English as their official language, such as the USA, Australia, Canada and New Zealand. It s the language of diplomacy, 2) and the official language of the European Union, the United Nations, NATO, the European Free Trade Association and many Commonwealth countries. 3) Moreover, English is the commonly adopted second language of people in many more countries. 4) For example, in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany and Holland, it is very common to find many speakers of fluent English. In total, around 1.5 billion people speak English worldwide. Practice 3. Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Use each word only ONCE. because because of therefore as a result in addition Being able to speak English will definitely allow you to communicate effectively in numerous countries. 1) As a result / Therefore, in the short-term, this will open up lots of possibilities for you in terms of job and travel.you won t have to worry about getting lost when you travel to an English-speaking country. 2)Because of being able to communicate in English, you can ask for directions, and take guided tours, and you can easily order food and chat to the locals. 3) In addition, careers, such as the airline, tourism and film industries involve lots of travel or international exposure, so they use English as their official language. The employers in these sectors are likely to require evidence of a certain level of proficiency in English before they consider employing you. 4)Therefore / As a result, if you can speak English, you ll find that you have a greater chance of getting a job in one of these fields. Furthermore, adding English to your CV will be useful 5) because you ll be in a much stronger position 7

8 to apply for jobs overseas if you ve reached a good level of fluency in English. English has been referred to as the language of business. However, if you re not thinking of living and working abroad, that doesn t mean you cannot put English on your CV. In fact, there may be plenty of English-speaking multinational corporations with offices in your home country who are looking for staff like you. Adapted from: TASK 1. Read the text about advertisement and then fill in the table below in note form with the information from the text. Advertising has evolved into a vastly complex form of communication, with literally thousands of different ways for a business to get a message to the consumer. Today's advertiser has a vast range of choices at his or her use. Here are some of them. If you see an advertisement on the Internet, it is called online advertising. In fact, there are ads on almost every page you visit, as they are the main source of income for the Internet. Another form of online advertising is "Native Advertising," which is the digital variation of the old print advertorials. From ads on Facebook and SnapChat, to partnerships with Buzzfeed and Reddit, it is the fastest and easiest way to reach millions of potential customers is online. Another technology related type of advertisement is mobile advertising which involves using cell phones, ipads, Kindles, Nooks, and other portable electronic devices with Internet connectivity. This is a relatively new form of advertising compared to the others. Current trends in mobile advertising involve major use of social media such as Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, and Facebook. On the other hand, one of the conventional forms of advertising is considered print advertising. Although it may be losing its place to the many digital forms of advertising, it has always been available to consumers. Nowadays, it is different, and being different is good. When consumers get tired of digital ads, a return to printed pieces gives a feeling of being permanent. A mass-market form of communication including television and radio, which is called broadcast advertising has, until recently, been the most dominant way to reach a large number of consumers. It is a popular way to reach millions of people. In addition, on television, a recently popular form of advertising is used. It is called product placement. Goods and services are promoted in the context of a show or movie. In other words, the advertisement is placed as a natural part of the programme or scene. If you have ever seen a movie and wondered "wow, they sure are driving a lot of Ford cars in this scene," or "does everyone in this TV show drink Pepsi?", then you have noticed product placement. It is the main source of funding for films and shows, and it is a great way for advertisers to reach a targeted population. Adapted from: 8

9 TYPES OF ADVERTISING FUNCTION / ADVANTAGE AREAS OF USE EXAMPLES 1. Advertising on the Internet a) online advertising ads on almost every page on the Internet b) native advertising: the digital variation of the old print advertorials fastest, easiest way to reach millions of potential customers the Internet the Internet c) mobile advertising new form of advertising portable electronic devices with Internet connectivity & social media Facebook, Snapchat, Buzzfeed, Reddit I-pad, Kindle, Nook Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, Facebook. 2. print advertising: advertising in newspapers & magazines traditional form of advertisement allows exposure to a still image for a long time gets the reader s attention message strong & catchy can be expensive Newspapers, magazines, billboards, posters, direct mail (letters, brochures, flyers) fast food chains: Burger King cars:volkswagen Polo international business investments: HSBC 3. broadcast advertising reach a large number of consumers / millions of people product placement in a TV show / movie Ford / Pepsi Adapted from: TASK 2. Classify types of advertising according to the table. Define print advertising and explain it in 7-8 sentences. 9

10 STEP 1: Write your text here. FOR PEER EDITOR S USE Cap. Punc. S/V Fr. 10

11 STEP 2: PEER-EDITING: Now, exchange your paper with a friend. * Circle the mistakes in your friend s paper. * DO NOT correct his/her sentences. Put a cross (X) in the relevant column to identify the type of the mistake. STEP 3: SELF-EDITING: Get back your own paper. * Discuss his or her feedback with your peer. * Now, check your paper yourself using the Self-checklist below. Put a tick ( ) in the relevant box. In order to self-edit your writing, the guideline will help you. Tick the relevant box. Does the writing answer the given question? Are all the ideas relevant to the topic? Are there any ideas that do not explain the topic? Have suitable connectors been used to develop the ideas? (so, and, but, moreover, however, although, such as, etc.) Has suitable and varied vocabulary been used to develop ideas? Does the language contain any errors (run-on, fragment, subject-verb agreement, etc.)? YES NO STEP 4: Correct your writing according to your peer s feedback and the self-checklist. Then, re-write and submit it to your instructor. Write your text here. 11