Smart Agriculture. Classification: Public Ritchie Technocrats Private Limited
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1 Smart Agriculture (SA) is an agricultural practice made farmers to boost their farming culture and achieve sustainably increased productivity and system resilience. Smart agricultural management relies strongly on many different sensing methodologies to provide accurate information about the crop, soil, climate, and environmental
2 conditions. Mostly farming depends on monsoons, if monsoons are good enough, then entire economy is upbeat else every farmer from everywhere fails to some extent. The major problem is proper managing of water or scarcity of water. Consumption of needs for global population is expected to grow 70% by According to India s food banking network and FAO billion people are undernourished in India. The Global Hunger Index 2014 ranks India at 55 out of 76 countries on the basis of three leading indicators prevalence of underweight children under 5 years, under 5 child mortality rate, and the proportion of undernourished in the population. India needs to invest heavily in the agriculture sector which employs almost 50% of the country s workforce and contributes 13.7% of the GDP in 2013, including the allied sectors. India s biggest challenge in Agriculture sector is water scarcity & its management. Sometimes irrigation and ground water facilities are misused by farmers, which leads to a host of other problems. Considering these facts India needs best agricultural practices than before to grow and become a strong nation in both food production and economically.
3 Picture2: Agricultural Practices Hurdles facing in traditional agriculture practices Framers had many hitches to get a good yield. The major hitches they are facing in production are: Every time they have to go on field and check the field parameters. Continuous water irrigation to the crops causes water wastage. Predicting the weather conditions before any hazard occurs. Hard to find each and every plant growing conditions.
4 Need to know Fertility of the soil in the field to yield high productivity. For the limitations mentioned above, by applying the latest emerging technologies to current agriculture practice leads to increase in production and saving the renewable energy resources. Smart agriculture using Internet of Things (IoT) space aims to solve these limitations by providing solutions like Automatic irrigation system, Automatic Weather monitoring in the field, examine the Soil Fertility and VOCs near the plant. Track and record the plant growth and estimating crop yield time.
5 Picture3: Technology in Farming Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are defined as any organic compounds with vapor pressures high enough under normal conditions to be vaporized into the atmosphere (Dicke & Loreto, 2010). VOCs are mostly involved in ecological functions, including indirect plant defense against insects, pollinator attraction, plant-plant communication, plant-pathogen interactions. Carbon availability is a crucial limiting resource in a plant. Normally the Plants release VOCs as a byproduct of their everyday Physiological processes. Specific VOCs and their amounts of released are symbolic for both the crop and field conditions. The alterations in the Humidity, light, temperature, soil condition, fertilization, insects, and plant diseases results in the release of VOCs.
6 Electronic nose is a device built with sensors to detect the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) that are emitting from the plants at various conditions. The chemical functions in plant are related with microbes, animals, and even other plants, as well as protecting themselves from ultraviolet radiation and oxidants. Some compounds may attract helpful insects or microbes, whereas others kill or repel herbivorous. These compounds are categorized as primary metabolites and secondary metabolites where primary metabolites are one required for the growth of the plants and secondary metabolites essential for successful competition or reproduction (Theis & Lerdau, 2003). An Electronic nose consists of an array of gas sensors to sense the pattern of VOCs releasing from the plants. Studies have been conducted to detect VOCs that indicate fruit ripeness and/or compounds that trigger fruit ripening, such as ammonia, ethanol, ethylene, and trans-2-hexenal.vocs like ethylene, nitric oxide, jasmonates, isoprene and terpenes are released as a response to stress facing by the plant due to wounding, pathogen attack, drought, hypoxia, temperature shifts and noxious chemicals. Electronic nose has the ability to identify early stages of insect infestations by detecting VOCs secreted by plants that have been attacked. Electrochemical sensors in agriculture used for direct measurement of soil Chemistry through tests such as ph or nutrient content. These results from the soil testing are important to obtain optimal crop production and produce
7 quality, tasty food. The development of soil sensors has been reviewed by Adamchuk et al. There are two types of electrochemical sensors are commonly used to measure the activity of selected ions (H+, K+, NO3-, Na+, etc.) in the soil. Ion selective electrode (ISE) sensors. Ion selective field effect transistor (ISEFT) sensors. ISE and ISEFT sensors are been used to monitor the uptake of ions by plants. The rate of nutrient uptake by the plant is determined by its demand, which is dependent on the growth rate and on the status of the plant s nutrient content. Mostly macronutrients (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium) are absorbed actively. Monitoring ion concentrations in plants or growing systems helps farmers to develop fertilization strategies to optimize production. With the use of ISE and ISEFT, the development of ionspecific nutrient supply systems for crops/plants is possible. Ion-selective sensors are developed to detect different types of ions and monitor nitrogen ions in the soil and crops, such as potatoes, and vegetables for fertilization management. Concentration of ions, such as iodide, fluoride, chloride, sodium, potassium, and cadmium, in plants or soils have been measured by ISE sensors to determine plant metabolism, nutrition, and toxicological effects that heavy metals may have on plants.
8 Picture4: Wireless Technologies Wireless sensing networks are designed by adopting advances in wireless and sensing technologies to enable new possibilities in agriculture practice. Radio frequency (RF), global positioning sensors, soil moisture, humidity, temperature, gas sensors, microcontrollers and power sources have been adopted in designing wireless sensing networks. Development of this technology is intended to provide revolutionary methods, means for observing, assessing and controlling agricultural practices. Wireless sensor network technology is still in its earliest development stage.
9 Picture5: Implementation In Smart Agriculture the Wireless Sensing Unit (WSU) consists of soil moisture sensor, humidity and Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) gas sensors at the sensing unit can detect the water level, temperature and gases releasing from the plant respectively. The data from these sensors is sent to Wireless Information Unit (WIU) which leads to control the motor for the automation, instead of a scheduled watering system. Wireless Sensor Unit (WSU) with a Distributed Wireless Network is placed near the root zone of the plants. This sensing unit handles the sensor information, and transmits data to the WIU/Gateway. Algorithms were developed and programmed into microcontroller of WSU and WIU by which water pumping motor is controlled and plant health is monitored. A duplex communication link based on a Cellular Internet system is interfaced with WIU which sends the data to Cloud Database.
10 Picture6: Smart phones A Smartphone with application helps the farmer to remotely monitor and access information from any corner of the world. The farmer gets notified about the climatic changes occurring around the crop and in that area. System Features Benefits to farmers Proper water management Avoids water wastage in the irrigation process Weather station Stay notified with the climatic changes in the field Soil fertility measurements Helps in design of fertilization strategies to optimize production Plants growth and health tracking Quality in the production Detecting wounding and pathogens attack Doughty conditions Aware of infestations in the crop Alerts about water scarcity
11 Observing and accessing the field from any corner of the world. Controlling the system remotely. Compatible, Portable & Easy to install. Stay updated with the changes in crops and helps in estimating yield time and production. Manual control on the system Easy maintenance Lack of proper understanding of the needs to grow crops sustainably push farmers into a vicious circle of debts, heavy use of fertilizers, water mismanagement, low productivity and thus more debts for the next cycle. When proper techniques are employed by the farmers it will be more beneficial than before in production and quality of the production. Knowing the Climatic changes in the field, farmers will be able to avoid the major losses occurring during natural calamities. Tracking, recording the plants details and analyzing the reports will provide estimated details of the yield and production. Libelium is the one of the company implementing smart agriculture.
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