Rural Planning and Development in Malaysia: An Overview

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1 Rural Planning and Development in Malaysia: An Overview 32m UTM Razak School of Engineering & Advanced Technology Guest Lecture by Khairul Hisyam Kamarudin, PhD

Dr. Khairul Hisyam Kamarudin Head of Panel (Built Environment & Industrial Design) Head of Research Group (Royal Belum-Temenggor, RB-T) Office Address: UTM Razak School of Engineering & Advanced

01, Malaysia Japan International Institute of Technology UTM Kuala Lumpur Doctor of Philosophy in Planning, Oxford Brookes University, UK MSc (by Research) in Urban & Regional Planning, UTM, B.

Khairul Hisyam Kamarudin >>> more Research interest: Sustainable Rural Planning & Development; Community Based Rural Tourism; Resilient Rural Community; Community Engagement in Planning; Marginalized

2 Dr. Khairul Hisyam Kamarudin Head of Panel (Built Environment & Industrial Design) Head of Research Group (Royal Belum-Temenggor, RB-T) Office Address: UTM Razak School of Engineering & Advanced Technology, Level 7, Menara Razak UTM Kuala Lumpur l Visiting address: , Malaysia Japan International Institute of Technology UTM Kuala Lumpur Doctor of Philosophy in Planning, Oxford Brookes University, UK MSc (by Research) in Urban & Regional Planning, UTM, B. URP (UTM), Dip. URP (UTM) Biodata Dr. Khairul Hisyam Kamarudin >>> more Research interest: Sustainable Rural Planning & Development; Community Based Rural Tourism; Resilient Rural Community; Community Engagement in Planning; Marginalized Group and Poverty Selected National Appointment: Member of policy writer for the National Rural Development Policy-National Transformation 2050 by the Ministry of Regional and Rural Development Malaysia (Jan 2017 present) Expert panel for Strategic Planning on Charting the Future of Regional Development Agencies towards the 11 th Malaysia Plan, by Strategic Planning Department, Ministry of Regional and Rural Development Malaysia (completed) Selected National Level Consultation: Technical project by the Department of Mineral and Geoscience Malaysia Slope Hazard and Risk Mapping (completed) Technical project by the Public Work Department Revision of National Slope Masterplan, (completed) Technical project by PLANMalaysia Planning Guideline for Resilient Cities to Disasters (on-going) Research consultation with the National University of Singapore Asian Smallholders: Transformation and Persistence (on-going)

3 Contents Introduction Scenario of Rural Development in Malaysia Framework of Integrated Rural Planning in Malaysia Rural policies and programs in Malaysia National, Regional and Local levels Rural Development in Malaysia and the Agenda of Sustainable Development Way forward Vision 2020 and beyond National Rural Development Policy TN50 Specially Crafted by TAQI UDDIN Some HAMZAH issues and challenges 3

5 Sustainable Rural Development Federal Government State Government Planning & development are closely interrelated subjects Rural planning covers all initiatives taken by government agencies or other groups of interest in rural areas including development policies, programs, projects aim to achieve goals and objective of rural development The Dynamics of Rural Development Local Government Rural planning also covers land use planning which guide and control the use of land carried out at different levels including national, state, district and community

6 Sustainable Rural Development To ensure that all members of societies have their needs met To ensure that all societies needs are meet To ensure all development and conservation is sustainable over time in a social, economic and environmental sense

7 Improved the humanized and natural environments Balances socio-economic-environmental outcome Honours cycles; seasons, life patterns, highs and lows Designs artfully and redesigns thoughtfully Holds out for useful interconnections Focuses on the future Link knowledge and action: connectedness Works around rather than pushing through Characteristics of sustainable planning Sustainable Planning Adopted from Rindell (2004)

1. Current scenario 50-50 50-50 http://archinect.com/features/article/75248/shifting-paradigms-part-1-renovating-the-decorated-shed https://www.wealthdaily.

8 1. Current scenario Indonesia Next R

9 1. Current Scenario GDP Growth Rate Next R

10 Hong Kong Singapore Qatar Belgium Kuwait Japan Argentina Israel Chile Netherlands Australia Denmark Brazil New Zealand Sweden Finland Jordan Saudi Arabia United Kingdom Canada Korea, Rep. United States France Norway Spain Libya Peru Brunei Darussalam Germany MALAYSIA Russian Switzerland Iran Turkey Iraq Italy South Africa Ireland Portugal Botswana China Ghana Indonesia World Thailand Nigeria Philippines Egypt Somalia Lao PDR Pakistan Madagascar Bangladesh Myanmar Vietnam India Afghanistan Kenya Cambodia Nepal South Sudan Sri Lanka Malawi Uganda Papua Urban Population in 2015 (%) Next R

11 Malaysia Urban vs Rural Population (%) Rural 88* 84* * 81* * 85 88* Urban 12* 16* * 19 * 15 * 12* *Estimation Department of Statistics Malaysia. Cencus data 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000, 2010 Next R

12 Size of urban areas

13 Inter state migration, Inter state migration, Data Banci Penduduk, Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. 1980, 1991, 2010 Next R

2000 33.8 2015 59.9 2050 92.7 2000 38.8 2015 68.0 2050 82.9 2000 33.5 2015 46.9 2050 74.9 Urban Population MALAYSIA 2000 62% 2015 75% 2050 88% 2000 48.1 2015 57.9 2050 78.3 2000 79.5 2015 93.

14 Urban Population MALAYSIA % % % Next R

15 Current issues / challenges % Labour force Contribution Agri sector to GDP and Labour Force (%) %KDNK / GDP Contribution to GDP according to Sectors (%) Primary sector/industry - natural products; agriculture, mining and forestry, gas etc. Secondary sector/industry - processing; manufacturing & construction Tertiary sector/industry - services; retail sales, entertainment, financial organizations etc Next R

16 2. Current issues / challenges Level of poverty Rural Urban Bandar Luar Bandar Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. HIS Next R

8000 Average monthly salary for workers (RM) 2015 Gross monthly income for household 7000 2016 Urban

1970 1974 1976 1979 1984 1987 1989 1992 1995 1997 1999 2002 2004 2007 2009 2012 2014 Bandar LBandar

17 8000 Average monthly salary for workers (RM) 2015 Gross monthly income for household Urban 6, ,356 3, ,103 2, ,606 1,718 Rural , Bandar LBandar Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. HIS Jabatan Perangkaan. Laporan Penyiasatan Gaji dan Upah Next R

8 79.4 30% 20% 26.3 10% 0% 11.1 1.8 Bandar 5.5 Luar Bandar Jabatan Perangkaan.

18 100% Working population according to level of education, 2016 (%) Purata Gaji Bulanan Pekerja Mengikut Pendidikan, 2015, % % % 60% % 40% % 20% % 0% Bandar 5.5 Luar Bandar Jabatan Perangkaan. Laporan Penyiasatan Gaji dan Upah 2016.ms.7. Jabatan Perangkaan. Labour Force Survey Next R

19 Vicious cycle of rural development imbalance Labors with lack of experience and low level of education High level of out migration Low tech industry Low level of investment Low level of savings Resource-based industry (labor intensive) Domestic market, Lack of international business networking Low level of Foreign Investment (FDI) Low level of HRD and RnD Adalah sukar transformasi ekonomi (juga keseimbangan ekonomi) berlaku serentak di semua lokasi dalam sesebuah negara. Ketidakseimbangan pembangunan wilayah dalam proses transformasi ekonomi ini berlaku kerana pertama; faktor-faktor sumber asli yang tidak mobile (imperfect factor mobility), kedua kerana penumpuan aktiviti ekonomi di suatu kawasan terpilih (imperfect divisibility), dan ketiga kerana faktor pengangukutan dan komunikasi (imperfect mobility of goods and services) yang juga terpilih di sesuatu kawasan yang mempunyai faedah berbanding (comparative advantages) yang tinggi secara relatifnya Low annual income Low wage and capital Lack of industrial activities Dependency on foreign labors Lower growth for industrial output (instability of market price) Low level of productivity Low level of value added Asan Ali Golam Hassan & Muszafarshah Mohd Mustafa Income Distribution to Regional Disparities: a Cumulative Causation from Malaysia s Experience. In Aris Ananta & Rick Barichello (eds). Poverty, Food, and Global Recession in Southeast Asia. Pp Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. Next R

In Malaysia, the approach towards sustainable rural planning was started in the early 1990s, but a more integrated approach was put in place in the early 2000s Tendency to follow strategic planning

20 In Malaysia, the approach towards sustainable rural planning was started in the early 1990s, but a more integrated approach was put in place in the early 2000s Tendency to follow strategic planning framework i.e. planning at higher level provide a framework for planning at the lower levels + providing guidance for resource allocation and implementation Framework of Integrated Rural Planning in Malaysia Rural policies and programs in Malaysia National, Regional and Local levels

21 National Development Planning Framework Vision2020 National Planning 5-year Malaysia Plan l National Physical Plan l Sectoral Policies / Plans Level 1 Regional / State Planning Regional / State Development Plan l Regional / Structure Plan l Sectoral Policies / Plans Local Planning Local plan l Special Area Plan Level 3 Level 2

22 Rural Policies & Programs in Malaysia National Agriculture Policy National Forestry Policy Rural Development Master Plan National Rural Physical Plan National Tourism Policy

Limitation of implementation of rural policies at regional/local levels 1 2 3 State Authorities and District Offices lack of capacity and resources to undertake planning Development budget of the

23 Limitation of implementation of rural policies at regional/local levels State Authorities and District Offices lack of capacity and resources to undertake planning Development budget of the state and local authorities are limited since they have limited sources of revenue finance development projects Lack of political wills to decentralized planning activities at local levels and incorporates bottom-up approach in planning and development

24 Outline Perspective Plan National Policy OPP1 ( ) - New Economic Policy OPP2 ( ) - National Development Policy OPP3 ( ) - National Vision Policy (OPP4) ( ) - New Economic Model Year 5-year Development Plan Draf Rancangan Pembagunan Malaya Rancangan Malaya Pertama Rancangan Malaya Kedua Rancangan Malaysia Pertama (RMP) Rancangan Malaysia Kedua (RMKe-2) Rancangan Malaysia Ketiga (RMKe-3) Rancangan Malaysia Keempat (RMKe-4) Rancangan Malaysia Kelima (RMKe-5) Rancangan Malaysia Keenam (RMKe-6) Rancangan Malaysia Ketujuh (RMKe-7) Rancangan Malaysia Kelapan (RMKe-8) Rancangan Malaysia Kesembilan (RMKe-9) Rancangan Malaysia Kesepuluh (RMKe-10) Rancangan Malaysia Kesebelas (RMKe-11)

25 Rural Development Strategies & Programs 1960 Infrastructure for resource exploitation New Village Scheme 1970 Basic infrastructure & social facilities Modernization & diversification of crops New land schemes Community development Red Book 1980 New land development scheme Regional development Integrated in-situ development Orang Asli regrouping schemes 1990 New Approach to Village & Rural Development Rural Growth Centre 2000 New Philosophy & Strategy of Rural Development (Maju, Menarik & Menguntungkan) Gerakan Desa Wawasan Eradication of hardcore poverty 2010 Gerakan Daya Wawasan Improve quality of life Expand infrastructure & amenities to remote areas Zero hardcore poverty 2020 Rural Economic Transformation Improve quality of life Entrepreneurship and SMI Independence Malaysia Vision 2020 Colonial policy of resource exploitation Economic growth (Laissez-faire approach) New Economic Policy (OPP1) Eradication of poverty & restructuring of society New Dev Policy (OPP2) Growth with equity National Vision Policy (OPP3) Building a resilient and competitive nation New Economic Model (OPP4) High income, inclusiveness and sustainability

Rural Transformation Centre 6 initiatives Skills fostering Information kiosk Processing of agroproducts High value added agriculture Smart partnership Credit facilities for rural

26 Rural Transformation Centre 6 initiatives Skills fostering Information kiosk Processing of agroproducts High value added agriculture Smart partnership Credit facilities for rural entrepreneurs To play supporting roles in realizing rural potential to generate economic growth in rural areas in particular those sectors with high value added and high income potential

27 The Way Forward

28 Rural Development Policy- TN50

29 EXISTING POLICIES Phase 2 Rural Development Master Plan ( ) Philosophy & New Strategy for Rural Development (1994) Rural Economic Development (RED Book) ( ) New Approach to Village and Rural Development ( ) Phase 1 RURAL DEVELOPMENT EVOLUTION 29

RURAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (RED BOOK) (1960-1970) YAB TUN ABDUL RAZAK 6 MEI 1960 Operation room technique

30 RURAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (RED BOOK) ( ) YAB TUN ABDUL RAZAK 6 MEI 1960 Operation room technique Coordination mechanism at village level, district, state and national Fulfilment of basic facilities and needs at grassroots

31 STRATEGIES new approach to village& rural development ( ) OBJECTIVE: Eradication of poverty if rural areas increase of income for farmers and smallholders 1. Develop agriculture with farm management practice for smallholders and rice farmers 2. Create village industry / small businesses and other non-farming economic projects 3. Restructuring of villages to make way for establishment of rural growth centre

PHYLOSOPHY AND NEW STRATEGY FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT

yang berdaya tahan, proaktif, berpengetahuan dan

OBJEKTIF: Mewujudkan luar bandar yang maju, menarik

32 PHYLOSOPHY AND NEW STRATEGY FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT (1994) FALSAFAH: Mewujudkan masyarakat luar bandar yang berdaya tahan, proaktif, berpengetahuan dan memiliki nilai moral yang tinggi. OBJEKTIF: Mewujudkan luar bandar yang maju, menarik dan menguntungkan (ADVANCED, ATTRACTIVE AND PROFITABLE RURAL). 7 INISIATIF 32

RURAL TRANSFORMATION MEMBANDARKAN LUAR BANDAR Menjadikan kawasan luar bandar yang kondusif dengan pelbagai aksesibiliti dan kemudahan seperti yang

34 RURAL TRANSFORMATION MEMBANDARKAN LUAR BANDAR Menjadikan kawasan luar bandar yang kondusif dengan pelbagai aksesibiliti dan kemudahan seperti yang dinikmati oleh penduduk di bandar. 1. Rural amenities 2. Rural youth development 3. Economi 4. Entrepreneurship 5. Human capital 6. Delivery system

National Planning Aspiration towards TN50 in 2015 1971 OPP1 NEP Restructuring of society and

RMK5 RMK6 RMK7 RMK8 RMK9 RMK10 RMK11 (10th) 2001 (10th) (10th) GTP / NKEA 2020 2017 Today TN50 OPP5?

35 National Planning Aspiration towards TN50 in OPP1 NEP Restructuring of society and eradication of poverty (20th) 1991 Vision 2020 OPP2 NDP (30years) OPP3 NVP 2011 OPP4 NEM RMK2 RMK3 RMK4 RMK5 RMK6 RMK7 RMK8 RMK9 RMK10 RMK11 (10th) 2001 (10th) (10th) GTP / NKEA Today TN50 OPP5??? OPP6??? OPP7??? RMK12 RMK13 (10years) (30years) 2030 RMK14 RMK15 (10years) 2040 RMK16 RMK17 (10years) 2050 Next R

36 MOVING FORWARD National Development Policy National Vision Policy New Economic Model National Transformation 2050 NDP NVP NEM

37 Youth Development Economy Entrepreneurship Sectoral based Amenities Mind set change Quality human capital Healthy and wealthy life Biodiversity and environment Quality delivery system and governance Regional development, rural settlements and border regions Place based

38 Thank You Contact me at khairulhkamarudin. wordpress.com Dr. Khairul Hisyam Kamarudin For more information, kindly visit my website at: khairulhkamarudin.wordpress.com Research Teaching Consultation Supervision 88% Visibility Materials for this lecture note may come from various sources including presentation by Prof Asan Ali, research by Prof Ibrahim and myself. Kindly acknowledge their contributions in citing this note in the future.

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