Kommunikation und Beratung

Transcription

1 Kommunikation und Beratung Sozialwissenschaftliche Schriften zur #%» Landnutzung und landlichen Entwicklung %#O Herausgegeben von Hermann Boland, Volker Hoffmann und Uwe Jens Nagel Agricultural Innovation Systems in Vietnam's Northern Mountainous Region Six Decades Shift from a Supply-driven to a Diversification-oriented System Thai Thi Minh This study was financially supported by the Uplands program, DFG Sonderforschungsbereich (SFB 564) MARGRAF PUBLISHERS

2 Table of Contents Preface of the Editors Ill Acknowledgements IV Contents VII List of Figure XII List of Tables XIV List of Boxes XIV List of Acronyms XV 1 Introduction Problem statement and research questions ; The study context The study structure 5 PART I: Theoretical concept and methodology 7 2 Theoretical background Chapter introduction Innovation concept Definitions of innovation Perceived attributes of an innovation Types of innovation Innovation processes Diffusion concept Definitions of diffusion Characteristics of innovation diffusion Process of diffusion Diffusion of innovation - the Hohenheim concept Adoption concept Definitions of adoption Adopters Types of innovation adoption decision Process of adoption Rate of innovation adoption and its determinants Innovation systems concept General definitions of innovation systems 22 VII

3 2.5.2 Structure of an innovation system The evolution of the agricultural innovation systems concept Functions and performances of an innovation system Innovation system analysis scheme Participatory approaches to innovation generation Participatory approaches in a broad context Participatory approaches in agricultural research Participatory approaches in agricultural extension Theoretical framework for this study Chapter summary 35 3 Methodology Chapter introduction Research approach and framework An integrated systematic qualitative research approach Research framework - A systematic process Research site - Moving from the broader to the more focused area Data collection and analysis Secondary data-the synthesis of different viewpoints Primary data - Spinning the "spider's web" Data analysis, reliability and validation Chapter summary 57 PART II: Overview of the region and policy measures 59 4 Natural and socio-economic background of the NMR Chapter introduction Geography and climate Population and ethnic minorities Economics and poverty Agriculture, land use and farming system Constraints! Physical constraints Social constraints Economic and intellectual constraints Chapter summary 71 VIII

4 5 Rural development policies and their varying impacts on the NMR Chapter introduction The implementation of rural development policies Cooperative and sedentarisation policies - a shift in social and institutional organisation The agricultural reform policies - a transition to free-market agriculture Forest and forest conservation policies - a new trajectory of resource governance Rural development and poverty reduction policies Differential impacts of policy enforcement on the NMR Achievements of policy enforcement in the regional socio-economic context Adverse effects of rural policies The political philosophy and the initial transformation in the policy approach The political history and philosophy - "everyday politics" From policy decision to implementation in the NMR Recognition of shortcomings and the beginnings of change The recent transformation in the Government's policy approach and the need for more far-reaching change Chapter summary 95 PART III: Innovation generation and transfer 97 6 Agricultural institutional and technical innovations in the NMR Chapter introduction Institutional innovations - from collective to individuamanagement Historical overview of social and agricultural institutional arrangements Agricultural institutional changes at the organisational level Agricultural institutional innovations at the farmer level Innovations in crop production, Innovations in animal husbandry Innovations in aquaculture Innovations in forest production Assessment of perceived attributes of agricultural technical innovations introduced to the NMR Interconnections between institutional and technical sets of innovations Chapter summary 142 IX

5 7 Public research and extension system as a major actor in innovation generation and transfer Chapter introduction Overview of agricultural innovation generation and transfer system Public agricultural research and education system (PARES) Brief history of the organisational development of PARES Dominant research approaches Research types and knowledge generation principles Agricultural knowledge transfer system System structure Target groups Dichotomic approaches used Pluralistic operation inside the system Knowledge generation and transfer network in the NMR Chapter summary 173 PART IV: Innovation diffusion and adoption Diffusion networks and channels in different ethnic communities Chapter introduction Innovation diffusion network in the different ethnic minority groups Diffusion network in the Black Thai communities Diffusion network in the H'mong communities Differences between the two networks Linkages between the two networks Interaction of different diffusion channels at community level Domination of a J-shaped curve in innovation diffusion in local communities Chapter summary Farmers' motivation in adopting agricultural technical innovations Chapter introduction Classification of technical innovations by type based on the purpose of use Farmers' motivation for innovation adoption Adoption for political and social rewards Adoption for local consumption 198 X

6 9.3.3 Adoption for cash income Adoption for a sustainable environment Correlation between different types of adoption and Government's and farmers' interests Chapter summary 208 PART V: Agricultural innovation systems Development of the agricultural innovation system in the NMR and its future prospects Chapter introduction Development of an agricultural innovation system in the NMR - is it in a formative or a growth stage? The system's rudimentary structure - an on-going process of setting up The system's functionality - a large number of activities in terms of policy instruments, network development and knowledge-based functions System coordination - weak performance of intermediary agencies and a lack of articulated demand for knowledge The system's competitiveness - high uncertainty regarding knowledge, adoption and market The system's performance - low rates of diffusion and growth Shifting towards a diversification-oriented AIS in order to move to the growth stage Structural changes - dynamic transformation in institutions Functional changes - the impact of the expanded function of the value chain Intervention framework for improving the AIS Inducement and blocking mechanisms affecting the AIS's functionality Function-oriented intervention framework Farmer research and extension network - an immediate intervention for improving the AIS at the grassroots Chapter summary Conclusion The bumpy road towards policy changes: A challenge to agricultural development in the NMR Innovation generation and transfer: Domination of the governmental sector versus the weaker position of the non-governmental sector New innovations: Their fate depends on their ability to fit with farmers' aims and personal attributes : 237 XI

7 11.4 Dynamics of the diffusion and adoption of innovations to satisfy farmers' food security and cash requirements Agricultural innovation system in the NMR - possible interventions for a shift to a diversification-oriented system Summaries Summary Zusammenfassung References Annex List of interviews with researchers i List of interviews with agricultural extensionists and veterinary staff List of interviews with local authorities List of interviews with staff of NGOs and international organisations' projects List of interviews with people in the private agricultural business sector List of interviews with local traders and input and service providers List of interviews with individual farmers in Son La and other provinces List of farmer group discussions List of training for farmers in the action research programme List of participant observation in the Farmer Field Schools List of feedback workshops Standard report for field data documentation 271 List of Figures Figure 1.1: Conceptualisation of the study 5 Figure 2.1: Two different curves of innovation diffusion 15 Figure 2.2: Phases in diffusion process 16 Figure 2.3: Stylised innovation system 23 Figure 2.4: Agricultural Education and Training in a system of innovation 24 Figure 2.5: The scheme of analysis of Technological Innovation System 25 Figure 2.6: A conceptualisation of the national agricultural innovation system 28 Figure 2.7: General setting of the AIS in Vietnam 36 Figure 3.1: Principle conceptualisation of the research approach 40 Figure 3.2: Overview of research framework and process 41 XII