YIELD RESPONSES OF TWO RICE VARIETIES TO AGRONOMIC TREATMENTS 1)

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1 Yield Indoneian repone Journal of two of rice Agriculture varietie 3(2), to agronomic 2010: treatment 81 YIELD RESPONSES OF TWO RICE VARIETIES TO AGRONOMIC TREATMENTS 1) Abdul Karim Makarim a) and Ikhwani b) a) Indoneian Center for Rice Reearch, Jalan Raya No. 9, Sukamandi, Subang 41172, Wet Java Phone: , Fac.: , b) Indoneian Center for Food Crop Reearch and Development, Jalan Merdeka No. 147, Bogor Phone: , , Fac.: , ABSTRACT Yield component have important role in determining the actual rice yield. Modification of rice yield component either by cultural practice or through breeding may increae yield. However, increaing one component of rice yield may alo affect the other component. The objective of thi experiment were to tudy the effect of agronomic treatment (plant pacing and N fertilizer application) on yield component of two rice varietie (IR64 and NPT ). Field experiment were conducted during the dry eaon of 2005 and wet eaon of 2005/2006, at Muara Experimental Station, Bogor, Wet Java. The deign of the experiment wa a plit-plit plot with three replication. The main plot were rice varietie (IR64 and ) and the ub-plot were three plant pacing, namely equal pacing (25 cm x 25 cm), double-row pacing 2:1 (20-30 cm) x 10 cm, and direct eeding (15 cm x 5 cm). The ub-ub plot were rate of urea-n application at four plant age, i.e. at 7 day after tranplanting (DAT), 21 DAT, 42 DAT, and 60 DAT, namely: (1) ; (2) ; (3) ; and (4) kg urea/ha. Reult of the two eaon experiment conitently indicated that NPT howed different characteritic compared with IR64 in variou trait, including longer panicle and more number of grain per panicle (empty, filled and total). However, NPT had twice a much empty grain per panicle a IR64; and it had half number of panicle per hill a compared to IR64. Weight of 1,000 filled grain of the two varietie were relatively imilar, namely 29.0 g (IR64) and 30.6 g (). Grain yield of IR64 (6,405 kg/ha) wa ignificantly higher than that of the NPT (5,364 kg/ha). The dener the plant population, the horter the panicle length, the maller number of total filled and empty grain per panicle, but it reulted in more number of panicle per m 2 and heavier 1,000 grain weight, that caued the higher rice yield for both varietie. Plant in the highet population turned yellowing tarted at 49 DAT due to N deficiency. Thu, the yield could be increaed further by more urea application. K application i alo being uggeted to prevent dieae problem. [Keyword: Rice, plant pacing, N application, yield component] 1) Article in bahaa Indoneia ha been publihed in Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan Vol. 27 No. 3, 2008, p INTRODUCTION Rice yield i determined by yield component, while yield component are influenced by genetic and environmental factor (climate, nutrient/oil, and water) (Matuhima 1995). Yield component of rice varietie include number of panicle per hill, number of grain per panicle, percentage of empty grain, and 1,000 grain weight. New plant type (NPT) of high yielding rice variety, for example, ha an advantage in the number of grain per panicle (ink) which almot reache 400, twice a the common high yielding varietie (HYV), but the number of panicle per hill and percentage of filled grain are low (Makarim et al. 2004). In contrat, HYV have high number of panicle per hill, but grain number per panicle are low to medium o that the actual yield are imilar or lightly lower than the NPT (Makarim et al. 2005). Environment condition affect the rice yield component. Imail et al. (2003) reported that the 1,000 grain weight of rice i correlated with rainfall and oil moiture content. The number of filled grain per panicle and panicle per hill were correlated with water tre and water tatu of the oil. Percentage of empty grain i determined by air temperature during the critical growing tage, namely the time of meioi (9-12 day before flowering) and flowering (Shihua et al. 1991). Cold temperature during meioi, or hot or cold temperature at flowering caued high terility. In contrat, water management (continuou and intermittent flooding) did not ignificantly affect 1,000 grain weight, number of filled grain per panicle, number of grain per panicle, and number of panicle per hill for Way Apoburu variety (Setiobudi et al. 2003). Application of N fertilizer at the rate of kg N/ha increaed the number of panicle per hill two-fold (from 7.1 to 15.8 panicle), grain per panicle (from 80.8 to grain), filled grain per panicle (from 70.8 to 93.1 grain), and 1,000 grain weight (from 23.5 to 25.9 g). Abdulrachman et al. (2004) reported that application of N, P, K fertilizer and their combination on IR64 variety in Sukamandi, Wet Java, influenced the number of panicle per hill and grain per panicle, but did not affect 1,000 grain weight.

2 82 Abdul Karim Makarim and Ikhwani Syafruddin et al. (2003) alo reported that N fertilization conitently increaed panicle length and decreaed percentage of empty grain on Kapua, Lematang, Lalan, and Cianggarung rice varietie on new opening rice field and on wampland. Koyama et al. (1973) tated that N application at the initial plant growth tage intended to increae eedling number per hill, while N fertilization at primordial tage increaed panicle number per hill and grain number per panicle. Seedling age and eedling number per hill were correlated with productive tiller number. Deyun et al. (1991) reported that the optimum number of productive tiller (>4.5 million plant/ha or > 450 plant/m 2 ) i required to obtain high yield. Thi condition could be achieved by increaing plant population from 0.7 to 3 million plant/ha or from 70 to 300 plant/m 2. In cold temperature area, eedling etablihment would be longer, o tiller number per hill wa higher than that in hot temperature area. In other word, to achieve the ame number of productive tiller, eed requirement in hot temperature area wa higher than that in cold temperature area. However, planting young eedling (DS = 0.2) produced more tiller than thoe of the older eedling (DS = 0.36). Therefore, the optimum plant population to produce maximum yield wa not contant, but it related to eedling age, eed number, and eaonal or climatic condition or altitude. Recognizing the important role of yield component in determining rice yield, modification of yield component through cultivation technique or plant breeding will be very ueful. The purpoe of thi experiment wa to tudy the repone of yield component of two rice varietie (IR64 and ) to agronomic treatment, uch a plant pacing and N fertilizer application. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment wa conducted at Muara Experimental Station, Bogor, Wet Java during the two cropping eaon, i.e. the dry eaon (DS) of 2005 and wet eaon (WS) of 2005/06. Soil type of the location wa brown Latool or kaolinitic, iohyperthermic Haplorthox according to the oil taxonomy. The experiment wa arranged in plit-plit plot deign with three replication. The main plot wa two rice varietie, namely IR64 (V1) and (V2), and the ub-plot wa plant pacing, namely the equal pacing of 25 cm x 25 cm (J1), the double plant pacing 2:1 (20-30 cm) x 10 cm (J2), and the direct eed planting of 15 cm x 5 cm (J3) for the DS 2005 and planting young eedling (14 day after tranplanting, DAT) of 15 cm x 5 cm (J3) for the WS 2005/06 or equivalent to 160,000; 400,000 and 1.32 million plant/ha, repectively. The ubub plot wa the time of N fertilizer application uing four treatment combination a preented in Table 1. The mallet plot ize or the ub-ub plot wa 5 m x 6 m. Parameter oberved were the yield component, including the number of panicle per hill, grain per panicle, percentage of filled grain, 1,000 filled grain weight, and panicle length. The obervation wa conducted by taking two plant ample per plot. The plant ample were taken from outide the ubinan plot and then put in cloth or platic bag to prevent grain lo. Grain yield wa meaured from the ubinan area of 3 m x 3 m. Data were analyed uing Minitab program. The data were inerted into the heet, then analyzed for regreion according to the experimental deign. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION IR64 i the mot common rice variety grown by farmer in Indoneia, but it ha already been replacing by new HYV or emi-npt like Gilirang and Cimelati, and NPT. Thee new rice varietie have everal uperioritie, epecially their yield potential which i equal or higher than that of IR64, beide their weaknee. Performance of and IR64 Varietie in DS 2005 IR64 and howed different panicle and grain appearance. had longer panicle (28.7 cm) than IR64 (24.3 cm), a well a higher grain number, filled grain, Table 1. Time and rate of fertilizer application to modify yield component of rice. Fertilizer treatment Planting 7 DAT 21 DAT 42 DAT 60 DAT SP36 KCl Urea Urea Urea Urea (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (kg/ha) P P P P DAT = day after tranplanting.

3 Yield repone of two rice varietie to agronomic treatment 83 and empty grain per panicle (Table 2). However, produced empty grain twice more and panicle number per plant half of IR64. Weight of 1,000 grain wa relatively equal for the two varietie, i.e g for IR64 and 30.6 g for. In thi condition, the yield of IR64 (6,405 kg/ ha) wa ignificantly higher than that of (5,364 kg/ha). Effect of plant pacing or plant population on grain yield for both varietie i preented in Figure 1. The cloer the plant pacing, the higher the grain yield. The grain yield increae in the high plant population (plant pacing of 15 cm x 5 cm) i potentially to be improved with upplying ufficient N nutrient. At the highet plant population (J3), plant leave were yellowih. Grain yield (kg dry grain/ha) 7,500 7,000 6,500 6,000 5,500 5,000 4,500 4,000 Figure , ,000 1,320,000 Plant population (hill/ha) Effect of plant pacing or plant population on grain yield of two rice varietie, Muara, Bogor, Wet Java, dry eaon of IR64 Effect of N Fertilizer and Plant Spacing on Yield Component in DS 2005 Plant pacing ignificantly affected yield component of IR64, except the percentage of empty grain (Table 3). Plant pacing expree plant population per hectare. Plant population on plant pacing of 25 cm x 25 cm (J1), double plant pacing of 2:1 (20-30 cm) x 10 cm (J2), and direct eed planting of 15 cm x 5 cm (J3) were 160,000; 400,000; and 1.32 million plant/ha, repectively. The number of panicle per hill decreaed from 35.5 to 22.1 in line with the increaing plant population a hown by plant pacing of 25 cm x 25 cm compared to double plant pacing of 2:1. However, the number of panicle per hill did not decreae Table 2. Yield and yield component of IR64 and rice varietie, Muara, Bogor, Wet Java, dry eaon of Panicle Panicle Filled grain Empty grain Grain Empty Weigth of Yield Variety number/ length number/ number/ number/ grain 1,000 grain (kg dry hill (cm) panicle panicle panicle (%) (g) grain/ha) IR , ,364 Table 3. Effect of plant pacing and N fertilization on yield component of IR64 and rice varietie, Muara, Bogor, Wet Java dry eaon of Panicle Panicle Filled grain Empty grain Grain Empty Variety/plant pacing number/ length number/ number/ number/ grain hill (cm) panicle panicle panicle (%) IR64 25 cm x 25 cm Double plant pacing, 2: Direct eeding, 15 cm x 5 cm P1 ( ) P2 ( ) P3 (1/2-1/2-1-1) P4 ( ) cm x 25 cm Double plant pacing, 2: Direct eeding, 15 cm x 5 cm P1 ( ) P2 ( ) P3 (1/2-1/2-1-1) P4 ( )

4 84 Abdul Karim Makarim and Ikhwani anymore by applying cloer plant pacing in direct eed planting (15 cm x 5 cm). Wide plant pacing (25 cm x 25 cm) or low plant population increaed ignificantly panicle length than the cloer plant pacing or high plant population (double plant pacing or direct eed planting of 15 cm x 5 cm). Grain number per panicle alo decreaed by cloer plant pacing. Thi wa followed by the decreae in the number of filled and empty grain per panicle o that the empty grain percentage wa relatively contant. The ame reult wa hown by NPT with harper decline in yield component due to the increaing plant population, except the number of panicle per hill. Panicle length decreaed from 33.9 to 26 cm. The number of total grain per panicle decreaed from 288 to 212 grain likely due to the reducing N nutrient in plant a a reult of competition in N aborption. Thi alo indicated the untable panicle length and grain number per panicle of. Environmental factor influenced or determined thee parameter. The number of panicle per hill and percentage in empty grain of were relatively table, meaning that thee yield component are not much affected by the treatment or the environment. Therefore, thee yield component are more determined by genetic character. The decreae in panicle number per hill wa not linear with the increae in plant population. Thi wa probably due to the abence of plant hock on the direct eed planting treatment a wa occurred in tranplanting technique which caued plant hock. The older the eedling planted, the greater the hock experienced a hown by the long recovery period of the plant. The longer the recovery period or plant hock, the lower the tiller emerging and the lower the number of tiller. The abence of plant hock promoted the young plant to grow quickly, produce tiller, and horten the maturing age. In thi experiment, the maturing age of direct eed planting wa 10 day earlier than that of tranplanting technique. Performance of and IR64 Varietie in WS 2005/06 Both varietie howed conitently yield and yield component in the DS 2005 and WS 2005/06 (Table 4). Panicle and grain of the two varietie howed different appearance. had longer panicle (26.5 cm) than IR64 (22.9 cm). The number of total grain and filled grain per panicle of were twice than that of IR64, conitent with the previou growing eaon (Table 2). However, had empty grain percentage twice than IR64 and the number of panicle per hill wa lower, being half of IR64. The weight of 1,000 filled grain of IR64 and differed lightly, that were 26.9 g and 29.2 g, repectively. In the WS 2005/06, the average yield of IR64 wa 5,785 kg/ha, lightly higher than that of (5,437 kg/ha). Effect of plant pacing or population on grain yield of the two varietie i preented in Figure 2. The cloer the plant pacing, the higher the grain yield produced. The grain yield on the highet plant population (plant pacing of 15 cm x 5 cm) would be increaed by upplying ufficient N nutrient. Effect of Plant Spacing and N Fertilizer Application on Grain Yield and Yield Component in WS 2005/06 Similar to the grain yield of the previou growing eaon (DS 2005), in thi ection the effect of treatment on yield component of IR64 and are dicued eparately (Table 5). Both varietie howed varied yield component a dicued earlier. Data in Table 5 how that the higher the plant population, the grain yield of the two varietie would be higher. The highet plant population (J3) had negatively effect on Grain yield (kg KGK/ha) 7,000 6,500 6,000 5,500 5,000 Figure 2. IR64 160, ,000 1,320,000 Plant population (hill/ha) Effect of plant pacing or plant population on grain yield of two rice varietie, Muara, Bogor, Wet Java, wet eaon of 2005/06. Table 4. Yield and yield component of IR64 and rice varietie, Muara, Bogor, Wet Java, wet eaon of 2005/06. Panicle Panicle Filled grain Empty grain Grain Empty Weight of Yield Variety number/m 2 lenght number/ number/ number/ grain 1,000 grain (kg dry (cm) panicle panicle panicle (%) (g) grain/ha) IR , ,437

5 Yield repone of two rice varietie to agronomic treatment 85 Table 5. Effect of plant pacing and N fertilization on yield and yield component of two rice varietie, Muara, Bogor, Wet Java, wet eaon of 2005/06. Yield Panicle Filled grain Empty grain Grain Percentage Panicle Weigth of Panicle Treatment (kg dry lenght number/ number/ number/ of empty number 1,000 grain number/ grain/ha) (cm) panicle panicle panicle grain per hill (g) m 2 IR64 25 cm x 25 cm 5,975b a 26.3b 299.0c Double plant pacing, 2:1 6,458ab b 26.9b 432.5b Direct eeding, 15 cm x 5 cm 6,781a c 27.6a 528.5a P1 ( ) 6,237a P2 ( ) 6,196a P3 (1/2-1/2-1-1) 5,996ab P4 ( ) 5,456b cm x 25 cm 5,598c 27.5a 196.3a 115.9a 312.2a 37.1a 8.8a 28.5b 141.0c Double plant pacing, 2:1 6,044b 26.9b 175.5b 83.9b 259.4b 32.2b 5.8b 29.0ab 230.0b Direct eeding, 15 cm x 5 cm 6,624a 25.2c 137.7c 61.2c 198.8c 30.4b 3.3c 30.0a 312.1a P1 ( ) 5,537bc P2 ( ) 5,491c P3 (1/2-1/2-1-1) 5,638ab P4 ( ) 5,714a Number in the ame column followed with ame letter are not ignificantly different at 0.05 DMRT. yield component. On IR64, cloer plant pacing reduced panicle length, filled grain, total grain per panicle, and panicle number per hill. However, cloer plant pacing ignificantly increaed panicle number per m 2 and 1,000 filled grain weight thu ignificantly increaed grain yield. howed labile yield component, which were ignificantly affected by plant pacing. Cloer plant pacing ignificantly reduced panicle length, filled grain, total grain per panicle, and panicle per hill. However, cloer plant pacing ignificantly increaed panicle number per m 2, 1,000 filled grain weight, and reduced the number of empty grain. Cloer plant pacing alo ignificantly increaed grain yield. Effect of time of N fertilizer application on yield and yield component of the two varietie were not a clear a the plant pacing. For IR64, N application at the end of plant growth tage wa le ueful, while it wa required for. Therefore, P1 treatment wa better than other treatment for IR64, but for, P4 wa the bet. Thi wa becaue required more nutrient (epecially N) at the end of plant growth tage to upport grain filling of more grain produced by few tiller compared to IR64. Thi caue which ha low tiller, long panicle, and more grain per panicle i le advantageou in the proviion of ource, where the ink (grain) produced mut be upported by few tiller. For IR64 which ha more tiller, ink (grain/yield) are upported by many tiller (ource). An alternative olution for thi problem i by improving the tiller quality of, epecially in nutrient aborption and capture of olar radiation (leaf urface area and greenih color of the leave). CONCLUSION rice variety had different yield component characteritic and wa more enitive to environment condition than IR64. However, the two varietie had ome imilaritie in repone to plant pacing treatment (population). The high percentage of empty grain on wa caued by it long panicle and high number of grain per panicle (large ink), but it wa only utained (ource) by low number of tiller o it wa not able to meet the need for nutrient and carbohydrate. For IR64 and varietie, the higher the plant population (cloer plant pacing), the horter the panicle, and the le the filled and the empty grain per panicle produced. However, the grain yield increaed in the high plant population, mainly due to an increae in panicle number and 1,000 grain weight. Cloe plant pacing or high plant population reduced N nutrient for plant which then decreaed the grain yield. Therefore, N fertilizer rate hould be increaed from 300 kg

6 86 Abdul Karim Makarim and Ikhwani to 400 kg urea/ha (or from 135 kg to 180 kg N/ha). K application i alo needed becaue high plant population create more humid microclimate condition that increae plant uceptibility to dieae. It i recommended to prove the hypothei that upplying ufficient nutrient, epecially N through oil and leaf at the end of plant growth tage for improve eedling quality and grain yield ignificantly. Thi i becaue ha high number of grain that need to be filled through it low number of tiller. REFERENCES Abdulrachman, S., Z. Suanti, dan Suhana Efiieni penggunaan pupuk pada tanaman padi elama dua muim berturut-turut. Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan 23(2): Deyun, P., W. Zhaoqian, and Y. Lijiao Simulation of tillering and potential production of indica rice. p In. F.W.T. Penning de Vrie, H.H. van Laar, and M.J. Kropff (Ed.). Simulation and Sytem Analyi for Rice Production (SARP). Pudoc, Wageningen. Imail, B.P., B. Suprihatno, H. Pane, dan I. La Pemanfaatan penciri abiotik lingkungan tumbuh dalam eleki imultan galur padi gogorancah toleran kekeringan. hlm Dalam B. Suprihatno, A.K. Makarim, I N. Widiarta, Hermanto, dan A.S. Yahya (Ed.). Kebijakan Perberaan dan Inovai Teknologi Padi, Buku 2. Puat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Pangan, Bogor. Koyama, T., C. Chammek, and N. Niamrichand Nitrogen application technology for tropical rice a determined by field experiment uing 15N tracer technique. Trop. Agric. Re. Center Tech. Bull. 3: Makarim, A.K., I. La, A.M. Fagi, I.N. Widiarta, dan D. Paaribu Padi Tipe Baru. Budi Daya dengan Pendekatan Pengelolaan Tanaman Terpadu. Balai Penelitian Tanaman Padi, Sukamandi. 48 hlm. Makarim, A.K., E. Suhartatik, dan Ikhwani Optimaliai komponen hail varieta padi. Laporan akhir. Balai Bear Penelitian Tanaman Padi, Sukamandi. 80 hlm. Matuhima, S Phyiology of high yielding rice plant from the viewpoint of yield component (Chapter 8). p In T. Matuo, K. Kumazawa, R. Ihii, K. Ihihara, and H. Hirata (Ed.). Science of the Rice Plant. Volume 2: Phyiology. Food and Agricultural Policy Reearch Center. Setiobudi, D., Supriadi, dan O. Sjahromi Tanggap tanaman padi awah terhadap pemupukan nitrogen dan elang pemberian air. hlm Dalam B. Suprihatno, A.K. Makarim, I N. Widiarta, Hermanto dan A.S. Yahya (Ed). Kebijakan Perberaan dan Inovai Teknologi Padi, Buku 2. Puat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Pangan, Bogor. Shihua, C., S. Zongxiu, and S. Huamin Simulation of the effect of temperature on pikelet fertility in rice and it conequence for rice production. p In F.W.T. Penning de Vrie, H.H. van Laar, and M.J. Kropff (Ed.). Simulation and Sytem Analyi for Rice Production (SARP). Pudoc, Wageningen. Syafruddin, Makar, dan M. Slamet Pemupukan pada empat varieta padi di dua tipologi lahan awah di Sulawei Tengah. hlm Dalam B. Suprihatno, A.K. Makarim, I N. Widiarta, Hermanto, dan A.S. Yahya (Ed.). Kebijakan Perberaan dan Inovai Teknologi Padi, Buku 2. Puat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Pangan, Bogor.