Weed Control with Herbicides in Alaska: Some Concerns. Steven Seefeldt
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1 Weed Control with Herbicides in Alaska: Some Concerns Steven Seefeldt
2 Acres Mean Farm Size in the USA Year
3 Weed Control is the Key 1731 Jethro Tull wrote Horse Hoeing Husbandry Plant crops in rows Use horse drawn hoe to weed Use fertilizers (horse manure) to enhance crop growth He developed farm equipment, started research, and wrote widely By early 1970 s was a band with a flute
4 Weed Control Classification Physical Cultural Biological Chemical
5 Weed Control Classification Physical Hand pulling and hoeing Fire Flame Chaining and Dredging Flooding Mulching and Solarization Tillage/Disturbance Mowing and Shredding
6 Weed Control Classification Cultural Prevention Crop rotation Competition Smother crops Living mulches and cover crops Harvesting
7 Weed Control Classification Biological Grazing Mycoherbicides Allelopathy
8 Weed Control Classification Chemical Herbicides
9 Pesticides Herbicides Fungicides Insecticides Rodenticides Biocides Etc.
10 Toxicology Caution Warning Danger
11 Before the scientific method and hypothesis testing
12 What did hunter gathers do? One Several Dinner Tasty Tasty Filling
13 What did hunter gathers do? One Several Dinner Tasty Tasty Filling Tasty Tasty Stomach ache
14 What did hunter gathers do? One Several Dinner Tasty Tasty Filling Tasty Tasty Stomach ache Stomach Dead Still Dead ache
15 Log-logisitic equation y=c+ D-C 1+exp[b(log(x)-log(I ))] 50 D = Upper limit C = Lower limit b = Related to slope I = Dose giving 50% response 50 Seefeldt et al. 1995
16 Percent of control Dose-response curve Upper limit (D=100) Lower limit (C=4) I Herbicide Dose
17 Percent of control Treatment comparison Upper limit (D=100) Lower limit (C=4) I 50 I Herbicide Dose
18 Percent of control Treatment comparison Upper limit (D=100) Lower limit (C=4) I Herbicide Dose I 50
19 Factors affecting pesticide fate Volatilization Plant uptake and removal Photodecomposition Runoff Microbial degradation Chemical degradation Absorption Leaching
20 How do herbicides kill plants? Basically it is a chemical reaction 2,4-D Roundup Paraquat Garlon Glean
21 What Roundup (glyphosate) does
22 Chorismate is turned into one of the three aromatic amino acids
23 What Roundup (glyphosate) does
24 What Roundup (glyphosate) does
25 Biological + Chemical Plateau only Sheep + Plateau Control Sheep only
26 Physical + Chemical
27 Fate of Herbicides The half life The time it takes to lose half the herbicide
28 Fate of Herbicides The half life The time it takes to lose half the herbicide For 10 day half life Day 0 100% Day 10 50% Day 20 25% Day % Day % Day % Day %
29 % of herbicide Fate of Herbicides The half life The time it takes to lose half the herbicide For 10 day half life Day 0 100% Day 10 50% Day 20 25% Day % Day % Day % Day % Herbicide fate Days
30 Fate of Herbicides Photo-decomposition (treflan)
31 Fate of Herbicides Photo-decomposition (treflan) Adsorption (paraquat)
32 Fate of Herbicides Photo-decomposition (treflan) Adsorption (paraquat) Plant metabolism (tolerant versus susceptible plants)
33 Fate of Herbicides Photo-decomposition (treflan) Adsorption (paraquat) Plant metabolism (tolerant versus susceptible plants) Chemical (soil and weather dependent)
34 Fate of Herbicides Photo-decomposition (treflan) Adsorption (paraquat) Plant metabolism (tolerant versus susceptible plants) Chemical (soil and weather dependent) Microbial decomposition (most important)
35 Environmental Influences Soil ph it depends on the herbicide Soil organic matter adsorbs herbicide Clay adsorbs most herbicides Soil chemistry hard to separate microbes Cold slows breakdown Dry slows breakdown
36 Fate of Triclopyr
37 Results: Delta Junction CRP 0-5 cm Soil froze about 110 DAT and thawed about 276 DAT cm cm
38 Biomass as percent of control A comparison of herbicide extraction from the soil and a bio-assay DAT 35 DAT 283 DAT DAT 7 DAT 60 1 DAT 3 DAT Triclopyr concentration (kg ai/ha)
39 Fate of 2,4-D and Glyphosate Similar to triclopyr with normal breakdown rates in the growing season, but cessation when soils freeze
40 Aminopyralid and Clopyralid Use in Alaska Control of invasive weeds Spot spraying for perennial sowthistle Control of orange hawkweed and narrowleaf hawksbeard in pastures and hay fields
41 Background Aminopyralid and Clopyralid Both are synthetic auxins Auxin is a plant hormone Involved in cell division Involved in cell growth Auxins move in the phloem to the growing points
42 Background Aminopyralid and Clopyralid Both are synthetic auxins Auxin is a plant hormone Involved in cell division Involved in cell growth Auxins move in the phloem to the growing points Both control orange hawkweed and narrowleaf hawksbeard
43 Background Clopyralid Discovered 1961 Sold in 1978 in Europe Sold in 1987 in US Curtail, Stinger, Confront
44 Background Clopyralid Discovered 1961 Sold in 1978 in Europe Sold in 1987 in US Curtail, Stinger, Confront Now off patent Post emergence in pasture, rangeland, and CRP Half life days microbial
45 Background Aminopyralid Sold as Milestone Still on patent Expensive Sold about 2005
46 Background Aminopyralid Sold as Milestone Still on patent Expensive Sold about 2005 Used in rice, pastures rangeland, ROW, wheat, oil palm, and rubber plantations Half life 25 to 35 days (averages) Photodegradation then microbial
47 Orange Hawkweed Study Five sites, Talkeetna and Homer Plots 6 x 30 feet Three herbicides at three rates (1, ½, and ¼ the full rate plus a control) Three replications of each of the above treatments Randomized complete block
48 2007 Field Trials Pre-treatment Measurements: Two ¼ x ¼ m sub-plots per plot % cover estimates of orange hawkweed, grasses, and forbs Post-treatment Measurements: Rate plots visually based on herbicide damage, 0% (no damage) to 100% (dead) after three weeks End of season harvest ¼ x ¼ m sub-plots and separate by cover type Rate plots visually the following year
49 Percent injury Visual Injury - Milestone A A B C Herbicide rate (1 = 0.12 kg/ha)
50 The Work in Homer, AK Control area Biomass harvest Milestone 1x
51 Percent injury Visual Injury - Transline A AB B Herbicide rate (1 = 1.1 kg/ha)
52
53
54 Percent dry weight Impact on Grasses Herbicide rate Milestone Redeem Transline
55 Impact on Other Plants Milestone Redeem Transline % injury Dandelion Clover Yarrow Geranium
56 Some Label Restrictions
57 Example of Injury, Raised Beds Marigolds Potatoes Tomatoes
58 Injury 2 Years After Spot Spray
59 Unexpected Injury, Potatoes
60 Carry Over Research Design Six treatments Control Glean 75DF (0.33 oz/a) Ally 60DF (0.1 oz/a) Banvel (3 fl oz/a) Stinger (0.33 pt/a) Milestone (7 fl oz/a) Applied the summer of 2011 H1 H3 H5 H2 H4 H6
61 Carry-Over Weed Injury Palmer Weed Control Aminopyralid Clopyralid Plants per meter square Chickweed Corn Spurry NL Hawksbeard Dragonhead Lambsquarters Pineapple Weed Shepherd s Purse Total 1,
62 Dose-Response Research Design 1X glean 0.5X glean 0.25X glean 0.125X glean 0.062x glean No herbicide Barley Canola Potato Lettuce Carrot Kale Nocrop
63 Visual Injury Dose Response Aminopyralid Clopyralid
64 % of control % of control Potato Response Above Ground Delta 80 Fairbanks 80 Palmer Aminopyralid dose (1 = 7 fl oz/a) Clopyralid dose (1 = 0.33 pt/a)
65 Visual Injury Crop + Weed Aminopyralid Clopyralid
66 % of control The Weed as a Bio-assay Can we use weeds to estimated herbicide residuals? What are potential problems? Aminopyralid rate (1 = 7 fl oz/a) Delta Palmer Milestone D Milestone P Potato Crepis
67 Potato harvest (lb) Potato harvest (lb) Potato Response Below Ground Delta Palmer Aminopyralid dose (1 = 7 fl oz/a) Clopyralid dose (1 = 0.33 pt/a)
68 Is there Herbicide in the Tuber?
69 Is there herbicide in the tuber? Tubers were sent to the Montana Department of Agriculture Laboratory at Montana State University to extract the herbicide Dr. Rick Boydston with ARS in Prosser, WA funded the work ($150/sample)
70 Amount extracted (ppm) Extraction Results Delta Palmer Aminopyralid rate (1 = 7 fl oz/a)
71 Is that Herbicide Herbicidal?
72 Is that Herbicide Herbicidal? Aminopyralid
73 Is that Herbicide Herbicidal? clopyralid
74 Conclusion Aminopyralid and clopyralid management Their residues are in the plant and soil They pass through ruminants unchanged They will accumulate in potato tubers Some plants are more sensitive than others There are potential bioassays Half lives are currently unknown
75 Conclusion Other herbicides In the growing season several herbicides breakdown at rates estimated in the literature When soils are frozen herbicide breakdown ceases Therefore, overall herbicide half-lives are extended in Alaska, particularly in the interior
76 Questions
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