Ecology and Management of Scirtothrips dorsalis
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1 Ecology and Management of Scirtothrips dorsalis Presented By: Dr. Joe Funderburk, UF/IFAS Contributing Authors: UF/IFAS: J. Funderburk,, and L. Osborne A.C. Hodges, UF/IFAS, SPDN (ed.)
2 POPULATION ATTRIBUTES OF THRIPS Vagile (excellent invaders, mobile) Broad host range Short generation time Predisposition to parthenogenesis A competitive breeding structure promoting aggregation and exploitation of localized optimal conditions Mound Thrips As Crop Pests (Lewis, ed.) CAB International
3 Host Range for Frankliniella occidentalis 5 of 55 plant species in 22 families were food hosts for the adults in a survey in Central Chile 43 of 55 plant species were reproductive hosts
4 Plant Hosts for Frankliniella occidentalis in the Aconcogue Valley, Chile Number of Families or Species Total No. Sampled F. occidentalis food hosts F. occidentalis reproductive hosts Plant Families Plant Species Ripa, Rodriguez, Funderburk, & Espinoza, unpublished
5 Life History of Pest Thrips 3 to 4 days for a complete generation 6, 5, and 5 days for development of egg, larva, and pupa Pollen doubles or triples fecundity Strong aggregation tendencies for flowers of Thrips and Frankliniella species Scirtothrips aggregate on young foliage and flowers
6
7 Reproduction in Thrips In most Thysanoptera, reproduction requires copulation Parthenogenesis common In most species, fertilized eggs have the full diploid number and become female; unfertilized eggs are haploid and become males
8 Integrated Pest Management
9 Natural Enemies of Thrips PREDATORS Anthocorids, Chrysopids, Nabids, Aeolothrips, Phlaeothrips,, predatory mites (Euseius sojanensis) PARASITES Thripinema (Tylechida: Allantonematidae) PARASITOIDS Chalcidoidea (Megaphragma sp.) Ceranisus (Eulophidae) PATHOGENS Fungal pathogens recently reported as important for Scirtothrips dorsalis in India
10 Important Worldwide Predators of Thrips ORDER HEMIPTERA FAMILY ANTHOCORIDAE commonly, pirate bugs GENUS Orius SPECIES insidiosus COMMON NAME Insidious flower bug Photo Stuart Reitz
11 PEPPER Intrinsic capacity of Orius insidiosus to reduce Frankliniella occidentalis populations Photo Joe Funderburk Predator-Prey Prey Ratios 1 : 217 = population suppression 1 : 51 = rapid local extinction Sabelis & Van Rijn (1997) Thrips as Crop Pests. (Lewis, ed.) CAB International, UK
12 Frankliniella occidentalis Thrips per flower 5 4 fenpropathrin spinosad untreated thrips larvae Orius Pirate bugs per flower PEPPER May & June Funderburk, Stavisky & Olson 2 Environ. Entomol. vol. 29 (2):
13 RECOMENDATION FOR PEPPER PRODUCERS Commercial Pepper Field Thomas Smith Farms, Greensboro, FL CONSERVE ORIUS POPULATIONS BY THE SELECTIVE USE OF TACTICS Thrips per flower Frankliniella Orius insidiosus Orius per flower Courtesy Glades Crop Care, Inc.
14 Thrips per 5 terminal shoots in alfalfa Aconcague Valley, Chile Annual cycle of abundance of western flower thrips in alfalfa in the southern hemisphere Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr
15 Number of thrips per 5 terminal shoots Dynamics of Frankliniella occidentalis in Alfalfa in Central Chile as Influenced by Pirate Bugs Number of total thrips per Orius insidiosus Aug Oct Dec Feb Apr Jun ADULTS LARVAE Ripa, Rodriguez, Funderburk, & Espinoza, unpublished
16 Species of Thripinema, Nematode Parasites of Thrips T. nicklewoodi (North America) T. khrustalevi (Asia, South America) T. fuscum (North America) T. aptini (Europe) T. reniroai (Asia) Undescribed species (New Zealand) Photo Chris Tipping
17 EFFECTS OF Thripinema PARASITISM ON EGG PRODUCTION OF THRIPS HOST Fecundity of Frankliniella fusca (eggs per day) Not parasitized, healthy host Infected when 3-day-old adult Infected when 1-day-old adult Infected when Larvae II Infected when Larvae I Age of Adult FemaleThrips (days) Sims, Funderburk & Boucias 25 J. Nematol.
18 % TSW % parasitized F. fusca F. fusca larval thrips % TSW Parasitism nearly prevents mid & late season cycles of TSW Funderburk et al. 22. Environ. Entomol. 31(3): PEANUTS % F. fusca parasitized by T. fuscum Parasitism suppresses thrips mid and late season 2 May 9 Jun 29 Jun 19 Jul 8 Aug 28 Aug 17 Sept Thrips per plant
19 Recommendations for Peanut Producers Cultivars partially resistant to Tomato spotted wilt virus Biological control Planting date Insecticides that conserve key natural enemies Photo Joe Funderburk Funderburk & Latsha. 25. Nematodes As Biocontrol Agents. ( Grewal et al. eds.) CAB International, UK
20 TOMATO UV mulch Photo Joe Funderburk
21 ACTIGARD (Syngenta( Syngenta) Acibenzolar-S-methyl Substitutes for the natural systemic- acquired-resistance resistance molecule salicylic acid that is essential for activation of systemic acquired resistance Six applications on tomatoes at two-week week intervals beginning at transplanting
22 Recommendations for tomato producers UV mulch effective in reducing thrips invasion and primary spread of TSWV Actigard recommended when using UV mulch to reduce sprays of copper and other pesticides that reduce the UV reflectance of the mulch Insecticides useful in suppressing thrips larvae and secondary spread of TSWV Source Momol et al. 24. Plant Disease 88(8):
23 Thrips and Tomato Spotted Wilt Regulation of vector populations with insecticides is not sustainable producing undesirable environmental and economic consequences Integrated pest management is effective, environmentally friendly, and sustainable Management programs developed from knowledge of vector population dynamics and disease epidemiology
24 Chilli Thrips Natural Enemies Egg Parisitoid Megaphragma sp. (Chalcidoidea( Chalcidoidea) 53.2% parasitism on grapes in Japan Predatory Mite Euseius sojaensis 1.4 larvae/hr 5.4 larvae/day
25 Ornamental Plant Hosts of Concern Banana Camellia Castor Bean Chrysanthemum Dahlia Euonymous Firethron Holly Japanese Photina Jasmine Mexican Heather Mimosa spp. (Sensitive plant) Pittosporum Podocarpus Rhododendrum Rose Viburnum For the latest information on chilli thrips and ornamental plants, visit
26 Ornamentals abamectin (Avid) acephate (such as Orthene or Orthonex) acetamiprid (TriStar) azadirachtin (such as Azatin, Neem oil) thrips) oil) (not labeled for cyfluthrin (Decathlon, Discus, Bayer Advanced products such as Tree and Shrub Insect Control or Rose and Flower Insect Killer) disulfoton (such as Di-Syston Systemic Insecticide Granules) imidacloprid (Marathon, Merit, Discus and the Bayer products listed above) novaluron (Pedestal) spinosad (such as Conserve) Materials in yellow would be suitable for use by homeowners if used according to the labeled instructions.
27 Overall Conclusions Management of S. dorsalis in the landscape requires an integrated approach that includes a detailed understanding of pest biology, natural enemy complexes, and host resistance. Chemical control options are also available and may be necessary in some cases. Chemical control options or destruction of plant material is the only option for retail nurseries as long as S. dorsalis remains a regulated pest.
28 Disclaimer The use of trade names in this presentation is solely for the purpose of providing specific information. UF/IFAS does not guarantee or warranty the products named, and references to them in this publication does not signify our approval to the exclusion of other products of suitable composition. All chemicals should be used in accordance with directions on the manufacturer's label. Use pesticides safely. Read and follow directions on the manufacturer's label.
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